Commercial Neighborhood Research Articles

Unveiling the roles of public bike systems: From leisure to multimodal transportation

As bike-sharing systems gain popularity, understanding their roles in urban transportation, such as the first/last mile problem and the replacement of public transit, is crucial to comprehensively promote urban transport systems. Due to the Internet of Things (IoT) technique, copious data from public bike trips worldwide are available to urban researchers. In this study, we examine how public bikes function not just as a means of transportation, but also for leisure. The leisure function was ignored in previous empirical studies using data mining techniques, an oversight that could skew results in places like Seoul where leisure trips constitute a significant portion of the trips. We investigate when, where, and to what degree bike-sharing serves as a leisure tool and substitutes for, integrates with, or complements the public transit system. We propose an integrated data-mining approach to identify the above four categories of public bike trips. Our method combines multiple sources of real-world data, the distributed density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN), and spatial feature engineering. The results reveal that the distribution of each category shows substantial spatial–temporal heterogeneity. Longitudinal analysis reveals that the use of public bicycles as a transportation mode primarily contributes to the growth observed from 2018 to 2021, compared to use for leisure. The determining factors and non-linear functions of each type of bike trip were interpreted by explainable machine learning methods, Shapley additive explanations (SHAP), and partial dependence plot (PDP). We discovered that lower slopes, higher residential densities, and more commercial neighborhoods consistently attract users across all categories. Additionally, rivers and green areas attract more leisure trips, while areas with denser transit routes see more substitution trips and fewer complementary trips. By understanding the characteristics, spatial–temporal distribution, and determining factors of public bike trips across these four categories, city planners and operators can tailor services to meet the diverse needs of citizens, fostering a more convenient, sustainable, and accessible urban transport system.

Cloud-based Overall Design of Sculptural Public Art in Commercial Neighborhoods

INTRODUCTION: The shopping street has become the center of economic activities in the city. It is the most popular place in the city, the soul of the shopping street, the reflection of history, culture, folklore, geographical features, and even the city. With the rapid development of the commercial environment, the landscape sculpture on the shopping street is also developing rapidly, and its share in the city construction is getting bigger and bigger. Landscape sculpture is the key to the whole shopping street, so it is vital to study the design of sculpture public art in commercial neighborhoods. 
 OBJECTIVES: The study of commercial neighborhood sculpture public art through the method of cloud computing in order to improve the overall design level of China's commercial neighborhood sculpture public art, to improve the integration of the development of China's architecture and fine arts field, and secondly, the overall design study of commercial neighborhood sculpture public art can also better improve the overall development of China's tourism industry, and to promote the further enhancement of tourism art.
 METHODS: The related commercial and commercial street sculpture theory is discussed. Secondly, the computer technology of cloud computing is further applied in the research of the overall design of the sculpture public art in the commercial street area in order to enhance the informatization level of the overall design of the sculpture public art in the commercial street area, to better adapt to the development of the Internet era. Lastly, the data related to the tourists is calculated using big data technology.
 RESULTS: Significant in studying shopping street landscape sculpture. Starting from the research and interpretation theory of small and medium-sized shopping street sculpture, it analyzes the positioning and development of Shaanxi's shopping street sculpture. The purpose is to synthesize the aesthetic characteristics of some commercial street landscape sculptures in Shaanxi Province. Then, the design principles and artistic values of small and medium commercial streetscape sculptures are summarized. In addition, problems and suggestions for optimizing commercial streetscape sculpture in Shaanxi Province and the future development strategy of commercial streetscape sculpture in China are also discussed.
 CONCLUSION: Cloud computing and other computer technologies can better enhance the overall design level of commercial streetscape sculpture public art and promote the combination of fine arts and construction industry and the development of tourism.

