Commercial Gel Research Articles

Development of a nanotechnological hydrogel containing desonide nanocapsules in association with acai oil: design and in vivo evaluation

Nanotechnological products have been used as strategies to optimize the therapy and minimize the side effects of topical corticoids. The objective of this study was to develop hydrogels by the addition of sclerotium gum to the suspensions of desonide-loaded açai oil-based nanocapsules and to study their biological effect using an animal model of acute skin inflammation. The hydrogels presented a pH compatible with topical application (4.4 to 5.0), nanometric mean diameter (131 to 165 nm), pseudoplastic behavior, and stability under room conditions during 30 days. The in vitro skin permeation/penetration study demonstrated that a higher amount of desonide (p < 0.05) was retained in the epidermis from the nanotechnological-hydrogels (0.33 to 0.36 µg.cm2) in comparison to the commercial gel cream (0.16 µg.cm2). In the dermis, the nanostructured hydrogels promoted a lower DES retention compared to the non-nanostructured formulations (p < 0.05). This result may indicate a smaller amount of drug reaching the bloodstream and, thus, fewer side effects can be expected. Concerning the anti-inflammatory effect, the developed hydrogels reduced both ear edema and inflammatory cell infiltration, showing an effect comparable to the commercially available formulation, which presents twice the drug concentration. The hydrogels developed may be considered a promising approach to treat dermatological disorders.

Influence of Manganese Oxide on the Esthetic Efficacy and Toxicity Caused by Conventional In-office Tooth Bleaching Therapy.

This study aimed to evaluate the esthetic efficacy, cytotoxicity, and kinetics of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) present in a commercial bleaching gel with 35% H2O2 (BG35%) chemically activated with manganese oxide (MnO2). After incorporating 2 mg/mL, 6 mg/mL, and 10 mg/mL of MnO2 into BG35%, the stability of pH and temperature of the products were analyzed. To assess the esthetic efficacy (ΔE and ΔWI), the BG35%s with MnO2 were applied for 45 minutes on enamel/dentin discs (DiE/D). BG35% or no treatment were used as positive (PC) and negative (NC) controls, respectively. To analyze the cell viability (CV) and oxidative stress (OXS), the same bleaching protocols were performed on DiE/D adapted to artificial pulp chambers. The extracts (culture medium + gel components that diffused through the discs) were applied to pulp cells and submitted to H2O2 quantification. BG35% with MnO2 that showed the best results was evaluated relative to kinetic decomposition of H2O2, with consequent generation of free radicals (FR) and hydroxyl radicals (OH•). The data were submitted to the one-way analysis of variance complemented by Tukey post-test (α=0.05). Data on kinetics of H2O2 decomposition were submitted to the Student's-t test (α=0.05). All the BG35%s with MnO2 showed stability of pH and temperature, and the gel with 10 mg/mL of this activator had an esthetic efficacy 31% higher than that of the PC (p<0.05). Reduction in OXS and trans-amelodentinal diffusion of H2O2 occurred when all the BG35%s with MnO2 were used. The addition of 6 and 10 mg/mL of MnO2 to BG35% increased the CV in comparison with PC, confirmed by the cell morphology analysis. An increase in FR and OH• formation was observed when 10 mg/mL of MnO2 was added to BG35%. Catalysis of BG35% with MnO2 minimized the trans-amelodentinal diffusion of H2O2 and toxicity of the product to pulp cells. BG35% containing 10 mg/mL of MnO2 potentiated the decomposition of H2O2, enhancing the generation of FR and OH•, as well as the efficacy of the in-office tooth therapy.

