Commercial Entrepreneurship Research Articles

Examining the Effect of Parents on Children’s Career Choices in the Context of Class Positions

This article delves into the social mobility strategies employed by parents and their descendants from diverse social classes in structuring educational pathways and vocational choices across successive generations. The study relies on qualitative data from in-depth interviews conducted in Ankara with 24 parents and 18 offspring. Data analysis reveals that the strategies parents and their offspring embrace are intricately shaped by their social class positions and the cultural, social, and economic capital available to the latter. Labourer families grappling with cultural capital limitations exhibit constrained guidance to their offspring. In contrast, self-employed professional families actively deploy their comprehensive cultural capital to perpetuate privileged class positions across generations. Business owners or commercial entrepreneurs, characterised by a distinctive outlook, view education as a pathway to attain heightened social status rather than as a means of upward mobility. To address the inequalities uncovered in this research, establishing counselling centres for families to guide how to mentor their children and for the children themselves to facilitate the discovery of their abilities and interests could offer a solution toward mitigating these inequalities.

Mavericks and Diplomats: Bridging Commercial and Institutional Entrepreneurship for Society’s Grand Challenges

Many of society’s grand challenges, like access to education, improved public health, and building smart infrastructure, occur in established fields, often ones where noncommercial logics matter. Grounded in a theory-building study of two well-matched EdTech ventures in the nascent MOOC market in the U.S. higher education field, we unpack their strategy formation processes. These ventures faced the dual problem of forming a successful strategy in a nascent market while changing an established field. Our primary contribution is a theoretical framework that identifies two distinct yet effective processes. One (Maverick) is a competitive, learning centric process, whereas the other (Diplomat) is a cooperative, diplomacy-centric one. Although distinct, these processes unexpectedly share the same decision weaving (i.e., hybrid) problem-solving structure that fits complex, novel problems like strategy formation. Broadly, we contribute to institutional theory and institutional entrepreneurship by introducing the diplomacy lens, its tactics, and firm performance. We contribute to learning theory and entrepreneurship by identifying the unique features of learning in established markets, including the limits to rapid experimentation and the value of collaborative learning for changing established fields. We add to practice by emphasizing the difficulty of achieving both commercial success and societal impact. Overall, we bridge the gap between institutional and commercial entrepreneurship. Funding: The authors gratefully acknowledge the generous research support of the Stanford Technology Ventures Program. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2020.13810 .

Perceived organizational support for the employee engagement of MSMEs with dual mediating effects of innovative work behavior and emotional intelligence

In India, particularly in MSMEs, a strong emphasis is placed on maintaining employee engagement to ensure an organization's success. This study examines how workplace assistance affects employees' effective company participation. This research proposes studying innovation work behaviour (IWB) and emotional intelligence as mediating variables. These factors influence employee satisfaction (ES) and organizational effectiveness (OE). A few years ago, "employee engagement" was essentially unimportant. Today, it defines a considerable organization's success or failure. Then, the structural features including the POS which is vital to functionality, are examined. This research was deepened by the convenient direct sampling of 300 Indian SME employees. This analysis revealed the odd and multifaceted features of the situation. This remark makes sense if organic POS is a system of BWI and EI interactions. They relate to linking BWI and EI. Many employees who find their organizations supportive have greater job engagement. An individual's sphere of influence and impact range is limited to their comprehension of the environment or commercial entrepreneurship; thus, he or she always has high emotional intelligence. Adhering to our leader's ideas has helped us feel like a team and achieve more while enhancing our time management, responsibility, and competitiveness. Funding institutions must recognize and prevent factual disclosure in their complicated structures. This study scrutinizes the complex bonds among emotional intelligence (EI), intrapreneurial behaviour (IB), and organizational efficiency in India's burgeoning MSME sector. Previous research should have shown that these two aspects are linked. This inquiry into the interaction between these two factors will expand the investigation's results. The following research emphasizes the importance of organizational support in MSME operations. We enjoy life by mixing numerous things, even though it is essential. This reveals that creativity, emotional intelligence, and job creation require help. MSMEs can contribute to the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and gain a competitive edge by developing a knowledge system to address environmental uncertainties.