Environmental risk perceptions of residential and commercial neighborhoods of petrol stations in Maiduguri Metropolis, Nigeria

Environment for decades has been subjected to varied degree of degradations majorly by anthropogenic activities at the detriment of its full potentials. In light of this, the paper evaluates environmental risk perceptions of residential and commercial outfits in the neighborhoods of petrol stations in Maiduguri metropolis. Data were collected quantitatively and qualitatively with the aid of questionnaires, interview schedules and literatures. Seventy (70) residential houses and 28 commercial shops within 100m radius proximity to 14 petrol stations were targeted at random; given 5 houses and 2 shops around each sampled station picked along 7 routes. From each sample, 1 respondent was picked purposively and issued questionnaire or administered interview. The results as revealed, 73.5% respondents complained of persistent inhalation of fuel-polluted air at their location due to their close proximities to the facilities. Whilst 67.5% claimed they do not derive benefits directly from the neighbourhood facilities. However, 81.9% respondents were compelled to live with the risk and hazard challenges perceived to be associated with the neighbourhood facilities, since they lack effective voice that could help to make a change. Given this, location and activities of petrol stations within human settlements are playing significant role in adding pollutants into the environment. Consequently, it seems obvious that in most of urban Nigeria, location of many obnoxious facilities like petrol stations have compromised stipulated guidelines; thereby heightening challenges confronting the weak. As such their presences are evidently chaotic and this is likely to continue without regards to basic environmental best practices. Keywords: Environmental risk, Neighborhood, Perception, Petrol station, Regulations

Identifying Patterns and Sources of Fine and Ultrafine Particulate Matter in London Using Mobile Measurements of Lung-Deposited Surface Area.

We performed more than a year of mobile, 1 Hz measurements of lung-deposited surface area (LDSA, the surface area of 20-400 nm diameter particles, deposited in alveolar regions of lungs) and optically assessed fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon (BC), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in central London. We spatially correlated these pollutants to two urban emission sources: major roadways and restaurants. We show that optical PM2.5 is an ineffective indicator of tailpipe emissions on major roadways, where we do observe statistically higher LDSA, BC, and NO2. Additionally, we find pollutant hot spots in commercial neighborhoods with more restaurants. A low LDSA (15 μm2 cm-3) occurs in areas with fewer major roadways and restaurants, while the highest LDSA (25 μm2 cm-3) occurs in areas with more of both sources. By isolating areas that are higher in one source than the other, we demonstrate the comparable impacts of traffic and restaurants on LDSA. Ratios of hyperlocal enhancements (ΔLDSA:ΔBC and ΔLDSA:ΔNO2) are higher in commercial neighborhoods than on major roadways, further demonstrating the influence of restaurant emissions on LDSA. We demonstrate the added value of using particle surface in identifying hyperlocal patterns of health-relevant PM components, especially in areas with strong vehicular emissions where the high LDSA does not translate to high PM2.5.

Silencing a free field blast simulator to meet residential standards

The Naval Medical Research Center in Silver Spring, Maryland, plans to install a new free field blast simulator in an existing building on campus. The new blast simulator will be an addition to two current blast simulators and is capable of generating higher dynamic pressure levels, up to 35 psi, than the existing simulators by igniting a mixture of oxygen and acetylene to create the simulated blast. In order to accurately simulate the blast, the outlet of the simulator must be exhausted to the outdoors which will produce noise levels in excess of 140 dBA at five feet. The campus lies within 1800 feet of the nearest residential neighborhood and 950 feet of the nearest commercial neighborhood. The nearest outdoor occupied area on campus, a parking lot, is only 90 feet away. Sound pressure levels produced by the simulator as well as the exhaust requirements were evaluated in order to design a mitigation scheme to reduce noise to meet acceptable residential levels in the parking lot area. Phoenix Noise and Vibration worked with Vibro Acoustics to develop a silencer design to meet these criteria which will be reviewed in the presentation.

The role of demand energy profile on the optimum layout of photovoltaic system in commercial buildings

Solar photovoltaic (PV) is a promising and effective energy generation resource to produce on-site electricity that covers part of buildings’ demand on urban scales. Design optimization is identified as a proper approach to improve PV systems' techno-economic feasibility and tackle the challenges of exchanging electricity with the grid. This study uses a multi-objective optimization approach to find the optimum PV system design that generates electricity based on the aggregated demand pattern of commercial buildigs. The goal is to improve the correlation between the PV electricity production and demand patterns by optimizing the PV panels’ range of orientations and the number of panels on each orientation. The PV system is optimized to in a way to maximize self-consumption (SC) and self-sufficiency (SS), and minimize payback period (PB) and load variance over the grid. The optimization objectives are examined in four different scenarios for commercial buildings located in the downtown Los Angeles, California. The results show that the demand pattern of commercial neighborhoods is somehow flat and has no spikes. Thus, the production pattern of optimum PV systems will be normally distributed around noon, with slightly higher production in the afternoon. While the system size is dependent on the objectives considered in the optimization, considering multiple objectives simultaneously leads to beneficial and reasonable results. The SS values obtained in all optimization scenarios range between 4.4 and 44.1 %, the SC ranges between 84.9 and 100 %, the PB is between 8.55 and 14.7 years, and the RMSD ranges between 1652 and 2418 KW/h. In addition to PV system optimization, the results indicate the importance of finding the optimum energy storage system for a better match between the demand and supply profiles.

