Commercial Development Research Articles

Resourceful Hydrogen Generation through Methanol Steam Reforming Using Rare-Earth Metal Oxide-Modified Delafossite 3D Hollow Spheres.

The world is moving toward the goal of achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, and hydrogen energy is considered an excellent alternative to nonrenewable energy sources. In this regard, developing a catalyst that is both economically valuable and exhibits efficient hydrogen production is a primary task at the current stage. This study utilized a hydrothermal synthesis method to prepare a nanosized 3-dimensional (3D) hollow sphere of CuCrO2-CeO2 for use in the Steam Reforming of Methanol (SRM) process. The characteristics and morphology of prepared CuCrO2-CeO2 hollow sphere were characterized by using various techniques such as XRD, FESEM, HRTEM, FTIR, Raman, etc. The CuCrO2-CeO2 hollow spheres with a 1:2 ratio exhibited the highest hydrogen production efficiency at 550 °C, yielding 6372.73 mL STP min-1 g cat-1 per gram of catalyst. Furthermore, the incorporation of CeO2 not only enhanced the hydrogen production rate of CuCrO2 but also extended the applicability of CuCrO2 nanoparticles to a wider temperature range. The unique 3D hollow sphere structure of the catalyst offers numerous advantages such as low cost, multiple catalytic reaction sites, and easy preparation. Therefore, CuCrO2-CeO2 hollow spheres hold potential for commercial development.

Advances in Polyaniline-Based Composites for Room-Temperature Chemiresistor Gas Sensors

The increasing rate of environmental pollution and the emergence of new infectious diseases have drawn much attention toward the area of gas sensors for air quality monitoring and early-stage disease diagnosis, respectively. Polyaniline (PANI) has become one of the extensively studied polymers in the area of chemical sensing due to its good conductivity and sensitivity at room temperature. The development of room-temperature gas sensors represents a significant leap forward in air quality monitoring by conserving energy and enhancing the feasibility of the commercial development of sensing technologies. New research shines a light on the advantages of using PANI with materials such as semiconductor metal chalcogenides, metal oxides, metal nanoparticles, and graphitic carbon materials to form composites that can sense chemicals selectively at room temperature. This review focuses on the advancements in PANI-based gas sensors, exploring the materials, mechanisms, and applications that make these sensors a promising solution for modern air quality monitoring challenges. By examining the latest research and innovations, we aim to highlight this critical technology’s potential and future directions, instilling hope and optimism in safeguarding public health and the environment.

High‐Performance Photoactive Polymers: Innovations in Ternary Polymerization for Solar Applications

AbstractIn recent years, polymer solar cells (PSCs) have achieved rapid progress, with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) reaching up to 20.25%, driven by significant advancements in device fabrication and active‐layer materials. The ternary polymerization strategy has proven to be a straightforward and effective approach for developing high‐performance photoelectric polymers by incorporating a third monomer into the polymer backbone. This incorporation effectively optimizes intrinsic photoelectric properties, including UV–vis absorption, energy levels, solubility, crystallinity, morphology, charge transfer, mechanical robustness, batch‐to‐batch reproducibility, and device stability. This review highlights the latest advancements in the ternary polymerization strategy for designing high‐performance photoactive copolymers (both ternary polymer donors and acceptors), with a particular focus on batch‐to‐batch reproducibility, stability, and potential applications in commercial development. The aim is to provide valuable guidance for the development of high‐performance photoelectric polymer materials using the ternary polymerization strategy.

Effectiveness-MTU modeling approach for hydrogen separation with dense metallic membranes

As hydrogen gains interest as energy vector, so it happens for its purification techniques. In particular, dense metallic membranes are a promising technology for many high-temperature applications. Modeling of hydrogen permeation is a fundamental support to their commercial development. Permeation through metallic membranes, in particular Pd-alloys, is regulated by a generalized form of the Richarson’s equation, where driving force for permeation is due to the difference in hydrogen partial pressure at the membrane surfaces. From the flux expression it is possible to develop a model for a mass exchanger, in analogy with the mathematical description of heat exchangers. For the latter, a well-known method, called , is used to simplify heat transfer problem. The same approach applies to mass exchangers, where the method had already been transferred to reverse osmosis. In this article, method is applied to ideal mass exchangers for hydrogen separation. Effectiveness showed to be influenced by inlet hydrogen fraction, exponent of partial pressures and pressure ratio. Moreover, a procedure to include concentration polarization losses is presented. A rule-of-thumb approach is proposed for an estimation of hydrogen recovery, validated to reproduced an experimental result with less that 7% relative error. shows to be a fundamental support to membrane module design.

