Commercial Domain Research Articles

Monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantification of majonoside R2 as an authentication marker for Nngoc Linh and Lai Chau ginsengs

BackgroundRecent years have witnessed increasing interest in the high amount of ocotillol-type saponin in Panax vietnamensis, particularly in relation to majonoside R2 (MR2). This unique 3%–5% MR2 content impart Ngoc Linh and Lai Chau ginsengs with unique pharmacological activities. However, in the commercial domain, unauthentic species have infiltrated and significantly hindered access to the authentic, efficacious variety. Thus, suitable analytical techniques for distinguishing authentic Vietnamese ginseng species from others is becoming increasingly crucial. Therefore, MR2 is attracting considerable attention as a target requiring effective management measures. MethodsAn enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed by producing monoclonal antibodies against MR2 (mAb 16E11). The method was thoroughly validated, and the potential of the immunoassay was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet spectroscopy. Furthermore, ELISA was applied to the assessment of the MR2 concentrations of various Panax spp., including Korean, American, and Japanese ginsengs. Results and conclusionsAn icELISA using mAb 16E11 exhibited linearity between 3.91 and 250 ng/mL of MR2, with detection and quantification limits of 1.53 and 2.50 − 46.6 ng/mL, respectively. Based on this study, the developed icELISA using mAb 16E11 could be a valuable tool for analyzing MR2 level to distinguish authentic Ngoc Linh and Lai Chau ginsengs from unauthentic ones. Furthermore, the analysis of the samples demonstrated that Ngoc Linh and Lai Chau ginsengs exhibit a notably higher MR2 value than all other Panax spp. Thus, MR2 might be their ideal marker compound, and various bioactivities of this species should be explored.

Transnational networks of human resources and knowledge in East Asia: a case study of Taiwan merchant Wang Xuenong (1870–1915) and his trading company

Abstract Taiwan is an island and trade has always been the locomotive of its economic development. From the 1620s to the 1960s, cane sugar was Taiwan's most representative export commodity. Yet little attention has been paid to the business strategies of sugar traders and the changes in their thinking. How did the Takow (Kaohsiung) merchants who first went to Japan and Hong Kong to conduct cross-border trade in person learn about international trade and build a network of human resources that crossed borders, especially after the 1870s? And how did they face the great changes of an era in which tradition and modernity were intertwined, so that, following the regime transfer in the 1890s from the Qing Dynasty to the Japanese empire, they were able to expand their business territory and become major sugar merchants in southern Taiwan? This article examines the career of Wang Xuenong—a well-known sugar merchant in Taiwan during the Meiji period (1868–1912). It attempts to explain, from the perspective of cross-cultural knowledge transfer and human resource strategies, why and how sugar merchants such as Wang, who had gone to Japan in the early years of the Meiji Restoration for purposes of cross-border trade, introduced a trading company system that incorporated a mixture of East Asian and Western elements. It further investigates how they expanded their business from the sugar trade into a wider commercial domain that included mechanical rice milling and steamship transport. Finally, it looks at how their actions affected a transformation of Taiwan's commercial culture from the late Qing Dynasty to the early days of Japanese rule, and the historical significance of these changes in Taiwan's transitions towards industrialisation and modernisation.

(De)Legitimation in Policy Transfer and Branding: A Dialogical View of the Romanian Covid-19 Vaccination Policy

With the growth of marketing’s influence extending from the commercial domain into governance strategy, public health branding and promotional communication relating to the Covid-19 vaccine were essential for national authorities trying to transfer the WHO communication strategy and vaccine policies to their domestic contexts while maintaining public trust. This study explores the role of (de)legitimation in the Covid-19 vaccine communication (#ROVaccinare/ROVaccination) policy transfer and branding conducted by the Romanian government on Facebook. Adopting a top-down and bottom-up approach to the meaning-making process of the message strategy promotion, we employed a mixed-methods approach. We drew on categorizations of message tailoring related to health communication and operationalizations of discursive (de)legitimation. The main findings showed a preference for rationalization legitimation through the usage of fact-based posts and a clear integration of authorization and narrativization into the message strategy promotion of the ROVaccination page. However, despite the prevalence of fact-based posts, legitimation through personal and medical stories was a positive predictor of engagement, unlike legitimation through facts. The bottom-up approach revealed polarized attitudes towards healthcare professionals as sources of the campaign, the Romanian medical system, and past and present vaccination. The dominance of polarization in online users’ comments emphasizes their role as agents of conversion, contesting either the message sources employed in the campaign or other commenters as personal authorities.