Listening Point – Daily Soundscape Recordings from a Window of an Apartment in a Building Located on a Street in a Residential and Commercial Neighborhood in the City of Niterói, State of Rio de Janeiro

Listening Point – Daily Soundscape Recordings from a Window of an Apartment in a Building Located on a Street in a Residential and Commercial Neighborhood in the City of Niterói, State of Rio de Janeiro

Coordination of commercial prosumers with distributed demand-side flexibility in energy sharing and management system

Driven by advances in smart grid technologies, building prosumers have closer interaction in sharing energy and information towards net-zero energy communities with energy flexibility and smart readiness. Many studies have focused on transactive energy systems, whereas limited attention was paid to coordinated prosumer management involving electric and electro-thermal energy storages. In this paper, a hierarchical energy management system was developed for a commercial neighbourhood, where distributed prosumers can share their generation and batteries, and manage cooling loads and thermal storages, in subtropical Hong Kong. Several operational scenarios were formulated considering building-level and neighbourhood-level controls, to explore the synergies through peer-to-peer (P2P) sharing and demand flexibility. Techno-economic-environmental impacts were analysed comprehensively from the perspectives of the network, the utility, and each participant. Results show that by integrating the demand-side flexibility, the P2P system could use electricity more effectively and economically. The formulated P2P operation strategy utilising neighbourhood-level control minimised the operational cost by 24.6% and net equivalent CO2 emission by 7.1%, compared to the traditional peer-to-grid operation. The profit for each participant can be allocated by regulating the compensating price in the dynamic internal trading. The study provides prosumers energy-flexible and grid-friendly operation to facilitate the sustainability of the smart grid.

Chinese migrants’ spatial politics of belonging, identity, and citizenship in Santiago de Chile

ABSTRACT Chinese migrants are often used as an example of socio-spatial self-segregation, exemplified in Chinatown studies. Drawing on scholarship on citizenship and multiculturalism, I analyze the case study of the ethnic Chinese in Santiago, Chile, to interrogate their perceived reluctance towards social or political integration. Analysis draws on interviews, participation observation, and media coverage of a 2016 Chinese mass protest in the city center, and a 2018 proposal by the Santiago mayor to establish a Chinatown in a multicultural commercial neighbourhood. By discussing Chinese and Chilean interpretations of these events, I highlight the diverse practices of citizenship and identity – between ‘old’ and ‘new’ Chinese migrant groups in Chile. These not only challenge views of Chinese migrants as homogenous and/or politically disengaged. It also highlights complex evolving practices and attitudes towards belonging and citizenship in the diversifying overseas Chinese population, in an era marked by tropes about ‘the rise of China.’

A Vehicle-to-Microgrid Framework With Optimization-Incorporated Distributed EV Coordination for a Commercial Neighborhood

In this paper, an improved vehicle-to-microgrid (V2M) framework is proposed for a commercial locality operating as a hybrid ac–dc microgrid, which optimally coordinates electric-vehicle (EV) storages in a distributed manner. An aggregator model is proposed that solves the economic dispatch problem of parked EV storages in a centralized fashion and generates power references in real time for the designed EV storage controllers. Unlike the conventional EV storage controller, the proposed optimization-incorporated distributed EV storage controller can switch from decentralized to distributed control mode or vice versa based on situations and utilizes a sparse vehicle-to-vehicle communication network. The power flow between the ac and dc subgrids is managed by interlinking converters (IC). The IC control structure is augmented by combining voltage- and power-based droop-control schemes in the power control loop. This modification enables simultaneous ac and dc bus voltage regulations. Case studies are carried out to validate the efficacy of the developed framework with a real commercial network and loads. The results exhibit robust performance of the overall system for generation-demand variability, transitions between islanded and grid-tied conditions, and user-preferred EV disconnections and time delay.