USPOREDBA AKTIVNOSTI KOMERCIJALNIH I DRUŠTVENIH PODUZETNIKA NA FACEBOOKU

The main objective of this study is to examine the differences in Facebook usage practices between social and commercial entrepreneurs. The research is based on the official Facebook pages of six pairs of commercial and social enterprises during a period of two years, giving a total of 1046 posts for analysis. Findings reveal differences in the content and types of Facebook posts between commercial and social entrepreneurs. While commercial entrepreneurs have a clearly expressed market orientation, social enterprises strive to build the legitimacy of philanthropists and initiators of social change. There is no statistically significant difference in the number of reactions per post per follower between the two types of enterprises. However, followers' engagement is stronger among social entrepreneurs than commercial entrepreneurs. What all businesses lack is customer-generated content. Business owners could take the empirical findings into consideration when developing a strategy for managing their presence on social networks.

SWOT analysis of the models used by social enterprises in scaling effective refractive error coverage to achieve the 2030 in SIGHT in Kenya

Uncorrected refractive error has predominantly been delivered through commercial entrepreneurship in Kenya. However, to achieve the 2030 IN SIGHT, integration of other forms of entrepreneurship such as the social entrepreneurship is desirable to supplement the efforts of the dominant commercial entrepreneurship. Therefore, this study intended to undertake a SWOT analysis of the current models used by social enterprises in scaling effective refractive error coverage to achieve the 2030 IN SIGHT in Kenya. A review of the seven national strategic plans for eye health in Kenya was undertaken to get a glimpse on the efforts directed towards uncorrected refractive error in achieving the 2030 IN SIGHT. The review was inclined towards assessing the efforts directed by the strategic plans towards scaling human resource, spectacle provision and refraction points. A SWOT analysis was undertaken based on the financial, impact and the approach report for each model. A key informant interview was conducted with a representative and three to five members of the social enterprise about the model. Thereafter, the modified SWOT analysis based on the review and the interview was presented to the representatives of the social enterprises. Purposive sampling was used to identify seven models used by social enterprises in the delivery of refractive error services in Kenya. Finally, the recommendations were presented to key opinion leaders for an input through a Delphi technique. Out of the seven national strategic plans for eye health reviewed, only the strategic plan 2020–2025 intends to establish optical units within 15 different counties in Kenya. Of the seven models currently utilized by social enterprises, only the Kenya Society for the Blind has integrated the telemedicine concept. On application of mHealth, all of the social enterprises models tend to embrace the approach for screening activities. None of the models has a strengthened referral pathway utilizing telereferral and telemedicine. Out of all the models, only Operation Eyesight Universal, Fred Hollow Foundation and Peek Acuity do not depend on sales of subsidized spectacles for sustainability. Every model has the capacity to propel the delivery of refractive error services depending on its comprehensiveness. However, for the 2030 IN SIGHT to be achieved, models prioritizing human resource through telemedicine integration, service provision across all sectors, awareness creation and enhancing cost efficiency are desirable.

Socio-political and Structural Aspects of the Concept of Social Entrepreneurship: The Case of Serbia

The focus of this research are the ways of conceptualizing the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship, which in transitional and developed capitalist societies alike, rely on cognitive models shaped by divergent cultural and socio-political contexts. To be more specific, these cognitive models emerge from different theoretical concepts of social entrepreneurship, as well as from contextually different ways of combining the invariant, structural elements of the concept, both of which are dialectically positioned within the neoliberal capitalism ideology discourse. Within the interaction among the elements constituting the structure of the concept of social entrepreneurship (such as social innovation, civic collectivism, an employment of members of marginalized social groups) and the overall neoliberal ideology discourse, which on its own behalf, operates in accordance with certain logical rules as any other discursive formation does, numerous contradictions and paradoxes emerge. The first chapter of this study critically examines the role of social entrepreneurship within the neoliberal capitalism framework through a comparative analysis with philanthropic endeavors and commercial (traditional, profit-oriented) entrepreneurship, as well as by comparing the diverse ways in which this phenomenon is defined in various socio-political contexts. The process of establishing the social entrepreneurship sector in Serbia, initiated in the post-2008 period reached its normative conclusion with the enactment of a unified law regulating this entrepreneurial activity in 2022. However, it remains incomplete both in terms of the cultural conceptualization of the phenomenon and its practical implementation perspective. This assumption is further examined in the second chapter of this paper in relation to the ideas regarding the social and political cultural heritage legacy, constructed by both policy makers and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) engaged in the social protection system which, on their behalf, during the specified period assume the role of social entrepreneurship promoters and emerge as primary contributors to its development. In the third chapter of this study, an exploration of the conditions and operationalization possibilities of key elements within the social entrepreneurship concept is undertaken. This analysis is illustrated through the services provided to the elderly citizens, which provides a framework for developing the thesis on the incomplete process of establishing the social entrepreneurship sector. Subsequently, the fourth and concluding chapter contextualizes these findings within the processes of constructing social issues pertaining aging and unemployment. In addition to drawing the attention to the distinct characteristics and the potential of social entrepreneurship, this research seeks to initiate a discussion focused on exploring possibilities of overcoming the predominantly constraining conditions and factors that influence the further development of this type of entrepreneurial activity within the transitional Serbian society.