Using AI, radio waves, and solar cells to transform businesses in a sustainable way

The integration of radio waves, solar cell technologies, and artificial intelligence (AI) in the commercial domain is examined in this thorough review study. The new era of sustainability, efficiency, and innovation is being ushered in by the convergence of these technologies. A variety of subjects are covered in the study, such as the uses of solar cells in the corporate world, the Internet of Things (IoT) and how radio waves connect gadgets, and the revolutionary potential of artificial intelligence (AI) for data-driven decision-making. The essay explores the financial advantages of this integration, such as lower expenses and a smaller carbon footprint, improved operational effectiveness, and the accomplishment of sustainability objectives. Businesses move toward a more sustainable, effective, and inventive future as a result of the synergies created by the integration. The potential for enhanced solar technologies, 5G connectivity, energy storage solutions, distributed AI networks, and other advancements are highlighted. Emerging trends and innovations are also covered. The adoption and impact of integrated technologies are greatly influenced by regulatory and policy factors, which are primarily concerned with environmental standards, data handling, grid integration, data privacy and security, and AI ethics. Corporations stand to gain greatly from the combination of radio waves, AI, and solar cell technologies. It improves sustainability, operational effectiveness, and innovation, establishing companies as conscientious and progressive organizations in a world that is constantly changing. Businesses are well-positioned to reap the rewards of a more sustainable, effective, and competitive future as they adjust to this dynamic convergence.

Particle Size and Rheology of Silica Particle Networks at the Air-Water Interface.

Silica nanoparticles find utility in different roles within the commercial domain. They are either employed in bulk within pharmaceutical formulations or at interfaces in anti-coalescing agents. Thus, studying the particle attributes contributing to the characteristics of silica particle-laden interfaces is of interest. The present work highlights the impact of particle size (i.e., 250 nm vs. 1000 nm) on the rheological properties of interfacial networks formed by hydrophobically modified silica nanoparticles at the air-water interface. The particle surface properties were examined using mobility measurements, Langmuir trough studies, and interfacial rheology techniques. Optical microscopy imaging along with Langmuir trough studies revealed the microstructure associated with various surface pressures and corresponding surface coverages (ϕ). The 1000 nm silica particle networks gave rise to a higher surface pressure at the same coverage compared to 250 nm particles on account of the stronger attractive capillary interactions. Interfacial rheological characterization revealed that networks with 1000 nm particles possess higher surface modulus and yield stress in comparison to the network obtained with 250 nm particles at the same surface pressure. These findings highlight the effect of particle size on the rheological characteristics of particle-laden interfaces, which is of importance in determining the stability and flow response of formulations comprising particle-stabilized emulsions and foams.

Politics of accounting evidence in privatising telecommunications in Sri Lanka

PurposeThis paper illustrates the socio-political nature of accountings, referring to the partial privatisation of the monopoly telecommunications organisation in a lower-middle-income country.Design/methodology/approachActor-network theory and an ANTi-history approach are used to trace circumstances and occurrences. Empirical materials include official documents, print media and retrospective interviews with organisation employees ten years on from the privatisation.FindingsProponents of privatisation used retrospectively constructed historical accounts to problematise the natural monopoly of telecommunications and the government organisation administering it. A restructuring programme followed. Proponents addressed controversies pertaining to the programme thus garnering widespread support for complex and controversial changes. Proponents produced and reproduced accounting artefacts as evidence in these processes of history reconstruction, consequent changes and restoring stability to telecommunications in its reconfigured commercial domain. The proponents used selective, controversial accounting evidence to problematise the government organisation's existence, then to mobilise various actors to reduce and close the controversies previously aroused and reinstate stability in a partially privatised telecommunications company. Although no longer having a monopoly this company still dominates. Dissenters did the same but with little success.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings demonstrate the importance of tracing the socio-political process of arriving at the dominant outcome about the past. This assists in making sense of present circumstances and re-imagining the future.Originality/valueThe study demonstrates that, during controversial circumstances, taken-for-granted history, as well as what is thought to have not existed in the past, support the dominant network in gaining advantage over their opponents and black-boxing their perspectives of how things should be.