Electromyogram-strain synergetic intelligent artificial throat

Assisting the disabled to speak is a meaningful activity and attracts much attention in the recent years. In this work, an intelligent artificial throat has been realized based on the nanomesh, which can not only emit the sound, but also detect the voice or throat vibration generated by using the electromyogram (EMG)-strain synergetic method. The Au/PVA nanomesh with good thermoacoustic effect can be used as sound source. By theorical analyzing, the porous nanomesh structure plays an important role during the sound emitting process. The Au/PU nanomesh can also be used as the strain sensor, which shows high sensitivity, large work range, and good stability. A finite element model containing six paralleled resistance layers was proposed to explain the performance of strain sensor, which reveals the nonlinear origin of the device. The Au nanomesh can be applied as the physiological electrodes whose impendence is even lower than the commercial gel electrodes, which can be used to detect the electrocardiogram and EMG signal. In addition, the nanomesh has good water permeability, stability, and conformal property with skin. Finally, a synergetic convolution neural network (SCNN) algorithm built by ResNet18 (EMG part) and two-layers CNN (strain part) is demonstrated to distinguish the transitory voice signals detected by the nanomesh strain sensor and electrodes with the high accuracy of 98.9%. This work has great potential in the language function reconstruction.

Color and texture of surimi-like gels made of protein isolate extracted from catfish byproducts are improved by washing and adding soy whey.

Protein extraction from catfish byproducts has been proven economically and technically feasible. However, the gel prepared from protein isolate was dark and lacked elasticity. Byproduct mince washing and application of soy whey were adopted in this study to address the above gel quality issues. Heating soy whey at 75°C for 3min could eliminate over 99.9% lipoxygenase activity and retain more than 50% trypsin inhibitor activity. Washing byproduct mince for 2min with water-to-mince ratio of 2:1 could achieve satisfactory gel color, which was comparable to that of commercial surimi gels. When soy whey was applied, the autolytic enzyme-induced proteolysis was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by up to 74%. With addition of soy whey, resilience, hardness at maximum force, hardness at 5mm compression, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, fracturability, and deformation could be increased by up to 43.10%, 66.92%, 36.72%, 14.59%, 29.17%, 143.25%, 93.82%, and 27.97%, respectively. However, the texture was still inferior to the gel made from fillet mince. SDS-PAGE revealed that myosin was most susceptible to proteolysis and application of soy whey could effectively protect it from degradation. Different from tropomyosin, myosin and actin were greatly involved in disulfide bond formation. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Catfish byproducts and soy whey, a byproduct from soy protein isolation, are normally treated as waste. The current study proved the possibility to utilize these two byproducts to make value-added surimi-like gel products. Utilization of byproducts would not only increase profitability of catfish and soy processing, but also preserve the precious fish proteins and other health-promoting components.

C18-modified halloysite as a novel sorbent in matrix solid-phase dispersion for the extraction of bisphenol A and diethylstilbestrol from human placenta.

In the current study, the C18-modified halloysite was fabricated via silylation reaction and subsequently used as sorbent in matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) for the extraction of bisphenol A and diethylstilbestrol from human placenta, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The as-prepared sorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermo-gravimetric analysis. Varied parameters such as methanol concentration in wash solvent, pH and salt concentration in elution solvent, elution volume, and mass ratio of sample to sorbent were optimized. The adsorption capacities of bisphenol A and diethylstilbestrol on the developed C18-modified halloysite were 6.3 and 14.2mgg-1, respectively, higher than those on the commercial C18 silica gel. Under the optimal condition, the average recoveries of bisphenol A and diethylstilbestrol by MSPD varied from 91.0 to 106.0%, and the relative standard deviations were less than 10.6% for human placenta samples. The limits of detection in the human placenta were 0.2μgkg-1 for bisphenol A and diethylstilbestrol. The simple C18-modified halloysite-based MSPD method holds great potential for the determination of trace bisphenol A and diethylstilbestrol in the human placenta and other tissues of pregnant women with high sensitivity, accuracy, and reliability.

Injectable and Self-Healing Probiotics-Loaded Hydrogel for Promoting Superbacteria-Infected Wound Healing.