Contested and interdependent appropriation of space in a multicultural commercial neighbourhood of Santiago, Chile

ABSTRACT This article examines experiences of making, inhabiting and appropriating space, in relation to the transformations of the political economy in an increasingly multicultural urban setting. Through processes of social production and construction of space, it explores the material, societal and symbolic processes at play. The entry points are memories, images, uses and material connection to Patronato neighbourhood (Santiago, Chile) by people of Korean and Palestinian ancestry. It analyses how claims of space authenticity, processes of ethnicisation and material appropriation of space – commonly understood as given by ‘cultural differences’ – respond to historical, economic and political shifts happening at a global and local level. Moreover, challenging the prism of socioeconomic conflict and separation, it shows emerging dynamics of social interdependence and adjustment, taking place alongside the reorganisation of ethnic boundaries. Such reorganisation allows settled migrants to develop a sense of belonging and control over space in a rapidly changing neoliberal city.

Sky-High Billboards to Urban Computing: Norms for the Public Realm and Sign Criteria for Tall Building Façades

Major cities regulate tall building signs to ensure that they do not cause safety issues or create aesthetic blight. Crafting regulations weighing the need to be seen with issues of public safety and aesthetics is a fine balancing act. Those installing these signs do so trusting that their messages will be readable by and appropriately impress all who view them. The same is true for those who generate public art displays like media facades and LED screens, which, being more artistic (in theory), argue for lighter regulations than those accorded commercial advertising signs. Meanwhile, residential neighbors want to sleep after dark, without blackout drapes festooning every homeowner's living area window. And cities want a vibrant commercial district that is exciting and affords visual stimulation, creating the 24-hour city – but not fostering overstimulation with accompanying neighbor anger, zoning hearing warfare and mass-media aesthetic critique. How ought community regulators to proceed in this era of artistic creativity, cutthroat advertising competition and the social trend embracing endless self-presentation? This paper posits one theory, grounded in purpose that affords viewer awareness of illuminated signs and artistry, without making commercial signs and digital media projections a main event in the municipal mixed use residential and commercial neighborhood.

Effectiveness of cool walls on cooling load and urban temperature in a tropical climate

The urban overheating, driven by the increasing expansion of our cities and the global climate change, is becoming one of the main environmental challenges of today. Consequently, cooling technologies are emerging as mitigation and adaptation strategies. Reflective roof and pavement surfaces have been widely studied for their potential benefits, but detailed evaluations of the effect of wall albedo on the urban microclimate are limited. This study addresses this gap by evaluating the effects of reflective walls on urban energy use and outdoor climate. The energy balance of an idealized neighborhood is represented using a 3D numerical model, Temperature of Urban Facets Indoor-Outdoor Building Energy Simulator (TUF-IOBES), which determines the cooling loads and outdoor air temperature. The study focuses on the tropical climate of Singapore, addressing the urban climate in highly-populated cities in low latitudes that are significantly affected by the UHI. Simulations are conducted for two neighborhoods representative of low-rise residential and high-rise commercial urban areas, spanning a range of urban density, canyon geometry, building construction, and occupant schedules. The building thermal load and outdoor temperature are then calculated for these two idealized neighborhoods, analyzing the effectiveness of cool walls while also considering the role of other design factors such as window-to-wall ratio (WWR) and glazing solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) in modulating the impact. Unlike the analysis of cool roofs, we find that a universal conclusion regarding the impact of cool walls cannot be drawn. The role of wall albedo significantly depends on the collective design of urban areas as well as the use and occupancy of buildings. We find that urban density (in other words the local climate zone) followed by window properties are important factors in determining the impact of wall albedo on thermal loads and UHI, as they determine the radiative exchange between and into the buildings. Accordingly, contrary to the general expectation, for a high urban density (commercial neighborhood LCZ6) and high WWR and SHGC, we observe that cool (reflective) walls can increase the building energy use. Regarding UHI, increasing the reflectivity of walls decreases the canopy air temperature but the impact is marginal ( ∼ 0.1 °C) compared to other urban design parameters.