CLAACS‐IOD: Certificate‐embedded lightweight authentication and access control scheme for Internet of Drones

AbstractIn recent era, the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) commonly known as drones has emerged as a one of the most significant and promising tools which has demonstrated its wide range of implementations variating from commercial domain to the field of defense due to its distinct capabilities such as inspection, surveillance, precision and so forth. Internet connected drones provides a propitious trend that boosts the flying safety, and service qualities of the UAVs where numerous low‐altitude drones winged in different flying regions for executing a precise task such as gathering the real‐time information from the unuttered environment to be interpretated by users. Nevertheless, the open‐access insecure communications in hostile environment, the issues like safety and confidentiality threats, various security concerns such as the leakage of flying courses, identities, position, and gathered data by the drones are upstretched. To address these security concerns, access control mechanism provides a potential service in terms of authentication and key agreement for securing the communication between the individual drones within their respective flying regions. This article introduces a robust, efficient, lightweight, and privacy preserving ECC integrated access control approach by employing digital certificate with considering the high dynamicity and mobility of the drones. The designing of this proposed approach, that is, CLAASC‐IoD is influenced by the aim of inter‐drone and drone‐to‐ground station communication in the IoD paradigm. The detailed analysis of security using probabilistic random oracle model as well as simulation using well‐accepted security verification tool AVISPA and comparative performance evaluation supports the claim of robustness, effectiveness, and proficiency.

Interactive Internet-based Tool Proposal for the WASPAS method: a contribution for decision-making process

This paper presents the findings of the waspasWEB Project, which endeavors to furnish decision makers with a readily accessible mechanism for employing the "Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS)" method. The project's societal contribution encompasses the development of a user-friendly, publicly accessible internet tool, as well as a package released on the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) to cater to the R language user community. The WASPAS method represents a relatively novel approach that has garnered recognition in both scholarly literature and the commercial domain. The utilization of Operations Research methodologies is crucial in justifying decisions, and this endeavor strives to advance the adoption of such methodologies by offering managers, researchers, and the general public an intuitive and easily approachable multicriteria decision-making tool.

Hospitality beyond the commercial domain: A triadic conceptualisation of hospitality in tourism from a host-guest encounter perspective

The concept of hospitality and hospitableness in tourism has been predominantly defined from a service encounter perspective, as a dyadic, service provider-receiver relationship in a commercial hospitality setting. However, a critical review of hospitality discourses from a range of disciplinary areas leads to a broader conceptual understanding of hospitality in tourism contexts. This critical review proposes a context-bound and place related understanding of hospitality in tourism, by highlighting the limitations of the commercial service encounter perspective, by offering a conceptual model that seeks a more culturally diversified understanding of hospitality in tourism from an Asian and indigenous perspective. The implications of this approach lie in the positioning of hospitality in a tourism environment to identify the social and cultural nexus between tourism and hospitality, en route to finding ways to enhance hospitable tourism experiences.

Consequences, Impact and Washback of CET Test Within Assessment for Use Argument to Validation

The high-stakes College English Test (CET), developed, administered, and reformed over the last 20 years, has received great attention in the aspect of washback on teaching and learning from previous research. Very few studies explored its consequences in the workplace domain—being used as a screening lever. This research aimed to 1) compare difference and similarities between skills measured in the test and performance required in the workplace, as well as the relevance between tasks in two domains, 2) investigate employers and employees’ interpretation on the use of the test in the working environment, 3) explore the impacts of the test per se on both stakeholders and consequences of the test use. To reach this goal, the researcher adopted Bachman and Palmer’s (2010) Assessment for Use Argument (AUA) framework and constructed three claims as research questions. This research employed qualitative method, carrying out in-depth interviews with eight participants consisted of employers and just-graduated students as employees. These participants’ responses to the interviewing questions were fully transcribed and analyzed. The study found that though some task methods in two domains are different; there is a high level of similarity between skills measured in two areas. The test is proved in this study to be impartial, generalizable, and sufficient for employment. Therefore, the CET can be used for selection decision in commercial domain and beneficial to both groups of stakeholders.