Superbacteria-induced skin wound infections are huge health challenges, resulting in significant financial and medical costs due to notable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Probiotics are found in the skin and are effective in treating bacterial infection, moderating the microbial dysbiosis and inflammation induced by pathogens, regulating the immune system, as well as even promoting tissue repair. However, improving their colonization efficiency and viability remains a large obstacle for proper applications. Inspired by probiotic therapy and the natural extracellular matrix structure, hyaluronate-adipic dihydrazide/aldehyde-terminated Pluronic F127/fucoidan hydrogels loaded with Lactobacillus rhamnosus (HPF@L.rha) with unique (bio)physicochemical characteristics were developed through the dynamic Schiff-base reaction for superbacteria-infected trauma management. The developed HPF@L.rha exhibit a shortened gelation time, enhanced mechanical strength, and excellent self-healing and liquid-absorption abilities. Importantly, their anti-superbacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) effect was greatly increased in a dose-dependent fashion. Additionally, in vitro evaluation shows that the prepared HPF@L.rha containing appropriate probiotic concentrations (less than 1 × 107 CFU/mL) possess satisfactory cytocompatibility and blood compatibility. Further, compared to the HPF hydrogel, in vivo the hydrogel combined with probiotics significantly inhibits P. aeruginosa infection and inflammation, promotes the formation of re-epithelialization and collagen, and thus accelerates full-thickness superbacteria-infected wound repair, which is comparable to commercial Prontosan gel formulation. This work suggests that the combination of biomimicking hydrogels and probiotic therapy displays the great potential to manage superbug-infected trauma.

Injectable Self-Healing First-Aid Tissue Adhesives with Outstanding Hemostatic and Antibacterial Performances for Trauma Emergency Care.

Soft-tissue trauma emergency caused by natural disasters and traffic accidents is highly prevalent, which can result in massive bleeding, pathogen infection, and even death. Although numerous tissue adhesives can bind to tissue surfaces and cover wounds, most of them still have several deficiencies, including long gelation time, poor adhesive strength, and anti-infection, making them inappropriate for use as first-aid bandages. Herein, injectable and self-healing four-arm-PEG-CHO/polyethyleneimine (PEI) tissue adhesives as liquid first-aid supplies are developed via the dynamic Schiff base reaction for trauma emergency. It is found that the prepared hydrogel adhesives exhibit short and controlled gelation time (9∼88 s), strong adhesive strength, and excellent antibacterial ability. Their hemostatic and antimicrobial performances can be tailored by the mass ratio of four-arm-PEG-CHO/PEI. Moreover, in vitro biological assays display that the developed tissue adhesives possess satisfactory cyto/hemocompatibility. Importantly, in vivo the designed adhesives show fast hemostatic capacity and excellent anti-infection as compared to commercial Prontosan gel. Thus, this work indicates that the four-arm-PEG-CHO/PEI first-aid tissue adhesives display great potential for wound emergency management.

Effect of at-home bleaching gels with different thickeners on the physical properties of a composite resin without bisphenol A.

To investigate, in vitro, the influence of at-home bleaching with 16% carbamide peroxide (CP) gels containing different thickeners on the color, gloss, roughness, and microhardness of a composite resin with bisphenol A (BPA) and without bisphenol A (BPA-free). Cylindrical samples (7×2mm) of a composite resin with BPA (Filtek Z350 XT®; 3M/ESPE) and composite resin BPA-free (Vittra APS®; FGM) were subdivided into six subgroups (n=12), according to the bleaching gel used: no bleaching (control), commercial gel with 16% CP and carbopol, experimental gel with 16% CP and carbopol, experimental gel with 16% CP and natrosol, experimental gel with carbopol and experimental gel with natrosol. At the end of the experimental phase, the specimens were analyzed for color (ΔE*ab and ΔE00 ), surface roughness (Ra), gloss (GU), and surface microhardness (SMH). The data for all analyzes were submitted to Levene's test, Shapiro-Wilk's test and ANOVA. For ΔE*ab and ΔE00 no statistically significant differences were found between all groups evaluated. Bleaching with experimental 16% CP gel with carbopol resulted in the lowest GU values for both composite resins evaluated. 16% CP experimental gel with natrosol resulted in higher Ra for the BPA composite resin and the bleaching with natrosol resulted in higher Ra for BPA-free. About 16% CP experimental gel with carbopol and 16% CP experimental gel with natrosol resulted in the lowest final SMH for composite resin with BPA. For the BPA-free composite resin, no differences were found between the groups in SMH for the same resin, however they presented the lowest values compared with all others groups. The effects on physical properties are dependent on the composition of the composite resin and the thickener/bleaching gel used. The BPA-free composite resin showed less changes after exposure to bleaching agent, although its initial physical properties were worse compared to a bleached BPA. The hydrogen peroxide and thickener of the at-home bleaching gel does impact the properties of composites with BPA or BPA-free such as gloss, roughness and surface microhardness, extremely important factors for maintaining an aesthetically and physically satisfactory restoration. BPA-free composite resins have inferior properties after at-home bleaching with different thickeners.

