Commercialization Of Innovations Research Articles

Create not to Commercialize: On the Everyday Practices of Russian Technopreneurs Book Review: Bychkova O., Gladarev B., Kharkhordin O., Tsinman Zh. (2019) Fantasticheskie miry rossiyskogo hay-teka [Sci-Fi Worlds of Russian Hi-Tech], St. Petersburg: EUSP Press (in Russian)

What is the reason for the low commercialization of high-tech innovations in Russia? Given the Russian engineers’ high scores on initiative, creativity, and technical competence, why is there no successful launch of manufactured—often amazing—inventions on domestic and international markets? Does Russia have a specific way of development in the sphere of high technologies? The research team of sociologists from the European University at St. Petersburg (EUSP)—Olga Bychkova, Boris Gladarev, Oleg Harkhordin, and Zhanna Tsinman—offer answers to these questions in their book, Sci-Fi Worlds of Russian Hi-Tech. Based on a large set of in-depth interviews with entrepreneurs from Russia, as well as Finland, Taiwan, and South Korea, the authors’ focus is not on institutions but on the technopreneurs themselves, who update the hightech markets on their daily practices, ways of social interaction, worldviews, interactions with developers, technical prototypes, and themselves. Employing the concepts from the theory of practice and science and technology studies (STS), the authors have attempted to re-examine the life worlds of Russian technopreneurs and to align their individual narratives with the sociocultural context in which the daily life of developers is embedded. The researchers show the way that engineers live, in which value categories make sense of their work and daily practices, and how it may determine the technological development of the Russian economy and the whole society at the macro level. The book is filled with detailed and thorough descriptions of methodology and fieldwork, rich and illustrative quotations from the narratives of innovators, and the justification for the theoretical framework of the study. It is addressed to a wide readership and will be useful for sociologists, including those interested in research on science and technology, and for the general public who strives to open up the daily life of those whose works try to “crack the laws of the universe.”

Closing techniques for selling software innovations

The paper aims to generate and establish an understanding of effective closing techniques for selling innovative products. Closing a sale is important because this is the stage of the sales process where companies convince their customers to commit to their offer. Using the right closing technique has a huge impact on the outcome of the deal. The paper outlines the importance of the sales closing techniques for the accomplishment of the innovation commercialization process. The literature review and the conducted research study emphasized the sales process as a key factor for the successful commercialization of innovations in the software industry. Software companies feel confident in their ability to develop innovations but not in their ability to sell them. The research employed a descriptive research design. It used a quantitative method for data collection, which was the survey method. The research object is product managers and owners of software companies in Bulgaria. The conduction of the survey used the probability sampling design. Apart from the primary research, secondary data was also examined. The literature review was another research method for data collection used in the research study. The paper presents the results of a literature review and an empirical analysis, which confirm the importance of the sales process in the software industry when innovative products are concerned. Using the right selling techniques, companies develop a successful sales process for the innovative products they create. These findings resulted in searching and presenting effective selling techniques that salespeople in the software industry can use when selling innovations. Software companies recognize that the sales process requires certain knowledge of sales and the last stage of the sale process (the close stage). The research paper provides deeper meaning and understanding of the concept of selling and establishes the importance of using different closing techniques to persuade the customer to buy innovative products. Key salesperson's abilities and skills were also discussed in the paper. Based on the literature analysis and the conducted research study, the author summarized main and supporting closing techniques that could be useful for sales representatives in the software industry to sell more innovative products, build long-term relationships, and win trusted customers. The author outlined some main knowledge and abilities required for selling innovative products in the software industry.

Multi-indicator supply chain management framework for food convergent innovation in the dairy business

A comprehensive integrated framework of indicators currently used in lean, agile, sustainable and resilient supply chain paradigms is developed under the umbrella of convergent innovation (CI) and applied to the management of the supply chain of a dairy company, including procurement, processing and distribution of their products to customers. CI is a meta-framework that opens new frontiers for commercial innovation, supply chains and market systems by making the convergence of economic, social and environmental outcomes the target of business and actor decisions throughout society to build supply and demand for commercially viable outcomes. This framework provides a company with a multi-indicator supply chain management tool designed to accommodate the supply chain paradigms of being lean, agile, sustainable and resilient, as well as providing milk-based essential nutrition within a process called convergent innovation. The proposed analytical framework can serve as a decision support tool to systematically evaluate and improve the dairy supply chain from plant production to retailers. In jurisdictions without a quota system for milk production at the farm level, the system constructed in this paper could be expanded to handle farm production and shipment to dairy processing plants.

