Commercial Land Research Articles

Integrated Method for Classifying Medium Resolution Satellite Remotely Sensed Imagery into Land Use Map

There are several remotely sensed images of varied resolutions available. As a result, several classification techniques exist, which are roughly classified as pixel-based and object-based classification methods. Based on the foregoing, this study provided an integrated method of deriving land use from a coarse satellite image. Location coordinates of the land uses were acquired with a handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) instrument as primary data. The study classified the image quantitatively (pixel-based) into built-up, water, riparian, cultivated, and uncultivated land cover classes with no mixed pixels, and then qualitatively into educational, commercial, health, residential, and security land use classes that were conflicting due to spectral similarity. The total accuracy and kappa coefficient of the pixel-based land cover classification were 92.5% and 94% respectively. The results showed that residential land use occupied an area of 5500.01ha, followed by educational (2800.69ha); security (411.27ha); health (133.88ha); and commercial (109.01ha) respectively. The integrated method produces a crisp-appearance like the object-based image classification method. It eliminates the "salt and pepper" appearance that a traditional pixel-based classification would have. The output can be a vector or raster model depending on the purpose for which it is created.

The impact of air pollution on urban land price and willingness to pay for clean air - Evidence from micro level land transactions in China

We investigate the impact of air pollution on land prices by combining Chinese micro level land transaction data and PM2.5 concentrations grid data, and evaluate the marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) for clean air through the hedonic price model. The empirical results show that air quality improvement significantly increases the land unit price, and the MWTP value for clean air is estimated to be USD 32.08–33.13/m2 after controlling for variables related to both parcel characteristics and a series of facilities of general interest. Considering the differences in terms of different land use types and administrative levels of cities, the MWTP for clean air is found to exhibit significant heterogeneity both within and between cities. Specifically, the MWTP value of commercial and residential land is significantly higher than that of industrial land, and the value of ordinary prefecture-level cities is much lower than that of municipalities directly under the central government, cities specifically designated in the state plan and provincial capital cities. In addition, mechanism tests suggest that population mobility is a key channel through which changes in land prices reflect the value of clean air. This study provides a new idea for future use of hedonic price model to estimate willingness to pay for public goods such as clean air from the perspective of China's land transaction market, and also provides a reference for policy makers to formulate relevant policies.

The Population Development of the Invasive Round Goby Neogobius melanostomus in Latvian Waters of the Baltic Sea

The invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) was established in the coastal waters of the Baltic Sea in the early 1990s. The first observation of the species in Latvian waters was in 2004. In the intervening period, the population grew, the species became of significance for local fisheries, and it likely impacted the local ecosystem in the Baltic Sea. In this study, we characterize the spatial–temporal population development of round goby in Latvian coastal waters using data from three different scientific and fisheries-independent surveys. We also include data from commercial fisheries landings to describe the fisheries targeting the species. Our results suggest an exponential increase in population numbers of round goby in Latvian waters, peaking in 2018, followed by a sharp decline. This observation is also supported by data from commercial fisheries landings. We suggest that intensive commercial fishing had a considerable impact on the rapid decline of the species, but that the decline was potentially amplified through a wider scale decline, as observed in many areas of the Baltic Sea. The results of this study contribute to the knowledge base on the species and how fisheries can aid in limiting the development of invasive fish populations. Based on the results of the study, we also provide recommendations for better future monitoring of the species in the coastal waters of the Baltic Sea.

Exploring key spatial determinants for mobility hub placement based on micromobility ridership

Over the past decade, cities have witnessed a surge in micromobility services that offer flexible mobility options for citizens on an as-needed basis, such as for covering the first/last mile connection of their trips. Although these services have known benefits, including reduced CO2 emissions and less public space required for parking, there is still insufficient understanding of their common dynamics and usage, which can support decision-making in the quest for allocating new mobility infrastructure, like mobility hubs. In this paper, we propose a methodology to identify potential mobility hub locations based on the common associated spatial factors with the ridership of different micromobility services (station-based bike-sharing, dockless moped-style scooter-sharing and scooter-sharing services) in Madrid, Spain. We identify the common associated spatial factors with micromobility usage (e.g. bike stations' density, commercial land use and cycling infrastructure) and train linear models to explore which dependent variables represents better a “common ridership” of multiple micromobility services while fitting better that data. Subsequently, we test our models in a different area to identify potential hotspots for suggested locations. Findings show that considering micromobility ridership altogether using principal component analysis provides better ridership estimations in the test areas. The methodology has the potential to be replicable in other cities and guide decision-making processes for searching potential mobility hub locations.