Physicochemical properties of different pea proteins in relation to their gelation ability to form lactic acid bacteria induced yogurt gel

Three commercial pea proteins and a laboratory sample (PL) were assessed for their physicochemical properties (subunit composition, secondary structure, surface hydrophobicity, solubility) and gelation properties (rheology, texture, intermolecular forces) in fermentation induced yogurt gel. The results showed that the dissociation of legumin was occurred in all three commercial pea proteins, accompanied by the formation of large protein aggregates. The contents of α-helix and β-sheet were significantly lower in the commercial pea proteins than PL (p < 0.05). However, commercial pea protein prepared by sour liquid processing method (PS) showed relatively higher solubility and β-sheet content than both of the two commercial samples prepared by alkali extraction isoelectric precipitation methods (PA). In addition, rheological properties results revealed that the gelation abilities of the three commercial pea proteins declined compared with the PL. Among all commercial pea protein-based yogurt gels, PS-based yogurt gel presented a higher hardness than PA-based yogurt gels. According to this study, the decreased gelation ability of commercial pea proteins could attribute to the dissociation of legumin and decrease in β-sheet structure, which weaken the hydrophobic force to form yogurt gels induced by lactic acid bacteria.

Multi-crosslinking hydrogels with robust bio-adhesion and pro-coagulant activity for first-aid hemostasis and infected wound healing

Bio-adhesive polysaccharide-based hydrogels have attracted much attention in first-aid hemostasis and wound healing for excellent biocompatibility, antibacterial property and pro-healing bioactivity. Yet, the inadequate mechanical properties and bio-adhesion limit their applications. Herein, based on dynamic covalent bonds, photo-triggered covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds, multifunctional bio-adhesive hydrogels comprising modified carboxymethyl chitosan, modified sodium alginate and tannic acid are developed. Multi-crosslinking strategy endows hydrogels with improved strength and flexibility simultaneously. Owing to cohesion enhancement strategy and self-healing ability, considerable bio-adhesion is presented by the hydrogel with a maximal adhesion strength of 162.6 kPa, 12.3-fold that of commercial fibrin glue. Based on bio-adhesion and pro-coagulant activity (e.g., the stimulative aggregation and adhesion of erythrocytes and platelets), the hydrogel reveals superior hemostatic performance in rabbit liver injury model with blood loss of 0.32 g, only 54.2% of that in fibrin glue. The healing efficiency of hydrogel for infected wounds is markedly better than commercial EGF Gel and Ag+ Gel due to the enhanced antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Through the multi-crosslinking strategy, the hydrogels show enhanced mechanical properties, fabulous bio-adhesion, superior hemostatic performance and promoting healing ability, thereby have an appealing application value for the first-aid hemostasis and infected wound healing.

Water-resistant and underwater adhesive ion-conducting gel for motion-robust bioelectric monitoring

• The adding of bioionic liquid improves conductivity and underwater adhesion of gels. • The gel electrode exhibits low impedance at physiologically relevant frequencies. • The noise of the gel electrode is much lower than the commercial gel electrodes. • The gel electrode effectively reduces the influence of motion artifacts. • It obtains real-time high-quality bioelectric signals in the underwater environment. Bio-adhesive and ion-conductive hydrogels are of great significance in the field of bioelectric monitoring, but many challenges remain for practical applications in complex conditions and underwater environments. Here, we report a bioelectrical electrode based on ion-conductive gel with excellent water-resistant, underwater adhesion, and swelling resistance for application in the aquatic environment. Especially, the gel electrode exhibits extremely low impedance (<10 Ω) at physiologically relevant frequencies, long-term electrical and structural stability in the aqueous environment. The static noise (19 uV) and dynamic noise (30 uV) it generating are much lower than the current bioelectrodes and commercial gel electrodes. It can effectively reduce the influence of motion artifacts and obtain real-time high-quality electrocardiogram and electromyography signals underwater. Therefore, it shows great potential in long-term motion-robust underwater bioelectric monitoring.