A model for commercializing the outcomes of innovation/research activity in universities

Innovation activity is central to economic modernization. Despite the fact that Russia possesses serious scientific/technical potential, it has fallen significantly behind industrial countries in getting innovative solutions to an open commercial market. The nation has had difficulties in commercializing innovative output, which has kept it from achieving the economic returns that it deserves. The commercialization of R&D outcomes is indispensable to the strategic development of any organization. The insufficiently effective realization of innovation potential in Russia is largely due to the detachedness of innovation activity in higher education institutions from practice and a lack of interest from business – a key agent of innovation commercialization. The research reported in this paper focuses on the scientific/theoretical and practical/applied foundations of the process of commercializing the outcomes of innovation activity in higher education institutions. It has helped establish and gain an insight into some of the key issues in the area. The paper makes a case for the possibility of enhancing this process via a special model for commercializing the outcomes of innovation activity in higher education institutions.

Impact of R&D expenditures on the country's innovative potential: a case study

Kazakhstan has all the prerequisites for the formation of innovative potential. However, to ensure the innovative economic development of Kazakhstan, it is necessary to create favorable conditions that promote the commercialization of innovations. Otherwise, all expenditures that are currently primarily of a state nature will not have the required economic indicators. The modern theory of sustainable economic growth is based on the concept of innovation. That is why the main indicators of overall economic development depend on innovative development. The article studies the variability of a data group formed from indicators of innovative development of the economy of Kazakhstan, using one of the methods of reducing dimension as a correlation analysis. The data of 2000–2018 are analyzed, that is, for 19 years. Discusses the correlation analysis of indicators characterizing the amount of research and development costs and gross domestic product. The obtained correlation coefficients demonstrate a strong linear relationship between the selected indicators. The statistical analysis showed: patterns of change in the GDP of the economy internal R&D costs are almost identical, correlation-regression model of the impact of GDP on domestic R&D expenditures. That is, the number of innovatively active enterprises and internal R&D costs are interdependent variables with a close correlation. High correlation coefficients between the registration of patent applications and the grant of patents in Kazakhstan and the number of employees performing R&D. A strong but negative relationship between the number of organizations performing research and development and the rest, perhaps some organizations exist only nominally and their economic activity is minimal.

Theoretical aspects of studying of the innovations commercialization process

Object: to consider theoretically-methodological aspects, also management mechanisms by the process of innovations commercialization.Methods: methods of system and structural analysis are used in the article, allowing to consider the scientific problems investigated in the article in a comprehensive manner, also draw conclusions that fully reveal the essence and specifics of the studied research object.Findings: modern trends in the theory of innovations commercialization considered in the article, studied the conceptual apparatus in the field of innovations commercialization; the process of innovations commercialization is investigated, the relationship of its participants is established, the ways of its implementation are determined; the stages and phases of the innovation process are concretized.Conclusions: the concept of innovations commercialization, the innovation process, the stages of its implementation is investigated in presented scientific article. The article describes the main phases and stages of the innovation process, analyzes the model of commercialization of innovations, also the criteria of the degree of its successful implementation. The ways of innovations commercialization, which are the most relevant today are characterized, the potential profit for a certain period, the main items of the enterprise income and expenses with successful implementation of the process of innovations commercialization are presented. The formulas of the potential profit calculating for a certain period of innovative product commercialization are reflected. In the analyzed scientific studies of foreign and domestic researchers, by the authors concluded that in the conditions of modern economic development, the restructuring of a number of the world countries economies the into digital and innovative components, commercialization is one of the most important components of the successful implementation of the innovation results, therefore, it is advisable to carry out this process at an earlier stage, starting from the moment of fundamental research by companies in the structure of their activities in the field of R&D.