Cultural Literacy and Digital Success: Traditional Knowledge Transform in Isan Folk Music

This research examines the development and adaptation of Isan folk music in contemporary Thai society, focusing on its cultural literacy, preservation of traditional identity, and role in social development. Using qualitative research methods, including in-depth interviews with five key informants and document analysis, the study investigates three main aspects: the preservation of aesthetic identity, adaptation to contemporary culture, and contributions to social and educational development. The findings reveal that Isan folk music has successfully integrated traditional literacy elements with modern forms while maintaining its cultural essence. The integration of digital platforms has significantly expanded its reach, with notable examples such as achieving 802 million YouTube views and generating 6 billion baht in economic value through live performances. The research also highlights the evolution of knowledge transmission from traditional oral literacy methods to formal education systems and digital literacy platforms. Moreover, the study demonstrates how Isan folk music serves as a vital tool for cultural literacy formation, economic development, and cross-cultural communication. These findings suggest that the successful adaptation of Isan folk music provides a valuable model for preserving and developing cultural literacy heritage in the context of rapid social change, while maintaining a balance between commercial development and cultural literacy conservation.

A nonlocal macro-meso-scale damage model based modeling for crack propagation in ferroelectric materials

The accurate simulation of crack growth for ferroelectric materials plays a crucial role in the application of ferroelectric materials in electronic devices. In recent years, a nonlocal macro-meso-scale consistent damage (NMMD) model has been proposed for simulating the crack propagation in brittle materials, which offers the advantage of higher efficiency compared to the phase-field method. Different from the phase field method, this model does not need to solve the phase field equation at the same time. Therefore, the degree of freedom in solving can be reduced, thereby reducing the computational workload. In this paper, the authors proposed a new integration strategy for microscopic damage and devised a simple and efficient implementation of the NMMD model for the modelling of quasi-static fracture in the general purpose commercial software developer, COMSOL Multiphysics based on the finite element method (FEM) and studied the crack propagation for ferroelectric materials under the applied stress and electric fields. Different from the original NMMD model, only the tensile stress induced geometric damage is accounted for crack propagation by using the decomposition of elastic strain energy. The effects of different crack-face conditions, electrical boundary conditions and the electromechanical loading for crack growth of ferroelectric materials have been considered in our FEM simulation are discussed in this work.

Smart theranostic contact lenses.

Although smart contact lenses have demonstrated great potential in theranostics, there remain critical challenges and opportunities in their commercial development. In this Perspective, the current status and capability of smart theranostic contact lenses are highlighted, focusing on their application as sensing systems for detecting biomarkers such as glucose, intraocular pressure (IOP), and inflammatory cytokines, and as drug delivery systems (DDS) for precise and controlled therapy. Additionally, key challenges associated with clinical development and commercialization of smart theranostic contact lenses are discussed, to optimize diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Considering the rapid evolution of the field, we finally also discuss the need for systematic studies on safety, efficacy, and mass-production, and we spark new ideas for advancing smart theranostic contact lenses into versatile platforms for personalized medicine.

Assessing Geothermal Energy Production Potential of Devonian Geothermal Complexes in Lithuania

Lithuania is a Baltic European country which shares borders with Poland, Belarus, Latvia, and Russia and has a geothermal anomaly in the southwestern region. It consists of two main geothermal complexed, i.e., Devonian and Cambrian with a temperature of up to 40 °C (at a depth of 1000 m) and 96 °C (at a depth of 2000 m), respectively. The Devonian complex is composed of an unconsolidated sandstone formation with porosity and permeability in the range of 4–31% and 200 mD–6000 mD, respectively, and these make it a favorable candidate for a low enthalpy geothermal complex because of the high water production rates. This study evaluates the geothermal potential in the Devonian complex of the selected sites for commercial development. The study utilizes the mechanistic modelling approach including uncertainty management to forecast the water production rates and estimate the power generation capacity. Lastly, the study reveals that it is feasible to produce 6 MW to 60 MW of power from the existing vertical wells for a period of 25 years. Furthermore, reactive transport modelling also proves that there is dissolution and precipitation of the minerals near and away from the wellbore, respectively, which impairs the reservoir quality and further concludes that there is an effect of time on re-injection which should be considered to enhance the reservoir quality for future operations. In addition to that, no effect of the re-injection temperature of the produced water is observed.

