Commercial Antioxidants Research Articles

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated regulation of muscle texture in grass carp fed with dietary oxidants

Natural oxidant faba beans (FB) improve the muscle textural quality of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). This study further explored the role and spatiotemporal dynamics of ROS during the 120-day process of texture quality change in grass carp fed with four feeds including commercial feed, FB only, FB and antioxidants (vitamin C and vitamin E), and commercial feed and oxidant (vitamin K3). The results showed that ROS (total ROS, H2O2, ·O2− and ·OH) time-dependently accumulated from intestine to blood, liver and muscle, improving the muscle texture by day 90 in grass carp fed solely with FB. Dietary antioxidants supplementation almost completely abolished the effect. It is notable that the textural quality and level of total ROS in the commercial feed and oxidant group supplemented vitamin K3 were higher than those of other three groups by day 60 (p < 0.05), suggesting that oxidant supplementation effectively improved the muscle textural quality of grass carp. Also, there was a positive feedback between ROS accumulation and production mainly in the mitochondria of tested organs as demonstrated by measuring the activity of the elevated electron transport chain (ETC) pathway, openness degree of mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore (MPTP), and mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ). These results validated the regulatory role of ROS in the improvement of muscle texture in grass carp fed with the natural oxidants and also demonstrated that oxidant supplementations (vitamin K3, or/and FB) have the potential to be applied to aquafeed for the improvement of muscle textural quality in freshwater fishes.

Improvement of shelf life and qualitative properties of fermented doughnut by antioxidant extracted from Salvia leriifolia compared to commercial antioxidant

Improvement of shelf life and qualitative properties of fermented doughnut by antioxidant extracted from Salvia leriifolia compared to commercial antioxidant

Preparation of lignin‐based filling antioxidant and its application in styrene‐butadiene rubber

AbstractA novel filling antioxidant (Lig‐g‐RT) to improve the mechanical properties and antiaging performance of styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR) composites was prepared by grafting antioxidant intermediate p‐aminodiphenylamine (RT) on the surface of lignin via the linkage of silane coupling agent. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements confirmed that RT was successfully grafted on the surface of lignin to produce the functionalized Lig‐g‐RT which shows a better thermal stability than lignin. Compared with SBR/lignin composite, the SBR/Lig‐g‐RT composite using latex co‐precipitation method exhibits a much better filler dispersion, which contributes to the maintain of the physical mechanical properties of SBR vulcanizates. Moreover, the SBR/Lig‐g‐RT vulcanizate exhibits less chemical crosslink concentration and higher entanglement density than SBR/lignin vulcanizate according to the Mooney–Rivlin model analysis. In addition, the stabilizing effect of lignin/Lig‐g‐RT on the carbon‐black filled SBR vulcanizates is comparable with that of commercial antioxidant N‐1,3‐dimethylbutyl‐N′‐phenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (4020), especially the SBR vulcanizate filled with 10 phr Lig‐g‐RT obtains the optimum thermo‐oxidative aging properties. This functionalized Lig‐g‐RT not only provides an intramolecular synergistic antiaging effect for SBR vulcanizates and an improvement of filler dispersion, but greatly extends the comprehensive utilization of industrial lignin.

Sequential Continuous-Flow Synthesis of 3-Aryl Benzofuranones.

A sequential continuous-flow system to produce 3-aryl benzofuranones was developed. Starting from 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and glyoxylic acid monohydrate, both the initial cyclocondensation and the subsequent Friedel-Crafts alkylation were catalyzed by the same heterogeneous catalyst, Amberlyst-15H. The catalyst has a promising life-time for these two steps, and it was able to be recovered and reused for several runs without deactivation. By using the established flow system, 5,7-di-tert-butyl-3-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-3H-benzofuran-2-one (Irganox HP-136), which is a commercial antioxidant, was prepared in 88% two-step yield. Reactions with various aromatic compounds proceeded well under flow conditions to afford 3-aryl benzo-furanone derivatives in high yields with good functional group compatibility.

Enhancing the Radical Scavenging Activity and UV Resistance of Lignin Nanoparticles via Surface Mannich Amination toward a Biobased Antioxidant.