СОЦІАЛЬНЕ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВО У СУЧАСНІЙ УКРАЇНІ

In very unstable socio-economic relations, which have developed in the world and in Ukraine, there is a transition to a new level of management, that’s why there is a need to apply the latest tools in state social policy, which is extremely important in the conditions of a defensive war. Social entrepreneurship is a new, innovativebusiness venture that influences change. A social entrepreneur has a specific cause that they care about, and they develop a business model around making a positive impact. The main goal is to create lasting social change through business. The dualism of the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship is based on the application of principles, tools and technologies of commercial entrepreneurship, as well as the use of innovative methods of doing business. The article highlights that one of these tools is social entrepreneurship, which at the same time contributes to the development of the economy and focuses attention on solving important social problems. The fundamental difference between social and traditional entrepreneurship is clarified. Like entrepreneurs, social entrepreneurs aim to create a sustainable business with staying power. However, whereas an entrepreneur’s goal is to maximize profits, a social entrepreneur’s main concern is impact. They create economic value: by creating jobs, producing income, and nurturing an entire network of business partners-suppliers, shipping companies, lenders, and utility companies-social entrepreneurs contribute to the economic renewal of the region or country where they live and operate. Socially entrepreneurial activity takes place across all fields, from health to climate change and education, and across all sectors, from non-profit to commercial and governmental. The main problems that hinder the development of social entrepreneurship in Ukraine are highlighted, in particular: no separate organizational and legal form is provided for the implementation of a social enterprise, the absence or insufficiency of knowledge and skills in managing such a business; narrow and unprepared market, low level of motivation.

Social Entrepreneurship Development to Achieve Sustainability Goals Using SSM Analysis

Measuring performance in social entrepreneurship is an important thing that needs to be done. This is an effort to ensure prosperity and maintain the sustainability of social entrepreneurship. This research aims to analyze the performance of social entrepreneurship and build a conceptual model of the strategy for assessing the performance of social entrepreneurship in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The SSM research method was used to develop a conceptual model to measure the performance of social entrepreneurship. The results of the study concluded that measuring the performance of social entrepreneurship can be measured using measurement tools or indicators that focus on sustainable development goals (SDGs). This study also found the need for the role of the government or policy owners as actors who have an essential role in developing social entrepreneurship performance measurement tools. This is necessary to distinguish the target of achieving success through social and commercial entrepreneurship.

When the going gets tough: Stressors and purpose in life among social and commercial entrepreneurs

Described as the presence of significance, meaning, and goal-directedness in one's life, purpose in life has received much attention in psychology and well-being research due to its association with psychological well-being. However, research on the relationship between entrepreneurship and purpose in life remains nascent. In this study, we explore differences in purpose in life between social entrepreneurs and commercial entrepreneurs. We find that social entrepreneurs, on average, exhibit higher levels of purpose in life than commercial entrepreneurs. We further find that social entrepreneurs are more likely to retain purpose in life in the face of hindrance stressors than their commercial entrepreneur counterparts. We discuss theoretical implications for social entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial well-being literatures.

