Effectiveness of cool walls on cooling load and urban temperature in a tropical climate

Abstract

The urban overheating, driven by the increasing expansion of our cities and the global climate change, is becoming one of the main environmental challenges of today. Consequently, cooling technologies are emerging as mitigation and adaptation strategies. Reflective roof and pavement surfaces have been widely studied for their potential benefits, but detailed evaluations of the effect of wall albedo on the urban microclimate are limited. This study addresses this gap by evaluating the effects of reflective walls on urban energy use and outdoor climate. The energy balance of an idealized neighborhood is represented using a 3D numerical model, Temperature of Urban Facets Indoor-Outdoor Building Energy Simulator (TUF-IOBES), which determines the cooling loads and outdoor air temperature. The study focuses on the tropical climate of Singapore, addressing the urban climate in highly-populated cities in low latitudes that are significantly affected by the UHI. Simulations are conducted for two neighborhoods representative of low-rise residential and high-rise commercial urban areas, spanning a range of urban density, canyon geometry, building construction, and occupant schedules. The building thermal load and outdoor temperature are then calculated for these two idealized neighborhoods, analyzing the effectiveness of cool walls while also considering the role of other design factors such as window-to-wall ratio (WWR) and glazing solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) in modulating the impact. Unlike the analysis of cool roofs, we find that a universal conclusion regarding the impact of cool walls cannot be drawn. The role of wall albedo significantly depends on the collective design of urban areas as well as the use and occupancy of buildings. We find that urban density (in other words the local climate zone) followed by window properties are important factors in determining the impact of wall albedo on thermal loads and UHI, as they determine the radiative exchange between and into the buildings. Accordingly, contrary to the general expectation, for a high urban density (commercial neighborhood LCZ6) and high WWR and SHGC, we observe that cool (reflective) walls can increase the building energy use. Regarding UHI, increasing the reflectivity of walls decreases the canopy air temperature but the impact is marginal ( ∼ 0.1 °C) compared to other urban design parameters.