In recent years, lignin specific activities, such as antioxidation and antibacterial and anti-ultraviolet performance, have drawn more and more attention. Nevertheless, the insufficient radical scavenging (antioxidation) activity has become one of the main drawbacks that limits its high-value application. In this study, lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were prepared via a facile acid treatment strategy. Subsequently, surface amination of LNPs (a-LNPs) was carried out through the Mannich reaction. Specifically, the antioxidant behavior of LNPs and modified LNPs was evaluated by DPPH/DMPO radical scavenging and in vitro HeLa cell reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging tests, which demonstrated that the antioxidation activity of a-LNPs was more evident than that of both LNPs and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) commercial antioxidant. The mechanism of the radical scavenging ability of aminated LNPs was elucidated and proved to be related to the bond dissociation enthalpy of Ar-O···H, determined by the electron-donating effect of the substituted groups in the ortho-position. Meanwhile, the morphologies, solubilities, and UV-absorbing and antibacterial behavior of LNPs and a-LNPs were also studied, and the results showed that a-LNP sample exhibited higher UV resistance performance than LNPs. We expected that the modified LNPs with high antioxidation activity can serve as a safe and lower-cost biobased antioxidant.

Potential use of rosemary extract to increase the quality and safety of rendered chicken fat

A commercial rosemary extract was evaluated for antioxidant effectiveness in rendered chicken fat and antibacterial activity against selected foodborne pathogens. Four treatments were used in the experiment comprising of 25 and 50 ppm rosemary extract (RE), 200 ppm butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA; commercial antioxidant as positive control), and a negative control without antioxidant. All treatments were subjected to oxidative stability analysis tests including free fatty acid (FFA), peroxide value (PV), p-Anisidine value (AV), and total oxidation value (TOTOX), which were analysed weekly for a total period of seven weeks. In addition, RE was tested for antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus using disc diffusion assay (DDA). The results showed that the addition of 50 ppm of RE yielded the most potent antioxidant effect as evidenced by the lowest amounts for negative oxidation indicators (i.e., FFA, PV, AV, and TOTOX) as compared to the other treatments. BHA showed significant antioxidant effect between treatments for FFA and PV, and 25 ppm RE showed significant antioxidant effect between treatments for FFA only. DDA resulted in inhibition zones against all the tested bacteria ranging from 7.7 ± 0.6 mm (S. enterica; weakest inhibition) to 11.8 ± 0.4 mm (K. pneumonia; strongest inhibition). The findings showed that rosemary extract can be used as a natural antioxidant that effectively delays oxidation and exhibits antibacterial properties.

Prospects for rambutan peel extract as natural antioxidant on the aging properties of vulcanized natural rubber

AbstractNatural rubber (NR) is sensitive to oxidative degradation, which needs to add commercial antioxidant for NR compounding to improve its aging properties. The aim of this study is to apply natural antioxidant obtained from extracted rambutan peel powder (RE) by methanol compared to commercial antioxidants for NR compounding in a conventional vulcanization (CV system). Two types of commercial antioxidants were N‐(1,3‐dimethylbutyl)‐N'phenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (6PPD) and 2,2,4‐Trimethyl‐1,2dihydroquinoline (TMQ). The main phenolic compounds in RE were geraniin, corilagin, ellagic acid and gallic acid which had greater antioxidant activity based on all methods, especially for 2,2‐Diphenyl‐2‐picrlhydrazyl radical‐scavenging assay (DPPH) and had a similar antioxidant activity to 6PPD. The antioxidants were applied in NR vulcanizates at 1 phr and 2 phr to study their physical and mechanical properties. The decomposition temperature of RE was higher than for 6PPD but similar to TMQ. The decomposition temperature of the rubber vulcanizates containing RE was higher than for the commercial antioxidants. Rubber vulcanizates with RE retained similar tensile strength and modulus at 100% strain as the commercial antioxidants. Furthermore, the addition of RE in rubber vulcanizates helped to resist thermal aging at 70°C and ozone aging, particularly at 1 phr at least as well as in the commercial antioxidants. Therefore, RE can be used as an alternative natural antioxidant in natural rubber to replace commercial antioxidants.