Systemic imperatives of the integration of education, science and business

According to international experience, the coordinated activities of higher education institutions, science, including new innovative structures (such as technology parks, foresight centers, expert and futuristic communities) and business should be main resource for the formation of effective innovation-driven economy. The focus of integration of education, science and business is on an innovative-entrepreneurial university that contributes to the strengthening and optimization of education and market. The attitude towards the main productive force that is towards an individual of highly intellectual and highly productive labor is changing.The role of specialists of the new format in innovation-driven economy is significant and will constantly grow. The main growth vectors should be intensity of innovations, leading education (with focus on technological progress and innovations), student-centeredness and strategic partnership. Innovative modernization can affect not only the qualitative transformations of socio-economic development, but also destabilize the balance of the economy and contribute to the manifestation of instability. This requires strengthening the interaction between education, science and entrepreneurship through synergy. The mechanism for the formation of an innovative model for the development of higher education should represent relations and institutions that guarantee the transformation of knowledge into new technologies, form a favorable competitive economic environment that provides innovative activity and the development of a fundamentally new innovative production. A problem in the educational activities of universities is the need for the earliest possible development of new areas of broad training of specialists in the field of management of innovative processes and commercialization of technologies, coupled with an insufficient level of real opportunities and incentives.

INVESTIGATION THE PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT THE PROTECTION SYSTEM OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY IN AGRO-INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES OF UKRAINE

With the development of market relations, the urgency of defining new approaches in the management of scientific and technological progress, which provides innovative development of enterprises. The purpose of the article is to study the problems of development of the intellectual property protection system, their impact on the innovation activities of agricultural enterprises of Ukraine and to develop approaches to effective implementation of innovations in their activities. In the process of writing general theoretical methods were used. The system method was used in the study of theoretical aspects of innovative technologies. The method of analysis is used to characterize the receipt of applications for inventions in Ukraine. With the help of abstract-logical substantiated and presented conclusions and proposals for the development of effective mechanisms for implementing the strategy of innovative development of Ukraine's economy. Currently, the most pressing problem of increasing the competitiveness of the economy and high-quality economic growth is the creation and implementation of a systematic approach to the protection and management of intellectual property in Ukraine to make fuller use of national intellectual results and scientific and technological progress. We believe that although in recent years in Ukraine enough attention has been paid to the problems of development of the intellectual property protection system and its regulatory support, but the implementation of the main provisions of these regulations is inadequate. As evidenced by the dynamics of applications for inventions, so in 2019 they received 3852 against 4495 in 2015, respectively. The number of applications from national applicants during the period under review did not change, and from foreign applicants — decreased by 5.7 %, which in indicates the distrust of the latter to the economic and political situation in Ukraine. Critical assessments of the situation in the domestic sphere of intellectual property protection, in particular objects of industrial property rights, are confirmed by data from international and national official sources. The data presented in the article show that the existing system of intellectual property management is inefficient and does not meet modern priorities of technological development and requirements for economic growth. Taking into account the socio-economic features of today, we have proposed priority organizational and economic measures to develop effective mechanisms to strengthen the role of intellectual property in the implementation of the strategy of innovative development of Ukraine's economy. In particular we need: 1. To promote the gradual creation of a national network of commercialization and transfer of technologies and innovations based on the organization of regional centers. 2. To develop programs and incentives for scientific and technological partnership between government agencies in the academic, sectoral and educational sectors of science and industry. It is also advisable to develop a legal framework for the possibility of establishing a scientific and technological cluster by state organizations and private enterprises. 3. Reduce by 80–75 % the current rates of fees for patenting inventions and utility models. 4. Develop and implement mechanisms of state support for patenting inventions abroad, created in accordance with the priorities of technological development of the country, etc. The proposed recommendations for developing effective mechanisms to strengthen the role of intellectual property in implementing the strategy of innovative development of Ukraine's economy should be adapted to the guidelines of modern economic policy in order to accelerate the restructuring of national policy based on innovative development model and economical knowledges.