A Neural Network Model Secret-Sharing Scheme with Multiple Weights for Progressive Recovery

With the widespread use of deep-learning models in production environments, the value of deep-learning models has become more prominent. The key issues are the rights of the model trainers and the security of the specific scenarios using the models. In the commercial domain, consumers pay different fees and have access to different levels of services. Therefore, dividing the model into several shadow models with multiple weights is necessary. When holders want to use the model, they can recover the model whose performance corresponds to the number and weights of the collected shadow models so that access to the model can be controlled progressively, i.e., progressive recovery is significant. This paper proposes a neural network model secret sharing scheme (NNSS) with multiple weights for progressive recovery. The scheme uses Shamir’s polynomial to control model parameters’ sharing and embedding phase, which in turn enables hierarchical performance control in the secret model recovery phase. First, the important model parameters are extracted. Then, effective shadow parameters are assigned based on the holders’ weights in the sharing phase, and t shadow models are generated. The holders can obtain a sufficient number of shadow parameters for recovering the secret parameters with a certain probability during the recovery phase. As the number of shadow models obtained increases, the probability becomes larger, while the performance of the extracted models is related to the participants’ weights in the recovery phase. The probability is proportional to the number and weights of the shadow models obtained in the recovery phase, and the probability of the successful recovery of the shadow parameters is 1 when all t shadow models are obtained, i.e., the performance of the reconstruction model can reach the performance of the secret model. A series of experiments conducted on VGG19 verify the effectiveness of the scheme.

Outer Macular Microvascular Supply in Retinitis Pigmentosa Examined using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.

Purpose To determine the vessel density of the superior (SCP) and deep retinal capillary plexuses (DCP) in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 25 eyes of 25 healthy volunteers and 30 eyes of 17 patients with RP were evaluated in this study. The integrity of the ellipsoid zone in the macular fovea was evaluated as an intact or defect using a spectral-domain OCT. Commercial spectral domain coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was used to scan the macular region of approximately 3 × 3 mm2. The vessel density in the SCP and DCP were calculated after appropriate layer segmentation and removal of projection artifacts. The central retinal thickness (CRT) was measured with automated software. The vessel densities in the SCP and DCP were compared between different groups using SPSS. Results A total of 25 eyes of 25 healthy subjects and 30 eyes of 17 patients with RP were evaluated in the study. There was no significant difference in ages between the two groups (F = 0.065 and P=0.937). There was a significant difference in SCP and DCP between the patients with RP and healthy individuals (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001). The DCP was significantly reduced in the parafovea region between the macular intact and defect groups (P < 0.05), except in the fovea and nasal regions. After linear regression, the DCP/SCP ratio in the whole, fovea, and parafovea regions was closely related to the DCP vessel density (P < 0.05), and CRT in the fovea and parafovea was not related to the whole DCP (P=0.186 and P=0.539). Conclusion The vessel density decreased in patients with RP, especially in the DCP of the parafovea region. A greater loss of capillaries in the DCP was found when the macular region was involved. The DCP/SCP ratio may be an important indicator of RP.

Exploring determinants of brand extension attitude to promote optimal levels of movement among children and youth

PurposeSome health behaviour promotion organizations are interested in promoting multiple behaviours to increase their health impact on a population. However, many of these organizations are better known for promoting only certain behaviours. The purpose of this study is to examine responses to an organization with a narrow brand (i.e. ParticipACTION) in its promotion of the different recommended movement-related behaviours (i.e. sleep, limited sedentary behaviour [SB], light physical activity [PA] and moderate to vigorous PA) to children. Potential brand-related determinants of attitude towards promotion of each behaviour (i.e. extension attitude) were specifically examined.Design/methodology/approachData were collected in 2017 using an online cross-sectional survey. Canadian parents with at least one child 5–12 years of age (N = 109) were recruited through online advertisements and word-of-mouth. One multiple regression per behaviour was conducted. Extension attitude was the dependent variable and brand attitude, fit and the interaction between brand attitude and fit were the predictors.FindingsFor light and moderate PA, brand attitude was a strong predictor. For limited SB and sleep, fit was the dominant predictor. However, for light and moderate PA and limited SB, an interaction indicated that a positive brand attitude and the perception of high fit between the brand and the behaviour leads to the most positive extension attitude.Practical implicationsThe findings suggest that movement promotion organizations should ensure parents have a positive brand attitude and have high perceptions of fit between the brand and the promoted behaviour.Originality/valueThis study provides the first evidence that determinants of brand extension attitude observed in the commercial domain also apply in the movement promotion domain. This research provides important information to organizations regarding how to effectively promote various behaviours when interested in expanding their usual repertoire.

