Command Modes Research Articles

A Simplified Power Regulation Strategy for Grid-tied PMSG-based Marine Current Turbine System in High-speed Marine Current Conditions

Marine current turbine systems (MCTSs) play a crucial role in harnessing renewable energy from ocean currents. These systems are designed with specific rated values of marine current speed, dictating their optimal operational parameters. However, the dynamic nature of marine currents can lead to fluctuations, occasionally exceeding the rated values for which these systems are designed. This poses significant challenges to the efficient and safe operation of MCTSs, necessitating the development of effective power regulation strategies. In response to these challenges, this paper presents a simplified power regulation strategy to address the complexities of high-speed marine current conditions. The strategy focuses on constraining the reference torque command, a pivotal parameter governing power generation within MCTS. By precisely managing the reference torque command, the strategy aims to ensure that power output remains within designated limits, thereby safeguarding the MCTS despite high-speed marine current conditions. The proposed strategy leverages a computational approach to determine the generator's reference torque command, utilizing key parameters such as the rated power of the MCT and the mechanical angular rotor speed. It facilitates seamless transition between unconstrained reference torque command (URTC) and constrained reference torque command (CRTC) modes, enabling precise power regulation. This flexibility empowers the MCTS to respond promptly to changes in marine current conditions, facilitating precise and responsive power regulation. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy, the paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of MCTS performance across both URTC and CRTC modes utilizing Typhoon HIL604 real-time simulator. Through detailed examinations of MCT speed responses, generator torque, output power, and grid-side parameters, the study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of MCTS operation. This comprehensive understanding enhances the stability and adaptability of MCTSs across diverse operating conditions, thereby advancing their potential as a sustainable energy solution.

Evaluation of Helicopter Ship Deck Landing Control Laws in Piloted Simulations

This paper describes the implementation and the evaluation of newly designed helicopter ship deck landing control modes in a piloted simulation study. The ship deck landing modes are embedded in a model-following controller architecture. The employed control design is a complete model-following control system, which imposes the desired command model dynamics on the controlled helicopter. Different command types combined with various hold functions are implemented to make the task easier for the pilots. Three basic command modes and three advanced command modes, one without ship communication and two with ship communication, are implemented. A piloted simulation study was performed in a simulator to evaluate and compare the implemented control modes within a complete maritime scenario design. The evaluation of control modes is based on the success of helicopter ship deck landings which is assessed by a quantitative as well as a qualitative assessment. Simulation results demonstrate that the advanced command modes improved the task performance as well as reduced the pilot workload extensively in comparison to the basic command modes.

Compressive sensing applied to SSVEP-based brain–computer interface in the cloud for online control of a virtual wheelchair

People with severe motor disabilities have great challenges in achieving independence, particularly driving or controlling manually robotic wheelchairs. Existing assistive technologies for robotic wheelchair control often fail to address user needs adequately, becoming necessary an appropriate evaluation of usability and user’s satisfaction for these systems. In fact, user experience and satisfaction are crucial in determining effectiveness, usability and acceptance of these technologies. The aim is to enhance the quality of life of individuals with severe motor disabilities, increasing their independence to perform some daily activities, such as locomotion. This study proposes a cloud Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential (SSVEP)-based Brain–Computer Interface (BCI) system to evaluate its performance through the user experience in commanding a virtual electric-powered wheelchair in a training simulator. Moreover, this study compares traditional wheelchair command modes, such as input interfaces using JoyStick (JS) and Eye Tracker (ET), through standardized questionnaires to measure motivation, ease of use, workload, discomfort, sense of presence and other relevant parameters. The analysis of user experience reveals high levels of motivation, enjoyment, and usability when using the cloud SSVEP-based BCI proposed here. Although our BCI demands higher mental work and discomforts than both ET and JS, its potential for improving the user’s performance is demonstrated here. The findings of this research provide valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in the field of assistive technologies, enabling the development of more personalized systems based on the user’s experience. The main contributions of this study lie in a cloud BCI approach and a comprehensive evaluation methodology to evaluate the user’s experience.

Overview of some Command Modes for Human-Robot Interaction Systems

Interaction and command modes as well as their combination are essential features of modern and futuristic robotic systems interacting with human beings in various dynamical environments. This paper presents a synthetic overview concerning the most command modes used in Human-Robot Interaction Systems (HRIS). It includes the first historical command modes which are namely tele-manipulation, off-line robot programming, and traditional elementary teaching by demonstration. It then introduces the most recent command modes which have been fostered later on by the use of artificial intelligence techniques implemented on more powerful computers. In this context, we will consider specifically the following modes: interactive programming based on the graphical-user-interfaces, voice-based, pointing-on-image-based, gesture-based, and finally brain-based commands.