Urban spatial dynamic modeling based on urban amenity data to inform smart city planning

An ideal form of smart city planning would focus on the availability of urban amenities that can meet the basic needs of a resident’s material life, civil connections, and humanistic spirit. Previous studies have concentrated on analyzing the spatial distribution of urban services, with less attention on their contribution as local urban amenities. In this study, we propose a spatial dynamic modeling approach based on urban amenities using social media data from Google Place API to provide locational information on potential resident interactions. We use a representative region in Europe (Stockholm County, SE) to simulate and project urban development in the region until 2050. Our circular conceptual framework of spatial information and feedback supports decision-makers in testing possible urban planning scenarios that align with the vision of a smart city. Simulation results reveal the interplay between human-land interactions on a specific spatial-temporal scale, and we analyze scenario outcomes in relation to commercial and residential land uses. Overall, our study provides a new perspective on human-social behavior-driven urban development, through a smart, spatial dynamic model as a planning support system that can enhance realism, and ultimately help realize planned development objectives in the region.

Assessing Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast Signal Quality for Airplane Departure Using Random Forest Algorithm

This study aims to assess the safety level of the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) signal quality during airplane departures at Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Airport. The Aero-track application was utilized to monitor commercial aircraft departures and collect observation data. The collected data underwent processing using data analysis algorithms and labeling processes, resulting in a comprehensive dataset for evaluating ADS-B signal quality. Signal quality was categorized into four levels, and a model was built using the Random Forest algorithm, achieving an accuracy of 99%. Comparative analysis with SVM and Naive Bayes algorithms showed accuracy values of 93% and 97% respectively. Consequently, the Random Forest Model was chosen for estimating ADS-B signal quality during commercial aircraft takeoff and landing.

Characterising an interaction between coastal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and the spot gillnet fishery in southeastern North Carolina, USA

The aim of this study was to characterise interactions between coastal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus Montagu, 1821), and the autumn gillnet fishery in southeastern North Carolina, USA that targets spot (Leiostomus xanthurus). Beach based (conducted from April 1997 - January 1998) and aerial surveys (conducted from July 1998 - May 1999) were used to estimate the abundance of dolphins and gillnets in nearshore waters. Commercial spot landings records from Brunswick County, North Carolina were used as an index of prey abundance. Stranded bottlenose dolphins were evaluated using protocols developed to describe diagnostic evidence of human-induced fisheries mortality. During both survey periods, dolphin numbers, gillnet numbers and spot landings all peaked in October-November. Simultaneously, an increase in dolphin strandings bearing evidence of entanglement in gillnets (cuts, lacerations, or wrapping marks on their appendages) was observed. Four stranded dolphins were determined to have been killed in gillnets, and one dolphin was removed alive from a gillnet in October 1997. Six stranded dolphins were killed in gillnets in October and November 1998. Thus, 20-24% of the annual allowable human-induced mortality for all USA Atlantic coastal bottlenose dolphins could be attributed to monofilament gillnets targeting spot in October and November in southeastern North Carolina. Both recreational and commercial fishermen target spot in the autumn using gillnets and dolphin mortality may be attributable to both aspects of the fishery. Results of this study are cause for alarm because interactions between dolphins and coastal gillnets may be occurring at much larger spatial and temporal scales along the USA Atlantic coast. Understanding the relationships between the biological and anthropogenic variables leading to these interactions can facilitate conservative, pro-active, management ensuring that human-induced mortality is not negatively impacting populations of marine mammals, such as Atlantic coastal bottlenose dolphins.

Life history and stock synthesis assessment of Prionotus punctatus (Teleostei, Triglidae) in southern Brazil

AbstractAge, growth, and maturity of the bluewing searobin Prionotus punctatus were studied to assess its stock status in southern Brazil. Total length compositions, weight, sex, and maturity stage were recorded from commercial landings, and ages were estimated from transverse sections of the sagittal otolith. The oldest observed specimen was a 12‐year‐old female. Females grew to a larger asymptotic length (L∞ = 384.4 mm) than males (L∞ = 311.7 mm) but at a slower instantaneous rate (kfemales = 0.41 year−1, kmales = 0.75 year−1). Reproduction occurred from spring to early fall. Females size‐ and age‐at‐maturity was estimated at 246.8 mm and 1.66 years, while males were at 237.2 mm and 1.38 years. Based on a statistical catch‐at‐age stock assessment, the spawning biomass declined 84% from 1976 to 2000 being classified as overfished and suffering from overfishing (B/Bmsy = 0.62; F/Fmsy >1). P. punctatus was regularly discarded by industrial fisheries before 2000 but suffered from high exploitation in the last decades. These results highlight the need for the species to be included in Brazil's fishery management plans.