Fish performance, intestinal bacterial community, digestive function and skin and fillet attributes during cold storage of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fed diets supplemented with Gracilaria by-products

This study evaluated the use of Gracilaria by-products in gilthead seabream diet to modulate intestinal bacterial community, physiological responses as well as skin and fillet attributes during cold storage. Fish were fed for 52 days with six experimental diets: i) a diet containing a commercial antioxidant (CTR), ii) a diet without antioxidant (NO-AOX), iii) a NO-AOX with 0.5% ethanolic extract (0.5% EE), iv) a NO-AOX with 5% ethanolic waste (5% EEW), v) a NO-AOX with 5% agar waste (5% AW), vi) a NO-AOX with 2.5% agar waste (2.5% AW). Fish growth performance was not affected by the experimental diets. Proteobacteria (63–83%), Firmicutes (4–19%) and Actinobacteria (2–4%) were the predominant phyla in the intestine of fish fed all diets. The diet with 5% AW increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes phyla as compared to the other diets. Fish fed NO-AOX, 5% EEW, 5% AW and 2.5% AW showed a lower abundance of Oxalobacteraceae than those fed CTR diet. The Clostridium genera increased in the 5% AW compared to 5% EEW. Nevertheless, no major differences were detected in the richness and diversity of the intestinal bacterial communities of gilthead seabream fed the experimental diets. Fish fed 5% AW showed higher intestinal trypsin activity than those fed 0.5% EE. The skin yellowness was higher in the skin of fish fed 2.5% AW diet compared to those fed 0.5% EE diet. The results presented provided evidences of the potential application of AW and EEW as a novel and eco-friendly dietary supplement to be included in future aquaculture feed formulations.

Synthesis and characterization of tailor-made zwitterionic lignin for resistance to protein adsorption

Tailor-made zwitterionic lignin with protein resistance was synthesized by a two-step grafting reaction. Lignin was modified using 3-Dimethylamino-1-propyl chloride hydrochloride and 1,3-Propanesultone by a continuous grafting reaction to provide sulfobetaine structures. Structural analyses from Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) confirmed the successful introduction of zwitterionic sulfobetaine structures into lignin. A higher dosage of 1,3-Propanesultone resulted in a higher density of zwitterionic sulfobetaine structures in lignin. A negative zeta potential, improved hydrophilicity, and slightly decreased thermal stability were observed after zwitterionication. Additionally, the protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA) adsorption of zwitterionic lignin (ZL2) was 27.0 ± 0.9 μg⋅ cm−2, which represented a significant decrease compared to the 114.3 ± 8.1 μg⋅ cm−2 measured for unmodified lignin. Moreover, ZL2 maintained comparable antioxidant activity to the commercial antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Therefore, zwitterionic lignin with excellent protein resistance and antioxidant activity presents a promising prospect.

A copper-(lignin/silica/fatty acids) complex as an antioxidant/electrical conductivity agent for rubber composites (Part iii)

PurposeCalcium and Zinc lignates were proven to be good antioxidants for rubber composites. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the copper lignate antioxidant activity along with evaluating its electrical conductivity in rubber composites.Design/methodology/approachThe antioxidant activity of the Cu-LSF complex was compared with that of standard commercial antioxidant additives as a green alternative. The rheological characteristics, thermal aging and mechanical and electrical properties were evaluated for the NBR vulcanizates containing the different antioxidants in the presence or absence of coupling agents.FindingsResults revealed that the Cu-LSF complex (5 phr) can function as a compatibilizing, antioxidant and electrical conductivity agent.Originality/valueThe new copper complex prepared from paper-pulping black liquor of wastes could be used as a green antioxidant and electrical conductivity agent in rubber composites.

Oxidation Studies on Mineral Insulating Oil Using an Accelerated Method with Continuous Online Monitoring

In this study, an alternative method was applied to evaluate the accelerated oxidation of mineral insulating oils using continuous real time monitoring, with smaller samples and lower experimental times than the standard ASTM D2440 method. Using this method, the influence of temperature and presence of a metal catalyst on the oxidation behavior was evaluated. The activities of commercial metal passivators and antioxidants were also studied at different conditions. The addition of the metal passivators (BTA: 1,2,3-benzotriazole, and Irgamet-39: n-(1,2,3-benzotriazol-1-methyl)-n-alkylamine) at low concentrations (8 mg/kg) increased the induction period (IP) of doped samples. Furthermore synergetic effects on retarding the oxidation reactions when using both metal passivators and two commercial antioxidants (DBPC, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, and Irganox L115, 2,2'-thiodiethylen-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4 hydroxyphenyl-proprionate) were observed, increasing the IP values by up to 25 times when compared to a fresh oil sample. Experimental IP values from this newly proposed technique (up to 10 h) may be used to estimate the Total Acid Number values obtained when using the ASTM D2440 method (164 h).