INNOVATIVE MARKETING COMPLEX: ITS COMPONENTS, METHODS AND TOOLS

The article examines the state of innovation system in Ukraine. This state is defined as a crisis and such that it does not correspond to the current level in countries that have taken the path of innovative development. Low indicators were revealed that characterize innovative activity in industry, the state of which directly affects the rates of development in almost all sectors of the economy. It has been established that in order to develop an enterprise, increase its competitiveness and achieve leadership positions, it is necessary to observe two areas of activity - to develop and implement innovations and implement marketing complex activities aimed at the commercialization of innovations. The main factors that significantly affect the decision of enterprises to develop and implement innovative projects, as well as those factors that hinder the implementation of innovative activities have been determined. An approach to the formation of an innovative marketing complex is proposed. The approaches and positions to the marketing of innovations at the enterprise are determined, their influence on the efficiency of the enterprise is indicated. Marketing in the management of enterprise development is characterized. A systematic analysis of approaches to determining the role and place of marketing in the innovation sphere has been carried out. The practice of using marketing tools and methods in the domestic enterprises innovation activities is analyzed. The characteristics that determine the specifics of modern innovation marketing tools are determined. A complex of innovative marketing is proposed. The ways of financing innovative activity of Ukrainian enterprises are investigated. The authors refer to the search for partners for innovation activities (suppliers, intermediaries, consumers, financial institutions, etc.) as an important aspect of increasing the effectiveness of innovative marketing. The ways of further development of marketing innovations’ tools and methods and their practical application are outlined.

Hop to it! The impact of organization type on innovation response time to the COVID-19 crisis

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a changing environment posing many challenges that call for innovative solutions, leading to a changing innovation landscape. We explore particular organizational actors’ innovation response time by analyzing data from a commercial innovation database. Arguing that innovation response time mostly depends on how organizations perceive time, we expect innovative start-ups to be the quickest and universities to be the slowest in responding to the crisis. Controlling for a set of external drivers of structural change, we find support for our hypothesis about start-ups. Contrary to our expectations, universities do not significantly differ in their innovation response time compared with incumbents. To underpin the robustness of our findings, we provide a specification curve analysis. Our results indicate the significance of start-up–corporate collaboration and open innovation, especially in the aftermath of the crisis.

The Virtuous Cycle of Innovation and Capital Flows

Does local innovation attract venture capital? Using a regime change in the commercialization of university innovation in 1980 that strongly increased university incentives to patent and license discoveries, we document the complement to Kortum and Lerner (2000)’s finding that financing leads to future innovation. Because universities have different technological strengths, each local area surrounding a university experienced an increase in innovation relevant to particular sets of industries after 1980—industries which differ widely across university counties. Comparing industries within a county that were more versus less related to the local university’s innovative strengths, we show that venture capital dollars after 1980 flowed systematically towards geographic areas and industries with the greatest sudden influx of innovation from universities. In contrast, the geographic and industry distribution of corporate patenting and prior venture financing in the pre-period does not predict a differential increase in future venture financing, suggesting that our findings are not solely driven by the 1979 pension fund reform that increased financing available to VCs across the board. The results support the notion of a “virtuous cycle” wherein innovation serves to draw capital investment that then funds future innovation.

Space science with CubeSats and nanosatellites

At the dawn of the space age, nanosatellites, weighing between 1 and 10 kg, were used because of launcher limitations. In the past twenty years, a renaissance has occurred as a consequence of the success of microsatellites in accessing auxiliary and piggyback launch opportunities driving affordability. In addition, the capabilities and flight demonstrations of microelectronics components in orbit and the revolutionary CubeSat initiative have opened up a wealth of flight opportunities and stimulated an explosion in the supply chain. More recently, nanosatellite capabilities have been driven by the twin forces of commercial and scientific innovation. Commercial innovation has driven both the expectation and reality of reliable nanosatellites as companies build their businesses on the back of CubeSat manufacture; scientific innovation has stimulated the development of high-performance satellite payloads and subsystems. This Perspective reflects on the history and current state of the field, and offers a future outlook for nanosatellite science missions. Recently, nanosatellite capabilities, driven by commercial and scientific innovation, have led to the development of high-performance satellite payloads and subsystems. This article reflects on the history, current state and future of the field.

Предпосылки и перспективы внедрения социальных новшеств в условиях цифровой трансформации

The article considers the prerequisites and prospects of implementation clustering in the social sector in the Republic of Belarus. An algorithm for calculating social and economic efficiency of commercialization of social innovation in a cluster formed around a technopark, a technology transfer center or a venture capital company is proposed.