External Enablement of Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship

External Enablement of Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship

Promoting fishing profession and general well-being: A call for labour policy

Fishing is a longstanding occupation in the world. Small-scale fishing (SSF) communities of South Asia face many challenges in their lives and livelihoods. This study was conducted in one Jaladas village of southeastern Bangladesh to determine the conditions of fishing labours in big boats and provide some evidence-based recommendations for enhancing their holistic well-being. This study adopted the qualitative research design, specifically the Focus Group Discussion (FGD). A random survey of 50 households was conducted to find out socio-economic conditions. This paper finds that the young Jaladas are pushed away from their birth-ascribed occupation and engaged as fishing labours in big boats. Their existing working environment is like an ancient slavery system. Fishing labours are bound to work under such adversative conditions for survival. SSF communities become poorest of the poor due to lake of sufficient concentration from the government, NGOs, private sector, international development agencies and other actors. Moreover, relevant articles of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights (UDHR) and FAO initiated SSF Guidelines are not implemented properly in support of fishing labours working in large boats. Highest profit-earning mentality of commercial entrepreneurs, apathy, absence of rules of law; and non-recognition the rights of labours under small-scale fisheries sector in Labour Law of Bangladesh are major reasons for plights of fishing labours. Still research works are very inadequate in this area. Therefore, global human rights organizations are in dark from real scenario. This paper urged that the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) should include prioritized needs of fishing labour as provisions during the amendment of Labour Law. Proper execution of Labour Law and establishing the rules of law are concerning issues for ensuring the well-being of fishing labours.

Firm informality during the COVID-19 crisis in Argentina: perception of commercial entrepreneurs and public accountants

This article analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the informality of Argentinian micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises based on the perception of commercial entrepreneurs and public accountants from Bahía Blanca (Argentina). Using primary data collected through semi-structured interviews, a qualitative content analysis was performed combining theory-oriented and data-based coding. Despite the widespread use of electronic payments, the findings suggest an increase in income underreporting and the number of unregistered companies, thus supporting the countercyclical behavior of the informal sector during that crisis. The article contributes to a better understanding of informality through a microeconomic-qualitative approach by integrating the perspective of two different actors. Empirical findings are relevant for policymakers seeking to reduce the levels of informality during periods of crisis.

Comparative Content Analysis on the Determinants of Social and Commercial Entrepreneurs: A qualitative approach on Nvivo

Purpose: This article configures the determinants of social and commercial entrepreneurs by applying comparative content analysis and individual interview methods. Methodology: Comparative content analysis qualitative techniques are used to analyze the data. The analysis highlights determinants through the Venn diagram cluster analysis, and word cloud methods to analyze qualitative techniques in Nvivo. Researchers reviewed 170 articles, 35 case studies, and 16 reports comparing social and commercial ventures in this study Findings: The analyses confined findings in three layers firstly, distinguish components of commercial entrepreneurs, and second distinguish components of commercial entrepreneurs. Thirdly, this article clarifies the similar overlapping components. The distinct components of social entrepreneurs are having a social mission, addressing a social problem, bringing social innovation and social awareness, and creating social value. Conclusions: The current study has contributed while opening up some exploratory avenues for developing a piece of literature by offering theoretical comparative content to describe applicability towards social aspects. This study generate theory that support the social context in all business. Every business should have the social in nature that identify the societal needs, and solve the social problems and enhance the well-being of individual’s life. Every business owner would have the social soul for the well-being of society

The Diverse Definitions of Social Entrepreneurship: The Underlying Issues

Purpose. A lack of consensus regarding the definition of social entrepreneurship has caused confusion among students and researchers. The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical lens for theoreticians to make informed choices regarding their operational definition of this concept.Design/methodology approach. The paper traces the evolution of the practical and theoretical fields of social entrepreneurship. Thereafter the occurrence of multiple and often contrasting definitions is highlighted. In order to understand the conceptual underpinnings of the different definitions, the following issues are raised:Sould definitions be inclusive or exclusive? Is social entrepreneurship a subcategory of commercial entrepreneurship or is it a parallel one? Which facets of entrepreneurship behavior need to be deployed and what is the social mission? To illustrate these issues, the paper draws upon different definitions, with examples from the field of practice. In addition, it relates to the theoretical literature of commercial entrepreneurship. Thereafter follows a discussion that challenges prevailing definitions.Findings. The different possible responses can explain the diversity in definitions.A key finding is that the differing social enterprise and social innovation orientations may be rooted in alternative understandings of the relationship between social entrepreneurship and commercial entrepreneurship.Originality /value. The questions provide theoreticians with a unique and valuable prism to understand theoretical underpinnings of the different definitions of social entrepreneurship and enable them to make informed decisions regarding their operational definitions.