From hotspots to background: High-resolution mapping of ethylene oxide in urban air

Ethylene oxide (EtO) is a human carcinogen whose release from sterilization facilities to ambient air has gained recent attention. Measurements have typically relied on canister samples collected over minutes to hours and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A novel application of tunable infrared laser direct absorption spectrometry (TILDAS) was recently deployed aboard a mobile air quality laboratory in Toronto, Canada, to measure EtO in near real-time. Detection limits comparable to canister-GC/MS methods were achieved while stationary at averaging times of only 100 s, and high frequency (1-s) sampling detected EtO at several locations. EtO was observed consistently near the only local facility reporting on-site releases to Canada's National Pollutant Release Inventory. The maximum 1-s mixing ratio observed nearby was 18 ppb (33 μg m−3), and a mean 1-s mixing ratio of 0.43 ppb (0.78 μg m−3) was observed in the vicinity of the detectable plumes that covered industrial, commercial and residential land uses up to 900 m downwind. EtO in those plumes was not related to common air pollutants such as nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), or methane (CH4), whereas it was paired with elevated NO or CO and CH4 at some other locations. EtO was less abundant elsewhere in the city, and no detectable EtO was found near potential sources including hospitals, spice distributors and vehicle exhaust. The EtO background measured in wintertime Toronto air was indistinguishable from zero and substantially lower than that reported in studies using canister-GC/MS methods. The multi-pollutant mobile method described herein marks a significant step forward in the capability to characterize atmospherically relevant concentrations of EtO at high spatiotemporal resolution. Future applications of high-resolution techniques will allow for comprehensive investigations of source impacts and characterization of ambient levels for which deployment of conventional canister/GC-MS methods would be unsuitable or prohibitive.

Toward the Age of Intelligent Vehicular Networks for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles in 6G

Twenty-two years after the advent of the firstgeneration vehicular network, i.e., dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) standard/IEEE 802.11p, the vehicular technology market has become very competitive with a new player, Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X). Currently, C-V2X technology likely dominates the race because of the big advantages of comprehensive coverage and high throughput/reliability. Meanwhile, DSRC-based technologies are struggling to survive and rebound with many hopes betting on success of the secondgeneration standard, IEEE P802.11bd. While the standards battle to attract automotive makers and dominate the commercial market landing, the research community has started thinking about the shape of the next-generation vehicular networks. This article details the state-of-the-art progress of vehicular networks, particularly the cellular V2X-related technologies in specific use cases, compared to the features of the current generation. Through the typical examples, we also highlight why 5G is inadequate to provide the best connectivity for the vehicular applications and then 6G technologies can fill up the vacancy.

Effects of environmental factors on the historical time serie of blackspot seabream commercial landings (1983 to 2015) in the strait of Gibraltar: A shared marine resource between the Spanish and Moroccan fleets

Effects of environmental factors on the historical time serie of blackspot seabream commercial landings (1983 to 2015) in the strait of Gibraltar: A shared marine resource between the Spanish and Moroccan fleets

Taxation, Fiscal Redistribution, and Local Land Use Regulation

<h3>Abstract</h3> This paper explores the role of fiscal institutions for local land use. It argues that tax-base mobility results in an incentive to expand commercial and residential land use, which is mitigated by fiscal redistribution. These predictions are investigated empirically using a dataset of German municipalities. To identify differences in the exposure to fiscal redistribution, I exploit institutional characteristics of fiscal-equalization grants using a regression-discontinuity analysis. The results support the role of fiscal incentives for local land-use regulation, as commercial and residential land use is expanded much faster, and agricultural land use declines more rapidly in municipalities exempted from fiscal redistribution.

Blockchain-Powered Land Ownership Management System

The project involves using Block chain technology and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) to manage assets such as residential, commercial, and agricultural lands. Traditional methods of tracking ownership of these assets require long and complex processes, including the need to obtain title deeds from government offices. The proposed system aims to simplify this process by providing a secure and verifiable way to represent ownership of assets through the use of NFTs and smart contracts on the Ethereum network. This system not only makes it easier to track ownership of assets, but also helps to ensure that assets are properly insured and that regular payments are made for insurance, taxes, and subscriptions like electricity, water, and natural gas. By using NFTs, the system can also represent rare and unique assets that cannot be replicated or replaced, which increases their value and collectability.