기업혁신과 경영성과 간에 혁신경영 역량과 혁신사업화 역량의 조절효과

[연구목적] 본 연구는 기업혁신과 경영성과 간의 관계를 분석하고, 이들 간에 혁신경영 역량과 혁신사업화 역량의 조절효과를 분석하는데 연구목적을 두고 있다. [연구방법] 연구를 위한 자료는 제조업체로부터 수집된 총 247개의 설문지를 활용하였으며, 변수의 측정을 위한 타당성과 신뢰성을 검증하였고, 다중회귀분석에 의한 가설검증을 실시하였다. [연구결과] 기업혁신 관련 모든 변수들은 경영성과에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 조절효과 분석에서는 기술혁신 및 제품혁신과 경영성과 간에 기술리더십, 혁신제품생산 및 혁신마케팅이 유의적인 정(＋)의 조절효과를 보였다. [연구의 시사점] 경영성과를 제고하기 위해서는 기업혁신을 추진하여야 하며, 이와 더불어 기업혁신, 특히 기술혁신과 제품혁신의 경우 이를 지원하는 혁신경영 역량과 혁신사업화 역량을 갖춤으로써 경영성과를 더욱 향상시킬 수 있게 된다.

Digital Humanities: Is it a New Science or a Set of Models and Practices of the Global Network Project?

Introduction.Digital Humanities (DH), formed in the mid-20th century, represent a dynamic direction of social and humanitarian disciplines that use computer technology in research and education. The actuality of the paper is to determine trends in the development of Social Science and Humanities in the digital age: hybridization of Humanities, transformation of subject and research goals, predominance of instrumental interdisciplinary in the methododogy of research. Despite the active growth of institutions, technologies, models and practices of Digital Humanities, researchers do not have a unity of views on this direction. The objectives of the study are to analyze approaches to the definition of the concept, typology and basic characteristics of DH. Scientific novelty is expressed in the proposed typologiy of paradigms, models and practices of this direction. The paper defines theoretical status of DH.Methodology and sources.The paper uses Philosophical methodology for comparative analysis of the developing models (paradigms), including text analysis, quantitative research, digitization of image collections, Humanities Computer Science, as well as digital socio-humanitarian models and practices, such as Digital Philosophy, Digital History, Digital Social Research, Digital Self-Presentation, “Art and Science”, and others. Taken together, they represent the implementation of DH as the Global Network Project realization. The research is carried out on the material of Russian and foreign textbooks on Digital Humanities, scientific publications, and websites.Results and discussion.The paper presents an analysis of the DH development stages, provides justification for the concept and its main aspects. Analysis of approaches to the definition of DH reveals the main trends: a) DH represent a new interdisciplinary research direction that use information technology in traditional humanitarian fields to achieve meaningful goals; b) DH represent the ways of modeling and producing innovations. Their essential characteristics are: methodological and instrumental interdisciplinary and commercialization of innovations, transformation of the criteria of science (objectivity of knowledge, loss of disciplinary boundaries. The DH research typology criteria are defined according to basic paradigms, subject areas, research goals, and major institutions. An analysis of the main types of digital research is presented. The problem of the ambivalence of digital technologies used in DH is considered as the main risks: a) for the Humanities - “loss of focus” (technologization of language leads to the technologization of the memory of society; b) for a human (as a result of the predominance of the network forms of communication, the highest value for a person - freedom of choice and the meaning of being may be lost); c) for society (transformation of human communications into network forms of sociality).Conclusion.The expansion of digital technologies use in scientific research, education, culture, in general – and in the Humanities, in particular, is due to the global technological trends of the fourth industrial revolution. According to experts, the definition of “digital” in various areas of Digital Humanities does not express their essence, but characterizes the “computing” technologies used in the Social and Humanitarian knowledge. Accordingly, they do not represent independent scientific disciplines, but are models and practices that use information technology as instruments to solve the objectives of the Humanities and exchange knowledge and methods between scientists, engineers, designers, and students. In general, those changes characterize the process of the new science image development in the network society.

Theoretical conceptualization of the problem of understanding bioeconomics

Humankind gives a new meaning to the importance of preserving the environment for future generations, which has intensified the issue of minimizing the consumption of fossil fuels. One of the ways to solve this problem lies in the plane of bioeconomic science, which is intended to promote the idea of production of food and non-food products based on renewable biological resources. It is necessary to substantiate the theoretical conceptualization of bioeconomic content in the historical dimension to provide the possibility to develop an original opinion on the matter. The purpose of the study is to consider the opinions of researchers and the divergence of their opinions on the development of a bioeconomic paradigm. The key tasks are to conduct a retrospective study of the features of scientific thoughts, substantiate the conceptual foundations of an inclusive European bioeconomy, which is described by modern thinking about the terminology of the bioeconomic direction, identify methodological approaches to the interpretation of bioeconomics in the context of sustainable development, develop an original interpretation of the content with a holistic view, where a biotechnological approach predominates, which is viewed through the lens of commercialization of biotechnological innovations and obtaining maximum profit from the sale of biotechnological products. Theoretical and methodological framework of the study includes general and special methods, including historical method (study of the genesis of the concept in chronological order), inductive and deductive methods (systematization and generalization of bioeconomic content), abstract-logical method (development of an original terminology), and graphic method (visualization of the results). The methodological platform for further research is to build models for the development of bioeconomic principles with the outline of mechanisms for their implementation