A multi-theoretical approach to identifying mediating & moderating effects of effectual constructs of Social Entrepreneurship, simulated under the PCDO framework

The study aims to determine the mediating and moderating effects of effectual constructs of social sciences theories when categorized under the PCDO (People, Context, Deal, and Opportunity) framework. The PCDO Model is developed for commercial Entrepreneurship and subsequently developed to apply in the Social Entrepreneurship framework with variables focussed on creating Social Value Proposition (SVP). In this article, the PCDO framework of Social Entrepreneurship is further enhanced with functional constructs and seeks to make the model more holistic. This multifaceted approach will lead to understanding the conceptual framework from various dimensions and enabling the Context to be more multi-theoretical. This study uses four functional constructs, Social Innovation, Social Sustainability, Social Livelihood, and Social Identity, to build a multi-level & multi-theoretical conceptual framework. In all the constructs, the sub-constructs are also identified, and subsequently, a logical model was developed to make the concept more versatile and multidimensional. At the conceptual level and in the literature survey, the relationships between the various social sciences theories are established when modeled on the PCDO framework. The model was substantiated by superimposing the case study method and observed to be conceptually sound in nature.

Inclusive innovation in agricultural value chains: lessons from use of a systems approach in diverse settings

ABSTRACT Systems approaches are widely promoted for inclusive innovation, but their use and results are seldom evaluated. We assessed applications of the Participatory Market Chain Approach (PMCA), which combines elements of innovation system and value chain approaches, in eight cases in Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America. We found that the PMCA performed best where the policy environment favoured value chain development, the chain offered significant potential for value addition, and the PMCA was implemented with high fidelity to its basic principles, and as part of a larger development effort. Facilitation was crucial for developing locally appropriate implementation procedures and engaging smallholders, commercial entrepreneurs, researchers, and other service providers throughout the PMCA application. By focusing on commercial innovation, the PMCA offered a strategic entry point for stimulating more systemic innovation. We conclude with six lessons on (1) how commercial innovation can trigger broader innovation; (2) the need to engage commercial entrepreneurs in innovation processes; (3) the importance of committed, motivated and capable facilitators; (4) the advantage of embedding the PMCA in a broader development effort; (5) how systems approaches can help R&D organizations respond better to market demands; and (6) the contributions of systems approaches to innovation capacity.

Процессные инновации как фактор развития торгового бизнеса

Relevance of the research topic. In retail, there is an active introduction of innovations in all segments, in the struggle for survival and efficiency improvement; trading enterprises are actively searching for innovative technologies, primarily IT solutions, for their implementation in trade and technological processes. Modern trends in commercial entrepreneurship are new business models, processes, technologies, products. The introduction of innovations stimulates sales, contributes to the improvement of the organization of the trade and technological process, the analysis of consumer behavior and preferences. Artificial intelligence and data analysis are transforming retail. Technological progress and trade are inextricably linked, and innovations in retail raise business to a new level. The purpose of the study: based on the analysis of various aspects of innovation processes, to identify the main business trends of process innovations in trade and the practice of their implementation in trade and technological processes. The implementation of this goal required solving the following main tasks: to identify groups of process innovations in trade; to present the introduction of innovations in trade as a process and, based on the analysis, formulate the results of the implementation of this process; to explore the prospects of artificial intelligence technologies; to analyze technological business trends on the example of network trade and logistics, etc. The author analyzes the beneficial effect of the introduction of process innovations in trade. The result of the introduction of process innovations in trade is as follows: the efficiency of trade and technological processes increases; turnover and profit increases, labor costs are reduced, the quality and speed of service increases, as well as the number of loyal customers, which ultimately provides competitive advantages. The article also focuses on trends and examples of innovation in online trading.