Research on the Design of Network Ordering System for Distribution Network Operation Order

The command issuing and executed feedback of dispatching operation order in distribution network is hanging from traditional telephone mode to network mode. Based on the event driven architecture, this paper implements a network ordering system for distribution network operation order, which can be flexibly configured and deployed. It is compatible with intranet site, mobile app, artificial intelligence voice and other command modes, and it supports real-time telemetry data verification of Distribution Automation System. Asynchronous and low coupling design between command channels reduces the overall logic complexity of the system, and improves the adaptability to requirements.

WIRELESS REAL TIME PROPORTIONAL CONTROL SYSTEM

This system provides low power consuming and low cost wireless sensor network. This system provides a real time temperature and humidity. It also gives proportional control action. This system consists of TI’s MSP430 microcontroller which consumes ultra low power and improves the overall system performance. The Sensorion’s SHT 11 sensor is used to measure temperature and humidity. Sensor SHT 11 consumes low power and gives the fully calibrated digital output. Zigbee technology is used for wireless communication. Zigbee is low power consuming transceiver module. It operates within the ISM 2.4 GHz frequency band. AT and API command modes configure module parameters. RF data rate is 250 kbps. To achieve the proportional control triac and MOC 3022 are used. The star network topology is implemented. The temperature of earth goes on increasing due to global warming, deforestation, pollution, etc. Due to this the temperature of atmosphere also increases which is harmful and dangerous for many systems. This system provides precise control of temperature and humidity in Green House, Art Galleries and Industries.

Design, Kinematic Optimization, and Evaluation of a Teleoperated System for Middle Ear Microsurgery

Middle ear surgery involves the smallest and the most fragile bones of the human body. Since microsurgical gestures and a submillimetric precision are required in these procedures, the outcome can be potentially improved by robotic assistance. Today, there is no commercially available device in this field. Here, we describe a method to design a teleoperated assistance robotic system dedicated to the middle ear surgery. Determination of design specifications, the kinematic structure, and its optimization are detailed. The robot-surgeon interface and the command modes are provided. Finally, the system is evaluated by realistic tasks in experimental dedicated settings and in human temporal bone specimens.

Comparison of Command Modes for Running by Voice Instructions.

Speech recognition technology could help an electrical wheel chair to run easily and safely. Up to now, two methods about command mode have been used for study. In this study, we proposed two new methods by combining good points of two conventional methods. A remote controlled car was made to run by voice instructions, along test course including straights, a right curve, a left curve, a right turn, and a left turn. New methods were compared with two conventional methods in terms of maneuverability and accuracy. It has beenproved that our present methods were superior because frequency of instruction was less and accuracy of running was excel.

An approach to the design of a skill adaptive interface

Computer users vary greatly in their abilities to use a software interface efficiently. One factor that apparently affects users’ efficiency in using an interface is the changes in their skill levels. In this study, an adaptive interface (of menu and command) is presented that dynamically adjusts to users’ changing skill levels. The mechanism of an adaptive interface is described and discussed. The validity and usability of the adaptive interface is tested with 40 participants in an experiment that used a between‐subject experimental design for interface style. The independent variables were interface style (menu, command, hybrid, and adaptive) and skill level (starting session and ending sessions). The dependent variables were task completion time, number of steps used, ratio (of using menu mode over menu and command modes), perceived memory load, and satisfaction with the interface styles. The task‐completion time and ratio data indicate that the adaptive interface produced significantly better performa...

Design and piloted simulation of integrated flight/propulsion controls for STOVL aircraft

An integrated flight/propulsion control system has been designed for operation of short takeoff and vertical landing (STOVL) fighter aircraft over the low-speed, powered-lift flight envelope. The control system employs command modes for attitude, flight path angle, and flight path acceleration during transition, and translational velocity command for hover and vertical landing. In this paper, only the longitudinal modes of control are discussed. Piloted evaluations of the control system have been conducted on Ames Research Center's Vertical Motion Simulator. Results indicate that level 1 flying qualities are achieved during transition and vertical landing over a wide range of wind, atmospheric turbulence, and visibility conditions.

Book Reviews : Online Information Hunting Nahum GoldmannPublisher: Tab Books Inc., Blue Ridge Summit, PA 17214; 717-794- 2191; 800-233-1128 Year of Publication: 1992 Length: 236 pages Price: $19.95

Book Reviews : Online Information Hunting Nahum GoldmannPublisher: Tab Books Inc., Blue Ridge Summit, PA 17214; 717-794- 2191; 800-233-1128 Year of Publication: 1992 Length: 236 pages Price: $19.95