Law and policy of platform economy in China

China is experiencing a phenomenal expansion of platform economy fuelled by the advancement of information and communication technologies. It has become a global frontrunner in many sectors, including commerce, finance, and entertainment. A comprehensive law and policy narrative, however, is largely absent from English academic literature. This paper seeks to fill this gap by analysing the dynamic relationship of industrial development, policy engagement and regulation construction in one of the prime sectors of platform economy: Electronic Commerce (E-commerce). China's E-commerce market rose to global dominance shortly after its origination in the mid-1990s. This paper holds that such an expeditious ascendency is nourished by carefully designed public policies. To implement these policies, also to redress information asymmetries and other pertinacious market failures, a tailored regulatory paradigm has been instigated. This regulatory paradigm manifests a new mode of polycentric, participatory, and collaborative governance that strives to balance interest disparities between various stakeholders. The dynamic relationship exemplified in China's E-commerce market would provide a valuable indication for administering other sectors of platform economy not only in China but also across other jurisdictions that openly embrace commercial innovations in the context of information technological transformation.

Digitalization of economy and strengthening innovative activity in n the conditions of the covid-19 pandemic

The article discusses the main aspects of innovative development in the context of the growing coronavirus pandemic. The author analyzed the indicators of the industrial sector of the economy, found out the insufficient use of production resources and industrial potential. Among the factors considered, the number of employed in industry is highlighted, and the forecast values ​​up to 2023 are calculated. It has been established that the country's industry is developing mainly in an extensive way, while in industrially developed countries, economic growth is ensured by the introduction of innovative technologies.
 It has been determined that in order to improve the innovative activity of high-tech enterprises, it is necessary to use a wide arsenal of various management methods, to form a model for the commercialization of innovations from the development stage to bringing innovative products to the market. The impact of digitalization on the transformation of basic industries, ensuring the competitiveness of the national economy and an accelerated transition to an innovative model is assessed.

Commercialization of Innovation by Western Universities

It is shown that the vast majority of foreign researchers consider university structures to be an important and economically sustainable mechanism for the transfer of new industrial technologies, that these structures accelerate the economic development of territories by creating new knowledge-intensive (high-tech) jobs, and increase tax revenues to local budgets. Thanks to government funding and public support, university research structures demonstrate higher survival rates compared to firms affiliated to corporate organizations. The structures affiliated to universities are very active in using state aid programs, remain residents of business incubators for longer, and are beneficiaries of funds supporting research and development. Private venture funds are more likely to finance them. University-affiliated structures are more innovative than firms associated with corporate organizations. These structures have a greater number of patented inventions, demonstrate a higher survival rate and a higher liquidity rating, but have lower profitability. University-related structures are innovative firms and can commercialize both specific inventions and more implicit knowledge obtained as a result of scientific research. It is noted that the biggest challenge for such a firm is the transformation of technological assets into marketable offers.

Bridging innovation and commercialization to create value: An open innovation study

The paper demonstrates how ITRI (the Industrial Technology Research Institute), an internationally prominent non-profit R&D organization, designs a platform-based open innovation system to capitalize on its efforts toward creating economic and social value. We illustrate a holistic framework spanning idea generation to commercialization, and present successful ITRI cases. Detailed actionable descriptions of activities in each innovation stage illustrate the operational implementation of the end-to-end open innovation system. We find distinctive success factors: (1) Managers examine their open innovation strategies and activities by viewing the open innovation process from a system perspective. (2) Outside and inside advisors with investment backgrounds help commercialization planning. (3) A neutral catalyst organization within ITRI is a critical player, maintaining the smooth flow of the end-to-end process. Our findings provide important implications for research and management in open innovation as well as for the systematic commercialization of innovation.