Molecular diversity and genetic potential of new maize inbred lines across varying sowing conditions in arid environment

Developing high-yielding and resilient maize hybrids is essential to ensure its sustainable production with the ongoing challenges of considerable shifts in global climate. This study aimed to explore genetic diversity among exotic and local maize inbred lines, evaluate their combining ability, understand the genetic mechanisms influencing ear characteristics and grain yield, and identify superior hybrids suited for timely and late sowing conditions. Seven local and exotic maize inbred lines were genotyped using SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) markers to assess their genetic diversity. These diverse lines were utilized to develop 21 F1 hybrids using a diallel mating design. These hybrids, alongside a high-yielding commercial check (SC-10), were evaluated under field conditions across two growing seasons under timely and late sowing conditions. The results showed that sowing date, assessed hybrids, and their interaction significantly influenced all measured agronomic traits. Notably, late sowing reduced plant height, ear characteristics, and, ultimately, grain yield. Several hybrids, particularly L101 × L103, L101 × L105, L104 × L105, and L104 × L107 under timely sowing, and L101 × L105 and L104 × L107 under late sowing, surpassed the agronomic performance of check commercial hybrid. Inbred lines L101 and L103 emerged as superior combiners for ear traits and yield, while line L106 showed promise for breeding shorter-stature plants. Hybrid combinations L101 × L105, L104 × L107, and L106 × L107 were identified as specific good combiners for grain yield and related traits under both sowing conditions, indicating their potential for commercial development. Strong positive associations were observed between grain yield and certain agronomic traits highlighting their utility for indirect selection in early breeding generations.

Multi-temporal analysis of land use change using GIS and satellite imagery: Implications for sustainable urban planning

Urbanization is a significant driver of land use change, particularly in rapidly growing metropolitan areas. This research investigates Greenfield City land use change in the 20-year period (2000-2020) using GIS and satellite data. The mapping shows where the greatest land-use changes occurred, ranging from increased residential and commercial developments to the loss of agricultural fields and the omission of green space. The work applies multi-temporal analyses of Landsat satellite images taken in 2000, 2010 and 2020 to estimate land cover change and its effects on urban planning and sustainability. They indicate that theres a clear rise in housing and business developments, but also a steep decline in farming and greenspace. These transformations affect the environment, with habitat loss, biodiversity destruction and encroachment on natural resources. The paper wraps up by focusing on the issues of sustainability in urban planning and how better land use planning is required to reduce the negative environmental effects of urban sprawl.

The Use of MPS in Three Rs and Regulatory Applications: Perspectives From Developers on Stakeholder Responsibilities.

Increasing the use of microphysiological systems (MPS) in Three Rs and regulatory applications is a nuanced but important goal, which would also help increase their scientific impact. There are three distinct and important stakeholder groups that each play a unique role in expediting the use of MPS for regulatory purpose - namely, commercial MPS developers, end-users and regulators. Additionally, non-profit organisations, such as the 3Rs Collaborative (3RsC), can help coordinate these efforts. This paper introduces the MPS Initiative, as organised by the 3RsC, and clarifies the potential for MPS to benefit all Three Rs. Key differences in the use of MPS-derived data for regulatory evidence of efficacy versus safety, and for various other contexts of use, are discussed. Finally, the results are presented from a survey of primarily commercial MPS developers, that collected their views on the realistic responsibilities of each stakeholder group. The results also highlight their key perspectives on the use of MPS, in the context of Three Rs and regulatory applications.

Hydrogel: a versatile application for efficient and stable oil-water separation

Oil spills, represented by oil spills, and the environmental pollution accidents caused by them, have gradually become a serious problem that human industrial and commercial development must face. As a...