Unlocking the Subconscious Consumer Bias: A Survey on the Past, Present, and Future of Hybrid EEG Schemes in Neuromarketing.

Fueled by early success stories, the neuromarketing domain advanced rapidly during the last 10 years. As exciting new techniques were being adapted from medical research to the commercial domain, many neuroscientists and marketing practitioners have taken the chance to exploit them so as to uncover the answers of the most important marketing questions. Among the available neuroimaging technologies, electroencephalography (EEG) stands out as the less invasive and most affordable method. While not equally precise as other neuroimaging technologies in terms of spatial resolution, it can capture brain activity almost at the speed of cognition. Hence, EEG constitutes a favorable candidate for recording and subsequently decoding the consumers' brain activity. However, despite its wide use in neuromarketing, it cannot provide the complete picture alone. In order to overcome the limitations imposed by a single monitoring method, researchers focus on more holistic approaches. The exploitation of hybrid EEG schemes (e.g., combining EEG with eye-tracking, electrodermal activity, heart rate, and/or other) is ever growing and will hopefully allow neuromarketing to uncover consumers' behavior. Our survey revolves around last-decade hybrid neuromarketing schemes that involve EEG as the dominant modality. Beyond covering the relevant literature and state-of-the-art findings, we also provide future directions on the field, present the limitations that accompany each of the commonly employed monitoring methods and briefly discuss the omni-present ethical scepticizm related to neuromarketing.

Fabrication Techniques for Graphene Oxide-Based Molecular Separation Membranes: Towards Industrial Application.

Graphene oxide (GO) has been a prized material for fabricating separation membranes due to its immense potential and unique chemistry. Despite the academic focus on GO, the adoption of GO membranes in industry remains elusive. One of the challenges at hand for commercializing GO membranes lies with large-scale production techniques. Fortunately, emerging studies have acknowledged this issue, where many have aimed to deliver insights into scalable approaches showing potential to be employed in the commercial domain. The current review highlights eight physical methods for GO membrane fabrication. Based on batch-unit or continuous fabrication, we have further classified the techniques into five small-scale (vacuum filtration, pressure-assisted filtration, spin coating, dip coating, drop-casting) and three large-scale (spray coating, bar/doctor blade coating, slot die coating) approaches. The continuous nature of the large-scale approach implies that the GO membranes prepared by this method are less restricted by the equipment’s dimensions but rather the availability of the material, whereas membranes yielded by small-scale methods are predominately limited by the size of the fabrication device. The current review aims to serve as an initial reference to provide a technical overview of preparing GO membranes. We further aim to shift the focus of the audience towards scalable processes and their prospect, which will facilitate the commercialization of GO membranes.

Hydroponic and Aquaponic Farming: Comparative Study Based on Internet of things IoT technologies.

Hydroponic farming and aquaponic farming are the most innovative methods in the agricultural sector; hydroponic is the cultivation of plant off-soil, but aquaponic is the junction between hydroponic and aquaculture, which is the cultivation of fish.Because more one criterion the no soil-borne disease, reducing insect infection and pest, further elimination of the pesticides used in the monitoring system reduce the toxicity, the time of growing plants in the hydroponic system are less compared to crop grown in the conventional method. Finally, the nutrients are available only for plants.The aquaponic system is beneficial even in a critical environment like dessert, heat and cold. The system is not affected by climate change and more stable in all seasons. This is the principal criteria to successfully adapting in the home and commercial domain; the system can be automatically operated with the IoT technologies. The paper at hand proposes a comparative study between hydroponic and aquaponic farming. to have a global vision of both methods.