The Characteristics of Natural Rubber Composites with Klason Lignin as a Green Reinforcing Filler: Thermal Stability, Mechanical and Dynamical Properties.

The objective of this work was to investigate the influences of Klason lignin as a filler on the thermal stability and properties of natural rubber composites. The modulus and tensile strength of stabilized vulcanizates were measured before and after thermo-oxidative aging. It was determined that lignin filled natural rubber had significantly enhanced thermo-oxidative aging and mechanical properties compared to those of controlled samples. The reinforcement effect of lignin increased stress with lignin loading but it decreased at 20 phr, suggesting that the reinforcement mechanism of lignin was via strain-induced crystallization. The composite samples with 10 phr filler loading had the highest mechanical properties as well as thermo-oxidative degradation resistance. Such a finding could be due to interactions between the Klason lignin filler and natural rubber matrix. Based on the findings in this work, the degradation temperature of Klason lignin occurred at 420 °C. The absorption peaks at wavenumbers 1192 and 1374 cm−1 indicated that C–O stretching vibrations of the syringyl and guaiacyl rings of hardwood lignin existed. It was also found that the Klason lignin–rubber composite containing 10 phr had the highest stress–strain, 100% modulus, and tensile strength, while lignin showed increasing aging resistance of the composite comparable with commercial antioxidant at 1.5 phr. It appears that Klason lignin from rubberwood could be used as a green antioxidant and alternative reinforcing filler and for high performance eco-friendly natural rubber biocomposites.

An Indian Folkore Phytomedicine Perilla frutescens L.: Free Radical Scavenging Property along with Metal Detection by ICP-MS

In present study, free radical scavenging activity of methanolic extract of all parts (leaves, seeds, root, stem and flower) of Perilla frutescens L. has been estimated. The promising results, among the five plant parts leaves, seeds, root, stem, flower and the standard tested for the in vitro antioxidant activity using the DPPH method, the crude methanolic extracts of all parts showed antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 5.95 ± 0.10, 8.28 ± 0.20, 66.27 ± 0.17, 80.03 ± 0.10 and 122.35 ± 0.17 μg/mL, respectively. The IC50 value for ascorbic acid was 5.19 ± 0.26 μg/mL. While butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) a synthetic commercial antioxidant has comparatively high IC50 value of 108.46 ± 0.57 μg/mL. Presence of zinc in all parts of plant in the range 17.20 ± 0.22 to 33.56 ± 0.32 ppm further supports the strong antioxidant activity of Perilla frutescens L. The phytochemical tests indicated that all parts of Perilla frutescens L. have considerable proportion of important phytochemicals and are in rich source of secondary metabolites like polyphenols, tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids. Several of such compounds are known to possess potent antioxidant activity.

The Influence of Phenolic Antioxidants on the Physical-Mechanical Properties of Hydrin T6000-Based Rubber under Climatic Factors and Hydrocarbon Environments

The effectiveness of the stabilizing effect of sterically hindered phenolic antioxidants of the pilot production of N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry (NIOCH SB RAS): CO-3, CO-4, and Stafen, were investigated under climatic conditions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Rubber samples containing phenolic antioxidants were aged in air, industrial oil of I-50A grade, and oil of the Talakanskoye field for 2 years. The physical-mechanical properties of rubbers based on Hydrin T6000 were studied and it has been established that phenolic antioxidants are more effective than the commercial 6PPD antioxidant.

Effects of Commercial Antioxidants in Feed on Growth Performance and Oxidative Stress Status of Weaned Piglets.