SABIL BTWEEN LOSS OF FORM AND EXHAUSTION THE FUNCTION ARCHITECTURAL AND HISTORICAL STUDY FOR SABIL ALI BECK AL KABEER IN TANTA

Sabil is one of the important social buildings within the Islamic community، which the kings and princes throughout the ages have been keen to establish for more than six centuries throughout the rule of the Mamluks and Ottomans. The origin and existence of Asbala was associated with the number of population and their geographic distribution، focusing on populated areas such as markets and commercial neighborhoods. For playing an important role in watering pedestrians and animals in the streets and thus became a distinctive feature of the Islamic city.The study aims to study the emergence and development of the appearance of Sabil in Egypt and the most important styles and patterns that emerged during the Mamluk and Ottoman periods and the most important components of Sabil as well as the role of Sabil within the urban fabric as well as examples of the architectural and urban transgressions that took place on the historical Asbla that were a social and urban function within the society and the disappearance of its role In an attempt to arrive at a clear strategy for maintaining and re-operating them within the framework of appropriate intervention methods through three consecutive stages.The study examines Sabil Ali Beck Al Kabeer in tanta and its historical background، stages and steps of intervention، including the museum garden within it، monitoring the current situation of the avenue and the violations that occurred to him، and then try to develop a plan to re-operate it as an essential step to start the introduction of interventions and appropriate treatment and Make it part of the cultural and cultural heritage of the city.The study concludes with the historical Asbla of Egypt and the most important violations، and the existence of random planning and organizational during the deconstruction of Sabil Ali Beck as well as the lack of clarity of the operational plan of the avenue and reuse، which calls for a strategy for the conservation and reconstruction of such buildings.

More green space in Japanese shopping streets

PurposeGreen space increase in dense urban environments is a recurring goal of contemporary planning and policy making. Nonetheless, there is a need to assess the feasibility of concrete greening implementation in specific contexts. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and discuss the environmental potential of green roofs in commercial neighborhoods with low green rates.Design/methodology/approachBy studying shopping streets in Shimokitazawa, Tokyo, this research focuses on a commercial area featuring narrow streets, mid-rise buildings and a low amount of green space. A 25ha case study area was sampled and investigated from a morphological point of view, based on mappings, aerial photographs and on-site surveys.FindingsBecause of the peculiar morphological characteristics of Shimokitazawa, green roofs are a particularly suitable greening option. If all flat roofs in the case study area were retrofitted with green roofs, green space would increase from 4 to 27.7 percent. Moreover, the area’s carbon footprint would decrease by 2.6 percent.Originality/valueWhile maintaining that each location has unique characteristics, the quantification of the environmental benefits of green roofs in Shimokitazawa could be generalized for a number of similar areas within Tokyo and Japan, being a reference for policy making and urban design guidelines.

Making community under shared conditions of insecurity: the negotiation of ethnic borders in a multicultural commercial neighbourhood in Santiago, Chile

ABSTRACT Multicultural commercial neighbourhoods are key spaces where individuals learn to relate to cultural difference in increasingly diverse cities worldwide. Host countries’ pre-existing social dynamics and environmental conditions mutually shape everyday interactions between people from different ethnonational backgrounds within specific spaces. This article examines two kinds of community-making practices consisting of both intra-ethnic and inter-ethnic exchanges and collaborations, under conditions of shared insecurity in a multicultural commercial neighbourhood in Santiago, Chile. Drawing on ethnic Chinese experiences and responses to crime, we discuss how inhabitants of multicultural sites create more hospitable spaces by building and overcoming boundaries with co-ethnics, other migrants and ‘locals’. Our ethnographic study finds that Chinese residents engaged in what we term ‘strategic ethnic groupism’, which aims to prompt the solidarity of an ‘ethnic-based’ collective in order to politically organise towards long-term solutions. Yet, simultaneously, with other migrants and citizens, the Chinese negotiated everyday intercultural conviviality through creating relations of trust and care to address more immediate insecurity concerns. Discussing both strategies, this article contributes to understanding the productive frictions between ethnicity, community and belonging, under shared conditions of insecurity, in multicultural urban spaces.