Single site Ni(II) anchored tetraethylene pentamine for enhancing CO2 kinetic adsorption rate and long-term cyclic stability

Rapid kinetic adsorption and long-term cyclic stability are two of the major obstacles to the industrialization of solid amine adsorbents. The morphology and dispersibility of the organic amine in the pore structure of the support can strongly affect the adsorption rate and stability of CO2. In this work, we propose a strategy that enhances the dispersion and stability of tetraethylene pentamine (TEPA) via anchoring TEPA with single site Ni(II) in the pore of the commercial mesoporous silica gel (SG). The microscopic morphology and dynamic behavior of TEPA molecules in the adsorbents preparation process were explored by molecular dynamics simulation, which proved that the dispersibility of anchored TEPA in the porous structure has been improved, resulting in enhanced mass transfer and increased kinetic adsorption rate. The anchored Ni-TEPA/SG adsorbents exhibit a 37.5% faster kinetic adsorption rate than TEPA/SG adsorbents at 30 wt% TEPA loading, and the time required to reach 90% of maximum adsorption capacity is shortened by 6 times. Besides, the CO2 adsorption performance of the optimized Ni-TEPA/SG adsorbent remains unchanged after 20 cycles, consolidating the potential of our proposed strategy in improving the kinetic adsorption rate and cyclic stability of solid amine adsorbents as well as promoting its industrialization.

Comprehensive evaluation of self-healing polyampholyte gel particles for the severe leakoff control of drilling fluids

Lost circulation has been a serious problem to be solved in many drilling practices during oil, gas and geothermal well drillings. Many materials have been developed and evaluated for the purpose. However, their performance to plug severe leakoff is very limited. Herein, an injectable self-healing hydrogel based on polyampholyte with sulfonated and quaternary ammonium functionalities (P(MPTC-co-NaSS)) was developed and comprehensively evaluated to prevent the severe loss of fluids to formation. By incorporating cation-π (π is for aromatic residues) interaction, the hydrogel shown self-healing property and robustness in severe environment (temperature, salt) by comparison with other hydrogels merely consisting of cation-anion and H-bonding interactions. Aromatic residues enhanced thermal stability above 310 °C. The plugging measurement shown that an addition of 2 wt% dried gel particles can plug high-permeability formation and endure a high pressure of 6 MPa, produce much lower circulation loss and result in a dramatically increased loss volume reduction rate (63.5%) compared with a commercial polymer gel product and an inert material (9.4%) after a self-healing process. Markedly, P(MPTC-co-NaSS) can be used in a wide range of formation temperature (as high as 150 °C) and salt concentrations (NaCl, CaCl2, as high as 15 wt %). In addition to suitable particle size and mechanically robustness, it was also attributed to the soft, swelling, deformable, toughness and self-healable features of P(MPTC-co-NaSS) gel particles as well as the strong adhesion to negatively charged formations in water, even under high thermal and saline condition. These characteristics also contributed to a long-term plugging performance, beneficial to avoid repeated lost circulation in drilling operation. Besides, this self-healing polyampholyte gel particles dispersed well in saline fluid and maintained stable rheological properties after hot rolling, which was favorable to drilling fluid circulation. This study shown the application potential of self-healing materials as plugging material candidate in petroleum drilling industry.

Functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube-ethosomes for transdermal delivery of ketoprofen: Ex vivo and in vivo evaluation