Simple SummarySupplementation with high levels of vitamin E (Vit E) is usually recommended for diets used during the post-weaning (PW) period, when piglets show reduced growth rate and are more susceptible to disease. We tested two commercial antioxidants (AOX) in pre-starter and starter diets to evaluate the growth performance and oxidative status of weaned piglets. At the end of each feeding phase, growth data and serum samples were collected. Data analysed were body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). As oxidative stress indicators, total antioxidant capacity, total serum thiols, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and Vit E (α-tocopherol) were determined in serum. At the end of the study, cortisol and interleukin-6 were also determined, as well as TBARS and α-tocopherol concentrations in liver and muscle. The lowest BW, ADG, and FCR were found in piglets fed a low Vit E diet without AOX for the starter period. The α-tocopherol levels in serum and liver and differences among treatments were in agreement with the experimental design. Using AOXs or usual Vit E levels in feed was shown to be a key factor in maintaining optimal performance in the PW period.This work aimed to evaluate the effect of adding two different commercial antioxidants (AOX) products to pre-starter and starter diets using low vitamin E (Vit E as DL-α-tocopheryl acetate) levels on the growth performance and oxidative stress of piglets for the first six weeks post-weaning (PW). They were sorted by initial body weight (BW: 6.175 ± 0.931 kg) and randomly allotted to four dietary treatments (with six replicates per treatment): a positive control (PC) and a negative control (NC) diet, with normal and low dose of vitamin E (80 and 15 mg kg−1, respectively), both without AOX; the other two experimental diets with a low dose of vitamin E (LVE) plus LOXIDAN VD100 (LVE + AOX1) or LOXIDAN E Ros (LVE + AOX2). Growth data were recorded, and blood samples were taken, at the beginning (day 0) and at the end of each feeding period: pre-starter and starter (at days 14 and 42, respectively). No differences among dietary treatments were found with respect to growth performance in the pre-starter period (p ≥ 0.05). However, at the end of the starter period, a lower BW was found in piglets fed the NC diet compared to the other dietary treatments. Differences in daily gain and feed conversion ratio were also found either for the starter period or when the whole period was considered (p < 0.05), whereby piglets fed PC or LVE diets supplemented with AOX showed better growth performance compared to piglets fed the NC diet. Regarding Vit E (α-tocopherol) serum levels, there were no differences among treatments at day 0; but the serum values of this vitamin decreased in LVE diets at 14 and 42 days, but not in the PC. On day 42, the highest levels of α-tocopherol in liver were also found in piglets fed PC (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, in general, from a metabolic point of view and after checking the serum biochemical profile of piglets, there were no differences in other oxidative stress markers (p ≥ 0.05). The results showed that the AOX products used were able to compensate for the lower Vit E supply with respect to growth performance in the starter phase. The use of AOXs or usual levels of Vit E in feed constitutes a key factor in achieving optimal growth performance of piglets in the PW period.

Hexanal as a Predictor of Development of Oxidation Flavor in Cured and Uncured Deli Meat Products as Affected by Natural Antioxidants.

Effectiveness of commercial natural antioxidants from rosemary and green tea were investigated in deli-style meat products via headspace hexanal by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography and sensory oxidation flavor by a trained panel at weeks 1, 7, and 13 of refrigerated storage. A water/oil-soluble rosemary extract at 400 mg/kg proved the most effective antioxidant in cured deli turkey (CDT). In chicken fillet (CF), a water-soluble rosemary extract at 400 mg/kg was most efficient, especially in combination with phosphate. In pulled pork (PP), none of the antioxidants were as efficient as phosphate, though all three tested antioxidants were moderately effective in PP without phosphate. Nitrite was such an efficient antioxidant on its own in CDT that hexanal levels were so low that it was not possible to build correlation models between headspace hexanal and sensory oxidation flavor throughout the storage period. Phosphate also proved very efficient on its own in both CF and PP. It was possible to build good correlation models throughout storage for both CF and PP. Hence, hexanal was found to satisfactorily predict development of oxidation flavor in different types of uncured deli meat products both with and without added phosphate.