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Land Use Change in Uyo Urban, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

The increasing population size of cities and the physical expansion of the built-up area beyond the city limits as well as rising demand for more land for various purposes induce changes in urban land-use. This study therefore evaluates the spatio-temporal changes of land uses in Uyo urban. The study utilizes Geographic Information System (GIS); where land use maps of Uyo were produced from Landsat ETM imagery of 2003, 2012 and 2021 using Erdas imagine and ArcGIS softwares. Post classification and change detection analysis for the three years was used to depict changes in identified land uses. The results indicate that in 2003 agricultural land use occupied an area of 37.307 sq.km while residential land use occupied an area of 50.494 sq.km. In 2012, agricultural land use reduced to 25.347 sq.km while residential land use increased to 62.879 sq.km. Furthermore, by 2021, agricultural lands use further indicated drastic reduction occupying an area of 6.207 sq.km while residential land use indicated remarkable increase to 73.469 sq.km. Between 2003 and 2012, residential land uses increased by 8.88 sq.km translating into 15.4 per cent within 10 years and 1.5 per cent per annum; whereas agricultural land use decreased annually by -2.5 per cent. Other land uses such as institutional, commercial and transportation land uses also increased, while forest and water bodies also decreased within the years. It is recommended that periodic monitoring of the land use should be encouraged to ascertain the pattern of changes in order to curtail negative impacts on the environment.

Heterogeneous mechanisms of urban land price in China: a perspective of natural restrictions and strategic supply

Analyzing how the underlying mechanism influences land value changes is essential to understanding the land market, which contributes to sustainable urbanization. Drawing upon a land transaction dataset, we analyze the determinants of urban land prices from 2008 to 2020, considering land supply and demands, with particular attention to natural restrictions and government interventions in China. The statistical analysis suggests that the inequality in industrial and commercial land prices rose from 2008 to 2015 and decreased after 2015. The inequality in residential land prices has kept rising from 2008 to 2020 because land finance is still essential to local government. Discriminatory price strategy for industrial land prices in eastern China is getting more popular. The regression models reveal the significant negative impact of natural restrictions on land price, and such impact from natural restrictions is decreasing after 2015. The market forces represented by city-level socioeconomic factors are becoming more important after 2015, indicating a more free land market in China. We also find the gaps between cities and counties in land prices are closing, which might benefit the recent development in rural and county region of China. These findings provide important insights into the transition in the land market in China from 2008 to 2020, which also contribute to a better understanding of the spatial inequality in the land market and the heterogeneity in different land-use types.

Investigating the Impacts of Built-Up Land Allocation on Carbon Emissions in 88 Cities of the Yangtze River Economic Belt Based on Panel Regressions

The supply of built-up land determines the depths of human activities, leading to the differences in scale and intensity of carbon emissions. However, the relationship between the composition of built-up land and carbon emissions has not been fully investigated. In response, this study collects the panel data of 88 cities along the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China, and uses the fixed effect model and system GMM model, to explore the impacts of specific subtypes of built-up land on carbon emissions averaged by economic output and urban land. The findings show that industrial land and commercial land are the main contributors to increase carbon emissions; the increased proportions of land subtypes related to supporting facilities and infrastructures show significant restraining effects; carbon emission was a dynamic process with time-lagged effects. As a result, reallocating the structure of urban built-up land can directly and indirectly adjust the intensity of carbon emissions. Policy recommendations focus on the balanced supplies of production and ecological land.

Spatial correlation and influencing factors of the urban land transaction market in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration

PurposeLand transactions are a key indicator of urban sustainable development and urban space expansion. Therefore, this paper aims to study the spatial correlation of different types of land transactions.Design/methodology/approachBased on the big data of land micro transactions in Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, this paper uses the generalized forecast error variance decomposition (GFEVD) method to measure the correlation level of urban land markets. Also, social network analysis (SNA) is used to describe spatial correlation network characteristics of an urban agglomeration land market. In the meantime, the factors that influence the spatial correlation of urban land markets are investigated through a quadratic assignment procedure (QAP).FindingsThe price growth rate of urban residential land was higher than that of industrial land and commercial land. The spatial relevance of urban residential land is the highest, while the spatial relevance of the urban commercial land market is the lowest. The urban industrial land market, commercial land market and residential land market all present a typical network structure. Population distance (POD) and Engel coefficient distance (EGD) are negatively correlated with the correlation degree of the urban residential land network; traffic distance (TRD) and economic distance (ECD) are negatively correlated with the correlation degree of the urban industrial land network and commercial land network.Originality/valueThis paper uses a systematically-integrated series of problem-solving models to better explain the development path of urban land markets and to realize the integration of the interdisciplinary methods of geography, statistics and big data analysis.