What motivates Czech social entrepreneurs? A qualitative study from an unfavorable social entrepreneurship environment

AbstractSocial entrepreneurship is a concept that has significant benefits for society. To shape the appropriate conditions for the development of this generally beneficial phenomenon, we need to ask what motivates entrepreneurs to give priority to social entrepreneurship over commercial entrepreneurship. Although several studies are looking at the motivations of social entrepreneurs, our current knowledge of this issue is limited in two respects. Most research has focused only on the motivations for starting social entrepreneurship. Another is that research on motivation has been mostly conducted in countries where the social entrepreneurship environment is friendly, which has led to a greater focus on the personality of entrepreneurs at the expense of the social context. Through a qualitative approach, this study aims to explore motivation to become a social entrepreneur and motivation to keep being a social entrepreneur in the unfavorable conditions of the Czech social entrepreneurial environment. The summary results of a qualitative study among 27 entrepreneurs supported by the presentation of five mini‐stories describe how social entrepreneurs face obstacles and how they perceive the gradual changes in society that give them the motivation to stay in social entrepreneurship. We also identify eight motives for becoming a social entrepreneur and show how the motives intersect.

Legal status of farmers involved in short food supply chains, a comparative study

The legal status of farmers involved in food marketing is not determined by the EU legislator, however, EU policy encourages farmers’ participation in short food supply chains. The article aims to determine whether a farmer selling his products, both processed and unprocessed is subject to a favourable legal regime intended for the agricultural sector, or whether this activity qualifies him as a commercial entrepreneur. The legislation of three EU Member States and the law of the USA were subject to a comparative legal analysis, based on the dogmatic method. The study found that under the EU Member States’ law, farmers involved in short food supply chains are granted a privileged agricultural status, which certainly strengthens their market position in competition with food businesses and big retailers and is an incentive to undertake and conduct the activity of agri-food marketing. In turn, under American law, agricultural activity and direct marketing are economic activities that cause farmers to operate within a business as an entrepreneur. The main tool to support the participation of US farmers in short food supply chains is financial programmes offering incentives to direct marketing. It was concluded that the systemic legal solutions, as in the presented legislation of the EU countries, in contrast to aid programmes, provides farmers with favourable conditions in the long term, without additional bureaucracy and the need to fill out documents and applications, thus giving them a sense of confidence and stability in engaging in food direct marketing.

Who Gives Back? Evidence from India on Successful Entrepreneurial Exit and Involvement in Philanthropy

Although successful commercial entrepreneurship has beneficial consequences for the economy, it is unclear whether it is unequivocally good for broader society. We shed light on this macro issue by delving into a specific micropathway linking commercial entrepreneurship with positive spillover effects for broader society. We ask which commercial entrepreneurs who have experienced economic success through a financial exit event from their for-profit venture engage in philanthropy—defined as systematically stimulating, supporting, and shaping social change efforts—after exit. Utilizing the status characteristics framework, we conceptualize how hierarchical positions on ascribed social status characteristics (caste and gender in our setting) and achieved social status characteristics (eliteness of Indian tertiary educational attainment and overseas tertiary educational attainment in our setting) regulate successful commercial entrepreneurs’ subsequent involvement in philanthropy. We argue that successful commercial entrepreneurs from disadvantaged ascribed-status groups or privileged achieved-status groups are more likely to transition to philanthropic activities because they more keenly perceive the need for societal change and are also more motivated to take action. Quantitative analyses on a sample of 673 Indian entrepreneurs who experienced a successful financial exit from their for-profit venture during 2003–2013, supplemented by qualitative interviews, support our theorizing. We advance management research by highlighting founder transitions from successful commercial entrepreneurship to philanthropy as a hitherto understudied mechanism driving positive social change. We thus open up new research avenues around the less-studied exit stage of entrepreneurship that allows for the integration of currently unconnected literatures around corporate philanthropy, elites, entrepreneurship, and social impact. Funding: B. Vissa gratefully acknowledges financial support from INSEAD’s Emerging Markets Institute. Supplemental Material: The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.1572 .