Sustainable Biosynthesis of Antioxidants from Koji Rice Fermented with Aspergillus flavus Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction

The present study proposes microwave-assisted extraction as a sustainable technique for the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds from rice fermented with Aspergillus flavus (koji). First, fermentation conditions (i.e., pH from 3–12, five temperatures from 20–40 °C, and four culture-fermentation media viz. wheat, wheat bran, malt and rice) were optimized for producing microbial bioactive compounds. Microwave extraction was performed at 2450 MHz and 500 W for 20, 30, and 40 s with seven solvents (distilled water, ethyl acetate, hexane, ethanol, chloroform, diethyl ether, and methanol). The obtained results revealed that ethyl acetate is the most appropriate solvent for extraction. Effects of this ethyl acetate extract were compared with a commercial synthetic antioxidant. Antioxidant properties were enhanced by preventing the oxidation of the linoleic acid (C18H32O2) with an inhibition rate (antioxidant efficacy) of 73.13%. Notably, the ferrous ion binding ability was marginally lower when compared to the disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Additionally, the obtained total content of phenolic compounds in the ethyl acetate extract of fermented rice (koji) by Aspergillus flavus was 232.11 mg based on gallic acid/mL. Antioxidant compounds in the ethyl acetate extract of fermented rice showed stability under neutral conditions, as well as at high temperatures reaching 185 °C during 2 h, but were unstable under acidic and alkaline conditions. The results demonstrate the efficacy of novel microwave-assisted extraction technique for accelerating antioxidant production during rice fermentation.

Antioxidant and Anti-Proliferative Activity of Essential Oil and Main Components from Leaves of Aloysia polystachya Harvested in Central Chile.

The aim of this study was to determine, first, the chemical composition of Aloysia polystachya (Griseb) Moldenke essential oil, from leaves harvested in central Chile; and second, its antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. Eight compounds were identified via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analyses, with the most representative being R-carvone (91.03%), R-limonene (4.10%), and dihydrocarvone (1.07%). For Aloysia polystachya essential oil, antioxidant assays (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), H2O2, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP)) showed good antioxidant activity compared to commercial antioxidant controls; and anti-proliferative assays against three human cancer cell lines (colon, HT-29; prostate, PC-3; and breast, MCF-7) determined an IC50 of 5.85, 6.74, and 9.53 µg/mL, and selectivity indices of 4.75, 4.12, and 2.92 for HT-29, PC-3, and MCF-7, respectively. We also report on assays with CCD 841 CoN (colon epithelial). Overall, results from this study may represent, in the near future, developments for natural-based cancer treatments.

Acetone fractionation of heterogeneous tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol lignin to improve its homogeneity and functionality

Lignin, a carbon-rich biopolymer, has great application potentials in the field of biomaterial manufacture. However, lignin produced from separation process is a heterogeneous polymer with low functionality, which largely limits its application. In this case, a simple and green approach was proposed to fractionate tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol lignin with different acetone concentrations to produce homogeneous lignin having high antioxidant capacity. Lignin dissolved in 60% acetone solution was stirred for 1 h at room temperature and water was gradually added to precipitate and to obtain fractions with a high purity. The molecular weight distribution, structural characteristics and thermal stability of lignin before and after fractionation were extensively studied by using various methods (nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, thermogravimetric analysis, etc.). At the lowest acetone concentration, the molecular weight of lignin was 1490 g/mol, the polydispersity index was as low as 1.16, and the total phenolic hydroxyl content reached 3.3 mmol/g. Results showed that lignin samples had strong antioxidant activity as compared to commercial antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene. This study indicated that separation with acetone/water system is meaningful approach to prepare homogeneous lignin with excellent functionality.

Impact of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) chit Nanocomposite as antioxidant on broiler chicks

Nutrients nano-forms in livestock's feed are mainly intended to increase the production performance, enhance immunity and antioxidant activities. The current experiment was undertaken by feeding 150 (divided to five group control, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), NAC chit nano-composite (different levels (30, 60, 120 μg / kg diet)), one day old broiler chicks for 42 days. The effect of these additives as antioxidant on liver and kidney function tests of broiler chicks were investigated. The results were compared with those obtained from feeding another group of broiler chicks on the normal diet but after addition of commercial antioxidant, NAC (5.2g/kg feed). The results showed that chicken in the groups fed on (60,120 μg / kg feed) of NAC chit revealed significant (P< 0.05) improved antioxidant status, liver and kidney function indices as compared with control and the other dietary treated groups. Structure of mitochondria in HRTEM examination showed slight to moderate swelling due to increase of NAC chit concentration and found NAC chit appeared inside the mitochondria.