Predicting biomass gasification histories with CBK/G. Part 1. Kinetic parameter assignments

With coal chars, CBK/G is a reaction mechanism that accurately predicts gasification histories across the commercial domain of temperature, pressure, gas composition, size, and coal quality, given data to tune-in a single kinetic parameter for each char sample. This study develops a CBK/G parameter estimation protocol for biochars from diverse biomass forms. Kinetic parameters are specified to accurately match gasification histories for 17 biochars from 700 to 1000 °C at steam and CO2 pressures to 0.1 MPa. With biochars, calibration data must specify both a frequency factor and activation energy for the desorption of a surface carbon oxide. Half the biochars in the database required different activation energies than the 180 kJ/mol baseline value, which spread the assigned energies from 130 to 220 kJ/mol. Woods in raw, torrefied, and pelleted forms tend to have the fastest reactivities, along with a few biochars of agricultural residues (AgRes). The biochars of grasses and AgRes have reactivities only one-third of woods’, although the reactivities of diverse AgRes biochars spans a very broad range. Steam gasification is faster than CO2 gasification, but the differences in rates are much smaller than with coal chars. The cross relations in CBK/G that relate channels for steam and CO2 gasification remain to be validated with tests under both steam and CO2 and their mixtures for diverse biochars.

Visualizing Data Shadow Donation

Within the context of datafication, participatory surveillance capitalism, and prospering rhetoric about scientific insight from big data exists the practice of data shadow donation. This relational activity refers to the digital gifting of personal data collections to research or charity platforms. By relying on users’ gifting data, data shadow donation operates outside the commercial domain and presents itself first as an instrument for civic engagement and second as an expression of public value and shared control. Based on an ethnographic research project investigating the phenomenon, an installation came to form. This article presents the artwork and focuses on content, on style and on how new technologies were experimented with and employed to solve visualisation challenges creatively. Furthermore, this paper contributes to discussions on data as a visuality, new media technologies, and the inclusion of subjects and viewers as image-makers.

Post-Marketing Surveillance of Quality of Artemether Injection Marketed in Southwest Nigeria.

Access to good-quality medicines remains a contentious issue in developing countries. This development is worrisome, particularly in a setting with a high incidence of malaria. Monitoring of antimalarial drugs in the commercial domain becomes necessary; thus, we evaluated the quality of artemether injection marketed in Southwest Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to obtain 22 different brands of artemether injections within Southwest Nigeria. The samples were examined for their sources, lot numbers, containers for injection, oil base used for preparation, and dates of expiration. Further analysis involved visual inspection, assessment of extractable volume, identity tests, and an assay of active pharmaceutical ingredient. The pharmaceutical quality of each sample was determined according to the criteria set in the International Pharmacopoeia 2019. None of the products had any particulate matter, but there were certain irregularities in their presentation. Eighteen of the 22 products (81.7%) were packaged in plain instead of amber-colored ampoules, and 77.3% (17/22) did not indicate the oil base used as the vehicle on the label as against the pharmacopoeial standard. Sixteen products (72.7%) passed the extractable volume test, although the remaining 22.3% did not conform to the extractable volume per unit dose. Artemether was present in all the samples, although only 40.9% (9/22) met the recommended percentage content of 90-110% of artemether. The study revealed the presence of a high percentage of substandard artemether injection products marketed in Nigeria. Further surveillance is warranted to confirm the quality of artemether injection circulated in other regions within Nigeria.

Two-dimensional modelling of systematic surface height deviations in optical interference microscopy based on rigorous near field calculation

Optical interference microscopes are widespread in topography and roughness measurement on the micro- and nanoscale. In spite of a wide range of scientific and industrial applications, systematic deviations between the measured and the real surface topography occur in certain situations, e.g. at edges or steep flanks. We present a numerical model considering the properties of the measurement instrument as well as the surface structure to be measured in order to get new insights into the physical dependencies of these deviations. The computation is based on a rigorous simulation of the scattered near field combined with a Fourier optics treatment of the image formation in the measurement instrument. In this study, the near fields are calculated with an open-source finite element method (FEM) software and a commercial finite difference time domain method (FDTD) software. The numerical results are compared with an analytical Kirchhoff approach and measurements. The main intention of this paper is to introduce the modelling and point out possible fields of application. In further studies, this model could be extended to 3D and parameter dependencies of systematic deviations, such as the material of the measurement object and the NA of the measurement instrument, could be investigated.