A cross-sectional ecological analysis of international and sub-national health inequalities in commercial geospatial resource availability

BackgroundCommercial geospatial data resources are frequently used to understand healthcare utilisation. Although there is widespread evidence of a digital divide for other digital resources and infra-structure, it is unclear how commercial geospatial data resources are distributed relative to health need.MethodsTo examine the distribution of commercial geospatial data resources relative to health needs, we assembled coverage and quality metrics for commercial geocoding, neighbourhood characterisation, and travel time calculation resources for 183 countries. We developed a country-level, composite index of commercial geospatial data quality/availability and examined its distribution relative to age-standardised all-cause and cause specific (for three main causes of death) mortality using two inequality metrics, the slope index of inequality and relative concentration index. In two sub-national case studies, we also examined geocoding success rates versus area deprivation by district in Eastern Region, Ghana and Lagos State, Nigeria.ResultsInternationally, commercial geospatial data resources were inversely related to all-cause mortality. This relationship was more pronounced when examining mortality due to communicable diseases. Commercial geospatial data resources for calculating patient travel times were more equitably distributed relative to health need than resources for characterising neighbourhoods or geocoding patient addresses. Countries such as South Africa have comparatively high commercial geospatial data availability despite high mortality, whilst countries such as South Korea have comparatively low data availability and low mortality. Sub-nationally, evidence was mixed as to whether geocoding success was lowest in more deprived districts.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first global analysis of commercial geospatial data resources in relation to health outcomes. In countries such as South Africa where there is high mortality but also comparatively rich commercial geospatial data, these data resources are a potential resource for examining healthcare utilisation that requires further evaluation. In countries such as Sierra Leone where there is high mortality but minimal commercial geospatial data, alternative approaches such as open data use are needed in quantifying patient travel times, geocoding patient addresses, and characterising patients’ neighbourhoods.

Neglect as effacement: the multiple lives of the Jardin Ralaimongo, Mahajanga, Madagascar

AbstractBy considering the lifespan of a garden, this article investigates the myriad spatial practices of forgetting and remembering the colonial and postcolonial pasts that people apply to their urban surroundings in Mahajanga, Madagascar. In the heart of an ancient residential and commercial neighbourhood in this multi-ethnic Indian Ocean port city sits the Jardin Ralaimongo. Drawing on ethnographic and archival research, I explore the trajectory of the garden to elucidate the ways in which different socio-political groups have drawn on this site to negotiate differences, frame collective memories, and stake their claims to the urban landscape. I show how, as city inhabitants have reworked the spaces of the garden, so too has the park itself – its layout, material artefacts and location within the city – constrained the possibilities of what can be remembered and silenced, and who can be bound to one another, in contemporary times. Over its hundred-year history, this site has been founded, forgotten and reincarnated as a memorial to a succession of revered leaders, thus serving as a kind of spatial register of the historical socio-political changes that have given rise to the city. This article suggests that the deterioration of colonial-era architectural forms through long-standing neglect and abandonment may be understood as an active spatial practice of effacing some dimensions of the past, while the subsequent recuperation of deserted public spaces by certain groups is an effort to position themselves as legitimate residents and express their attachment to the city.

People’s Preferences of Urban Design Qualities for Walking on a Commercial Street

This research aims to explore people’s preferences of urban design qualities for walking on a commercial street, with Kawi Street located in a commercial neighborhood in the town of Malang Indonesia as the case study. Based on a literature review, this study used eight urban design qualities, i.e., enclosure, legibility, human scale, transparency, complexity, coherence, linkage, and imageability. This study applied a survey research method using a self-administered paper-pencil questionnaire applying two measurement techniques: Likert scale was used to explore people’s evaluations of urban design qualities of the street, while multiple-rating scales were used to measure people’s preference for walking on the street. One hundred and ten people randomly selected as respondents. Regression analysis was employed to explore the influence of urban design qualities on people preference for walking. Results indicated four urban design qualities that affect people’s choice for walking on a commercial street, i.e., transparency, coherence, linkage, and imageability. Implications of the findings will be discussed in the paper.

Principios de diseño urbano y construcción de sentido en los barrios comerciales

This research addresses the problematization of the meaning of commercial districts. As viewed from the principles of urban design, a field of study located within urban semiotics, it analyzes sense of place and the ability to acquire it. Focusing on the case of commercial districts, this study conceptualizes the most recurrent urban design principles in commercial neighborhoods (vitality, memory and versatility), examining their relationship with the surrounding public space. Likewise, through a case study of three cities, the article examines the way in which the three main principles of urban design found in these places are materialized. Considering the important role that such principles play in relation to the public space adjacent to these neighborhoods, it is also shown that they are significant for the construction of the sense of belonging of the communities that inhabit and use them.