From The Gongola to The Forcados: Colonial Water Transport and Economic Development In Nigeria

In the course of European imperial expansion, movement was done through rivers to penetrate the interior of Africa and establish colonial rule, thereby promoting commercial and industrial development at the expense of Africans. Following the British imperial penetration of the Nigerian area and the military conquest of its peoples, they utilized navigable rivers from the South to the North in the transportation of goods and services to a number of port-towns for redistribution and consumption in the hinterland. European manufactured goods were brought to the Nigerian coastal areas, including Burutu, one of the major ports through which goods were imported and evacuated by cargo ships. Through Burutu port on the Forcados River in the Niger Delta, large quantities of imported goods were transported by ships to Lokoja on the Niger River, Makurdi and Numan on the Benue River, to Nafada and Dadin Kowa ports on the Gongola River. At the same time, large tons of agricultural and forest products were exported through the same waterway. This paper, which is based largely on the use of archival records, examines the process of the utilization of the Gongola River flood waters in Northern Nigeria in the colonial water transportation of goods and services to the Forcados River in Southern Nigeria, thereby facilitating the process of the economic development of the country.

The use of cell phones in the development of business activities in rural youths

Commercial development has improved with the incorporation of cellular phones in the movement of buying and selling goods online. The objective of this research is to describe the development of commercial and daily activities of young people between 15 and 25 years of age through the use of cell phones in order to learn about the integration of new technologies in rural society. The method is descriptive, non-experimental and cross-sectional. Some results obtained confirm that 44% mentioned that they rarely use apps for online shopping, followed by 39% who mentioned that they sometimes use some apps for online shopping.

Facing the gap: Digital villages for life transformation small and medium enterprises in Morelos

Digital Villages project of Alibaba´s Group, carried out in the state of Morelos, due to its transformative effects on Small and Medium Enterprises, was an extraordinary strategy to empower participants through collaboration initiatives between teachers, students, and entrepreneurs, using digital resources to improve the prospects of visibility and commercial development of each project, contributing to the reduction of poverty gaps and job creation. The general methodology adopted by each team, was Project-Based Learning (PBL), which allowed participants to identify motivating topics and learn curricular or co-curricular content, testing their skills and competencies. The challenge of each project was to find out critical situations, considering the reality or environment of each small business, arousing their interest and reinforce concepts and procedures required to learn within marketing and digital resources. The analysis of the small and medium-sized companies that took part of the project led to identify the theoretical and practical characteristics of the Digital Villages project in the state of Morelos and revealed the importance of the Alibaba Business School methodology at the various levels of training. The added value was being able to appreciate the efficiency of the Student Training Model through Agile Methodologies; and promote reflection on the importance and efficiency of supporting small and medium-sized businesses in entrepreneurship, under a model like that of China, based on technology training and mass training.

Wellhead Stability during Development Process of Hydrate Reservoir in the Northern South China Sea: Evolution and Mechanism

Natural gas hydrates represent a promising clean energy source with vast reserves. Their efficient development is crucial for ensuring the sustainable advancement of human society. However, wellhead instability occurred in the long-term development, which poses a significant challenge that impacts its commercial development. In the present work, the properties of hydrate-bearing sediments were experimentally investigated. It was found that the elastic modulus, cohesion, and internal friction angle of hydrate-bearing sediments exhibit an increase with the effective stress. As an example, when the effective stress increases from 0 MPa to 25 MPa, the normalized elastic modulus exhibits a rise from 1.00 to 1.36. Conversely, the Poisson’s ratio, permeability, and porosity demonstrate a decline in accordance with this trend. As an example, both normalized porosity and permeability decrease to values below 0.40 as the effective stress increases to 25 MPa. Based on the experimental results and previous work, a comprehensive model for describing the effect of both hydrate saturation and effective stress on physical parameters was obtained. Subsequently, a multi-field coupled investigation methodology was developed to evaluate wellhead stability during the long-term development of hydrate-bearing sediments, and the evolution characteristics and mechanisms of wellhead instability were numerically explored. It reveals that development operation using the vertical wellbore decomposes hydrates in the surrounding sediments only within a radius of 19.52 m, which significantly undermines the wellhead stability. Moreover, the wellhead system not only sinks with sediment subsidence but also experiences additional sinking due to the failure of bonding between the wellhead system and sediments. Furthermore, the latter accounts for a significant portion, amounting to approximately 68.15% of the total sinking under the research conditions. This study can provide methodological prerequisites for exploring the impact of various factors on wellhead stability during the long-term hydrate development process.