Interactive graphics interface for power system network analysis

The evolution in user-machine interfaces for power system network analysis software is examined, and an interactive graphics approach is described. Batch and interactive processing are defined, and the drawbacks of text-based interactive interfaces are identified. The development of a user-machine interface for power system network analysis using interactive graphics is described. The conceptual model used to visualize the power system is the one-line diagram. The task of modifying the network and the task of editing the one-line diagram are combined into a single task. The use of command modes in the program was avoided by supporting the full range of commands at all times. From the user's perspective, the program appears as a single entity rather than a collection of different modules. >

An Evaluation of Menu Systems for Space Station Interfaces

The purpose of this study was to evaluate menu systems as a means of meeting proposed basic requirements for Space Station interfaces. Three command modes were evaluated: 1) the direct mode, which displayed no menus to the subjects; all commands were typed on a QWERTY keyboard, 2) the menu mode, in which menus were displayed; all commands were selected from the menus via cursor control, and 3) the hybrid mode, which presented the same menus as were displayed in the menu mode, but subjects were free to select commands from the menu via cursor control or type them in directly. Experienced and inexperienced users performed tasks using each of the three command modes. The main performance measures indicated that the direct mode was superior to the hybrid and menu modes, yet subjective data showed a clear preference for the hybrid mode. These results were the same for the experienced as well as the inexperienced group of subjects. Based on the overwhelming preference by both groups of subjects for the hybrid mode, it is recommended that a hybrid menu system similar to the one employed in this study be a strong candidate for implementation in Space Station interfaces. However, due to the processing, display, and search resources demanded by menus, it is also recommended that users be given a simple means to activate and deactivate the menu as desired. This study shows that the menu selection dialogue can be a useful and even preferred interactive environment for all levels of users, but only if it is well designed and flexible enough to meet their different and varying needs.

Design and flight testing of digital direct side-force control laws

Three-input/three-output command augmentation control laws have been designed and tested in flight using Princeton's Variable-Response Research Aircraft. Controllers were based upon algebraic model-following, a fast and efficient method of direct digital synthesis for advanced control modes. Pilot opinions of several command modes and controller-to-command pairings are presented in this paper. Flat turns, lateral translation, and roll control were investigated. Of the command modes tested, foot pedals-to-yaw rate, lateral stick-to-roll rate, and thumb lever-to-sideslip angle provided the best overall ratings.

Managing medication and compliance: physician--pharmacist--patient interactions.

Behavior characteristics of both health care practitioners and patients are discussed in terms of their effects on the delivery of care and the rational use of drugs. Three modes of behavior are described: the instrumental, the customary, and the command modes. Although most physicians follow the customary mode, an instrumental approach is recommended both for patient interactions and for drug selection. Patient education is often insufficient, and physicians tend unjustly to blame the failure of a treatment regimen on the patient's lack of compliance. An "index of risk" is presented to help spot potential drug defaulters, as are clues in the behavioral diagnosis.

Flight Investigation and Theory of Direct Side-Force Control

Several side-force command modes were tested in Princeton's six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) variableresponse research aircraft (VRA), emphasizing the requirements of crosswind landing and lateral offset nulling. Pilot input modes included proportional and rate thumb switch, lateral stick, and foot pedal motions to command pure lateral acceleration, pure sideslip angle, and flat-turn maneuvers. Flight test results and supporting theoretical development are presented here. It is shown that a third-order dynamic model can be used to define control surface interconnects for decoupled side-force commands. Pilots' opinions regarding desirable command modes for the landing approach were shaped by their primary flying experience, although there was consensus that side-force commands that are uncoupled from conventional control inputs are preferred.

Digital Flight Control Research Using Microprocessor Technology

The Flight Research Laboratory at Princeton University is engaged in an experimental program to investigate a variety of approaches to digital control by actual flight test. Experimentation is being conducted with Princeton's 6-DOF variableresponse research aircraft (VRA), which is equipped for direct side-force control, direct-lift control, feedback of all motion variables, and multiple-pilot command modes. VRA avionics have been augmented by a microprocessor digital flight control system (Micro-DFCS), which uses off-the-shelf computer components capable of operating in parallel or in series with the existing variable-response system. The digital control laws operate in conjunction either with the "bare airframe" dynamics of the VRA or with the dynamics of a simulated aircraft, provided by the existing variable-response system. The initial flight control computer program CAS-1 provides three longitudinal control options: direct (unaugmented) command, pitch rate command, and normal acceleration command. The latter two options are "Type 0" systems designed by linear-quadratic control theory. Future Micro-DFCS software will provide a variety of increasingly complex control options, including "Type 1," logic, gain scheduling, coupled 3-axis control, and "CCV" command modes.

Requirements of an ideal teaching system for microcomputers

A thorough look at what a teaching system about microprocessors and what a microprocessor development system is required to do reveals much similarity in their command modes and structural requirements. The different command modes for such a teaching or development system are discussed. The structural requirements of such a system are also discussed. A no-constraint configuration suitable for use in developing countries is given.