Green Masquerade: Neo-liberalism, Extractive Renewable Energy Transitions, and the ‘Good’ Anthropocene in South Africa

This chapter examines the ‘green’ energy developments apparent in the South African government’s energy policy and renewable energy programme. In 2011, the South African government introduced the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme as a new policy imperative for electricity generation from renewable energy sources through publicprivate partnerships. The Programme has been hailed for attracting a huge amount of direct foreign investment in climate mitigation in South Africa. This chapter analyses the material nature of the Programme and the publicprivate partnership investment conditions, based on a case study of the Tsitsikamma Community Wind Farm in the Eastern Cape in South Africa, an electricity generation project initiated prior to the introduction of the Independent Power Producer renewable energy programme on community reclaimed land. This community was a willing partner in the wind energy investment partnership. Despite their inclusion in this techno-capitalist development project, however, the material well-being of members of this community remains unchanged, as does the degraded state of the commercial agricultural land involved. The chapter argues that the capitalist neo-liberal logic of alternative ‘green’ energy interventions in investment models such as this renewable energy programme is embedded in the machinations of the extractivist productivist model through ‘new’ forms of financialisaton for capital accumulation.

A Land Use Approach to Promote Charoenkrung District as a Creative Industry Hub - Possibilities under the Bangkok Comprehensive Plan

TheBangkokComprehensivePlanDraft(4 Revision,draftedin2019)hasproposedBangkok’sdevelopment and management scheme for the next 20 years. In this 4th revision, “Creative Commercial”, has been established for the first time under the category of C6 (Commercial Land Use type 6). However, the C6 land use is designated only for the Klongsan and Samyan areas. The Charoenkrung area in Bangrak District, officially approved as the first Creative Industry Hub (CIH) in Thailand, was not under the C6 category, but instead remains as C8 (Commercial Land Use type 8). This article aims to compare the differences and benefits of C6 and C8 land use designations through textual analysis of the pertinent urban planning policies and regulations. The textual analysis was then discussed with three creative entrepreneurs who represent the design, crafting, and selling of jewelry and accessories in Charoenkrung, to understand their impressions of land use requirements and the potential that policies and regulations can successfully support establishment of creative entrepreneurships in the area. Through Snowball Sampling, the the textual analysis and recommendations from the three representatives of the jewelry and accessories business were then further reviewed with two eminent experts who were highly experienced in this industry as a creative space developer and vice president of Thai Gems &amp; Jewelry Traders Association. The results of the interviews show that the creative entrepreneurs in Charoenkrung were not convinced of the benefits in the land use regulations for either of the commercial land use types within the Bangkok Comprehensive Plan. The C8 has higher flexibility in terms of conditional usages as compared to C6. The C6 did not stipulate any special benefits that might be lucrative enough to promote creative business development. Thus, the Bangkok Comprehensive Plan should revisit the regulations and revise theC6 designation to have a clearer effect on promotion of the creative economy. Specifically, we propose three recommendations related to land use policy that would promote Charoenkrung as a creative district: 1) The Government should create Investment Promotion Zones for the creative industry. These zones might include tax waiver benefits for creative entrepreneurs and provide planning incentives for renewal of abandoned buildings into incubator spaces associated with new creative businesses; 2) Events and exhibitions at a national scale should be organized in Charoenkrung, utilizing soft infrastructure to promote city branding and marketing strategies; and 3) In connecting with the Thai word for love, (rak), “Love Marketing” should be used as a promotional opportunity for the Bangrak District to attract tourists and investors into Charoenkrung.

PERAN PERUSAHAAN MULTINASIONAL TERHADAP PERUBAHAN UPAYA PENANGANAN DEFORESTASI BRASIL DI AMAZON

The Amazon are being destroyed every year due to land conversion and fires. Brazil has committed to reduce deforestation rates with various policies. Unfortunately, since Jair Bolsonaro took office as President of Brazil in 2019, the commitment to reduce deforestation of the Amazon has been faded. Commitment shifting is indirectly driven by international trade carried out by multinational corporation, especially multinational corporation which enggaged in the global supply chain for cattle ranching and soybean agriculture, both of these sectors are contribute to the majority of deforestation in the Amazon. This study presents the formulation of the problem is "What is the role of multinational corporation in Brazilian policy changes in the forest management and deforestation of the Amazon?". By using dependency theory, this study argues that Brazil as a developing country is under the shadows of the interests of multinational corporation due to inequality, inevitably the government accommodate these interests in changing policies to expand the expansion of multinational corporation in the Amazon, especially those related to the exploitation of natural resources and deforestation. This research is a qualitative research using descriptive research type. This research finds that inequality in global capitalism brings exploitative development in Brazil, especially to deforestation for commercial land conversion and this condition is accommodated by the Brazilian government under Jair Bolsonaro.