Research on the Influence and Strategy of Rivers on Economy in Shanghai

This paper explores the significant influence of the Huangpu River and Suzhou River on Shanghais economic landscape, focusing on the periods before and after the World Expo. The study delves into the transformative effects of the 2002 campaign aimed at revitalizing the river and riverbank environments to accommodate the Expo. This initiative included a series of measures to protect industrial heritage, enhance the historical value of these waterways, and improve the overall urban landscape. By examining the critical role these rivers have played in shaping Shanghais industrial, commercial, and residential development, the paper offers strategic recommendations for restoring the economic value of riverbanks. It emphasizes the need for a comprehensive and long-term approach to urban development, addressing the current challenges of environmental restoration, social impact, and economic sustainability. The findings of this study are invaluable for understanding urban planning and development strategies in river-based cities, where the interaction between natural waterways and urban growth is pivotal in achieving sustainable and balanced development.

Этапы промышленного освоения минерально-сырьевого комплекса Республики Тыва

The article analyzes the commercial development stages of complex mineral resource in the Tyva Republic. The history of the industrial development of the republic’s mineral resources began in the middle of the 20th century, and it can be divided into two stages. Both stages are separated by historical eras and different management models of the economic complex depending on the economic system. The article presents an influence analysis of the mining sector of the economy on the social and economic situation in the republic. A retrospective analysis of the data showed that at the first stage the social and economic development of the region was largely dependent on the mining sector. Locations, engineering and social infrastructure facilities were associated with mining companies. The collapse of the whole industry had a catastrophic impact on the social standard of living of both the ordinary people and the republic. Today there is already a positive impact of the mining companies on the social and economic processes in the mining areas. It is necessary to universally introduce a diversified approach to the development of all sectors of the region’s economy considering the previous negative experience and preventing the consequences of a possible sudden closure of the mining companies. A diversified approach consists in increasing the share of mining companies that produce high value-added products, agriculture sector to increase the level of food security and etc. The article contains a new approach to the history of industrial development of the Tyva Republic, it points out the past negative experience and suggests options for reducing the social and economic risks and negative consequences for the economy of the republic.

Socio-Economic Impacts of Internal Migration Dynamics in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania

Internal and external migrations differ significantly in their social, economic, and environmental drivers; as well as their impacts on individuals and regions. This article critically assesses the socio-economic and environmental drivers of internal migration, alongside its effects in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was conducted utilizing a purposive sample of 201 internal migrants from three wards. Data was collected through a mixed-methods approach that incorporated both quantitative and qualitative techniques. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data was examined thematically for deeper insights. The findings revealed that 60% of the migrants were rural-urban movers, primarily originating from Dodoma region. Employment opportunities (34%) and business prospects (31%) emerged as the primary drivers of this migration. However, the rapid population growth resulting from these movements has placed significant pressure on local services, particularly in water supply, market facilities, and waste management. Markedly, 82% of respondents identified inefficient collection of household waste as a major challenge, underscoring the strain on the waste management system. This article concludes that while internal migration contributes to economic diversification and demographic changes in Morogoro Municipality, it has also intensified demands on infrastructure and public services. Therefore, it is crucial for local authorities to prioritize investment in infrastructure, especially in water supply and waste management systems. Comprehensive urban planning is essential to balance residential and commercial development, while safeguarding environmental resources. Similarly, policymakers are urged to adopt strategic approaches to effectively manage the impacts of internal migration, and promote sustainable urban development.

Progress in the Application of Bacteriophages in Different Fields

In recent years, with the overuse of antibiotics in modern medicine, the development of new antibiotics has slowed down, forcing antimicrobial resistance to continue to increase, and new strategies are needed to address this problem. Bacteriophage is a kind of virus that infects prokaryotes such as bacteria, fungi and actinomyces. Bacteriophage can make up for the shortcomings of traditional antibiotics and bactericidal technology. At the same time, because of its special physicochemical properties, such as stable structure, easy reproduction and convenient molecular biological operation, it has been widely used in many fields such as biology, medicine, food science and veterinary medicine. The commercial development of phage biologics abroad and the results of phage research in China in recent years indicate that we should follow the trend of phage research and application more optimistically, and further study and promote the application of phage as a bacteriostatic substance.