Transdermal administration is a promising non-invasive and convenient method of drug delivery in clinic and avoid serious gastrointestinal adverse reactions. In this study, a hybrid nanocarrier was developed to facilitate transdermal delivery of drugs. The low water-soluble ketoprofen (KP) was ultrasonically loaded on functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs), and the preparation process was optimized using Box-Behnken design. Then, KP-loaded f-MWCNTs composite ethosomes (f-MWCNTs-KP-ES) were prepared by a single-step injection technology. Over the study period, the preparation was verified by a series of characterizations, and ex vivo release characteristics, ex vivo permeation of rat skin and in vivo pharmacokinetics were studied. The characterization results consistently showed that f-MWCNTs-KP-ES were successfully prepared. The preparation can obviously improve the solubility of KP. Ex vivo permeation experiments showed that had a sustained release effect and the skin penetration rate of f-MWCNTs-KP-ES gel is the fastest, with a cumulative permeation amount of 602.35 ± 41.06 μg/cm2. In addition, both ethosomes and f-MWCNTs could increase the retention of drugs and form drug reservoirs. Fluorescence microscope images of rat skin clearly illustrated the faster and deeper penetration of f-MWCNTs composite ethosomes formulation loaded with rhodamine B (RB) (f-MWCNT-RB-ES). In vivo pharmacokinetic experiments showed the area under the drug time curve (AUC0-t) and elimination half-life (T1/2β) of f-MWCNTs-KP-ES gel group were significantly increased and prolonged compared with KP commercial gel group, respectively. The overall data indicate that the f-MWCNTs composite ethosomes formulation is a promising transdermal drug delivery system.

The absence of genotoxicity of a mixture of aloin A and B and a commercial aloe gel beverage

Aloe products are increasingly valued as ingredients in food supplements and as flavoring agents. The global Aloe vera market is varied, large, growing, and increasingly important in food, cosmetics, and medicines. Aloin, an anthraquinone glycoside, is one of the major components by weight of the anthraquinone derivatives of Aloe vera gel. Principal metabolites, aloe emodin and emodin, are a source of debate concerning toxic vs salutary effects, hence the accurate toxicological characterization of these compounds has become increasingly important. The purpose of this study was to determine the genotoxic profile of a stabilized Aloe vera juice product derived from the inner filet and marketed as a beverage currently sold in the European Union containing 8 to 10 ppm aloin and a mixture of purified aloin A and B. The present data confirm that a commercial stabilized Aloe vera gel intended for consumption as a juice beverage is not genotoxic. Furthermore, both aloin A and B were negative in the same assays and therefore are also not genotoxic. These results are consistent with the work of other groups and contrast with data obtained using products containing the Aloe vera latex hydroxyanthracene derivatives (HADs).

Improving the galvanic contact resistance for geoelectrical measurements in debris areas: A case study

ABSTRACTThis paper aims to test, in a quantitative way, the different approaches that can be applied to improve the contact resistance problem in a debris environment for the acquisition of electrical resistivity tomography. We collected various datasets on the same investigation line in a blocky ground surface of a landslide deposit, using different coupling systems: single electrodes placed between the boulders, adding extra electrodes in parallel and drilled single electrodes inside the blocks. We performed the measurements in natural dry conditions, then we added salt water nearby the electrodes hammered among the boulders and we filled the drilled holes with a conductive carbomer‐based gel. The results clearly demonstrate that using salt water significantly reduces the contact resistances, but also that, if salt water is not available, we can collect a good quality dataset in dry conditions by connecting more electrodes in parallel. Drilling the electrodes directly inside the boulders decreases the data quality but, if necessary, we demonstrate that the use of a commercial carbon polymer gel can provide a marked improvement in contact resistances.

Effect of accelerated stability on the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of experimental bleaching gels containing different bioadhesive polymers.

To evaluate the physical-chemical (weight, pH, quantification of hydrogen peroxide) and mechanical (texture profile and rheology tests) properties of the experimental bleaching gel based on the bioadhesive polymer Aristoflex® AVC, after accelerated stability testing. A total of 300 syringes of bleaching gels were divided into 5 groups (n = 60): Whiteness Perfect® 10%-FGM (WP); carbamide peroxide 10% with aristoflex (CPa); carbamide peroxide 10% with Carbopol (CPc); aristoflex thickener (A); and Carbopol thickener (C). According to the following requirements and time, the accelerated stability test was performed: in an incubator at 40°C and 75% humidity per 1, 3, and 6months, and baseline (refrigerator at 5°C and 25% humidity). The variables were analyzed following the statistical tests: Two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test were applied to pH; weight data were analyzed using a mixed model for repeated measurements over time and the Tukey-Kramer test; one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test analyzed the rheology test; generalized linear models were used to quantify the peroxide amount and texture profile data. A significance level of 5% was considered. The experimental bleaches CPa and CPc had the highest pH values when compared to the others in 6months. Thickeners A and C did not change the pH, weight, and active content over the accelerated stability times (p > 0.05). Furthermore, there was weight loss after 3months of storage for CPa and CPc (p < 0.05). In the quantification of hydrogen peroxide, the WP group showed the highest values over time (p < 0.0001), only showing a significant loss after the 3rd month. Meanwhile, CPa and CPc showed a reduction in quantification from the 1st month. Temperature and humidity directly influenced the active content and properties of bleaching gels. In addition, the presence of components regardless of thickeners, such as stabilizers, in the commercial gel allowed for greater stability over time. The development of experimental bleaching gels for clinical use requires careful testing. Therefore, accelerated stability testing represents a valuable tool in the development and evaluation of cosmetic formulations.

Preparation and Evaluation of Polymer-Based Ultrasound Gel and Its Application in Ultrasonography.

Ultrasound imaging is a widely used technique in every health care center and hospital. Ultrasound gel is used as a coupling medium in all ultrasound procedures to replace air between the transducer and the patient’s skin, as ultrasound waves have trouble in traveling through air. This research was performed to formulate an inexpensive alternative to commercially available ultrasound gel as it is expensive and imported from other countries. Different formulations with different concentrations of carbopol 980 (CAR 980) and methylparaben were prepared with natural ingredients such as aloe vera gel and certain available chemicals that have no harmful effects on the skin. To justify the efficiency of the formulations; necessary physicochemical characteristics such as visual clarity, homogeneity, transparency, skin irritation, antibacterial activity, pH, stability, spreadability, conductivity, acoustic impedance, viscosity, and cost were evaluated. Moreover, a comparison study was also conducted with commercially available ultrasound gel that was utilized as a control. All samples showed excellent transparency and no microbial growth. S1 was the only formulation that met all of the requirements for commercial ultrasound gel and produced images that were similar to those produced by commercial ultrasound gel. So, this formulation could be used as an alternative to expensive commercial ultrasound gel for taking images in hospitals and medical centers.

A Green Analytical Method Using Polyurethane Foam for The Extraction and Determination of Lauryl Ether Sulfate in Personal Care Hygiene Products

A green methodology was developed for the extraction and determination of lauryl ether sulfate in raw materials and commercial liquid soap and shower gel samples. The method avoids the use of organic solvents, offering a simple, cheap, and safe analysis. The methodology is based on the sorption of an ionic pair consisting of a cationic dye and an anionic surfactant onto polyurethane foam. The experimental variables were optimized by chemometry to obtain the conditions that maximized extraction of the ionic pair. Digital imaging and spectrophotometry were used for quantification in the linear concentration range from 10.0 to 100 mg L-1. The limits of detection and quantification were, respectively, 2.71 and 9.28 mg L-1 for digital imaging, and 1.74 and 5.83 mg L-1 for spectrophotometry. The methods showed good results when applied to commercial samples, with recoveries in the range 96.8-103%.

Effect of Manufacturing and Absorption Promotion of Lidocaine Hydrogel Using Ultrasonic Waves during Cosmetic Procedures

Purpose: In this study, we study to more effectively use anesthesia products used in beauty procedures following the popularization of anti-aging. Hydrogel, which contains lidocaine, is believed to be more effective in relieving pain if used in cosmetic procedures with ultrasonic waves.Methods: The availability of manufactured hydrogels and commercial gels for ultrasonic treatment was compared, and the effect on skin penetration and skin penetration due to ultrasonic limitations was evaluated based on their applicability. Usability and optimal ultrasound parameters were identified during ultrasound treatment.Results: Viscosity measurement, gelation rate, swelling, skin permeability experiment, and HPLC analysis of manufactured hydrogels all revealed properties, with skin permeability being highest at frequency 1 MHz, cycle low 200, and high 50.Conclusions: Finally, hydrogels containing lidocaine increased skin permeability during ultrasound treatment, allowing for faster targeted transdermal transmission that was more effective depending on the ultrasound parameters. As a result, it is determined that it can be used in cosmetic procedures.