Wear Comfort Research Articles

Ultralight Electrospun Composite Filters with Vertical Ternary Spatial Network for High-Performance PM0.3 Purification.

Air pollutants, particularly highly permeable particulate matter (PM), threaten public health and environmental sustainability due to extensive filter media consumption. Existing melt-blown nonwoven filters struggle with PM0.3 removal, energy consumption, and disposal burdens. Here, an ultralight composite filter with a vertical ternary spatial network (TSN) structure that saves ≈98% of raw material usage and reduces fabrication time by 99.4%, while simultaneously achieving high-efficiency PM0.3 removal (≥99.92%), eco-friendly regeneration (near-zero energy consumption), and enhanced wearing comfort (breathability >80mm s⁻¹, infrared transmittance >85%), is reported. The TSN filter consists of a hybrid layer of microspheres (average diameter ≈1µm)/superfine nanofibers (≈20nm) sandwiched between two nanofiber scaffolds (diameter ≈400nm and ≈100nm). This arrangement offers high porosity (≈85%), ultralow areal density (<1g m-2), alow airflow resistance (<90Pa), guaranteeing superb thermal comfort. Notably, utilizing scalable one-step free surface electrospinning technology, TSN mats can be mass-produced at a rate of 60 meters per hour (width of 1.6 meters), which is critical and verified for various applications including window screens, individual respiratory protectors, and dust collectors. This work provides a viable strategy for designing high-performance nanofiber filter media through structural regulation in a scalable, cost-effective, and sustainable way.

The effect of a biweekly novel selenium sulfide-containing topical treatment in symptomatic contact lens wearers: An exploratory study.

To explore effects of topical 1% selenium sulfide on signs and symptoms in symptomatic contact lens-wearers, in an exploratory 4-month prospective placebo-controlled double-masked randomised trial. Symptomatic wearers (Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire-8 [CLDEQ-8] score>12) with meibomian gland dysfunction (meibomian gland score (MGS)≤12), were enrolled and received either active (AZR-MD-001-containing 1% selenium sulfide), or vehicle ointment, to the lower eyelid margin twice-weekly. MGS, meibomian glands-yielding liquid secretion (MGYLS), lipid layer thickness, tear meniscus height, tear break-up time, tear evaporation rate, lid wiper epitheliopathy, CLDEQ-8 and comfortable wear time (CWT) were measured at baseline and to 4-months. Differences between active and placebo were compared to baseline. Fourteen participants (5M:9F, 30.8±13.8 years) completed the study. In the active group, change in MGS from baseline improved by 1-month (mean difference 7.9±8.0, p=0.03), to 4-months (16.0±11.3, p<0.01). MGYLS improved from baseline by 1.5-months (4.0±3.3) to 4-months (4.1±4.3, p<0.01). In the vehicle, change in MGS (12.1±10.7) and MGYLS (3.9±3.2) were improved at 4-months only (p<0.01). CLDEQ-8 score improved at 1-month and 4-months compared to baseline (-4.4±3.2, -5.1±4.7, p≤0.02) in the active and at 4-months only in the vehicle group (-4.4±6.4, p=0.02). In the active group, CLDEQ-8 visual function scores improved at 1- and 4-months (p ≤ 0.02) and CWT at 4-months (median 7 vs.10 hours, p=0.025). Other signs were unchanged. This exploratory study indicates that twice-weekly use of AZR-MD-001 ointment can rapidly improve gland patency and secretion in symptomatic contact lens-wearers. AZR-MD-001 reduced changeable/blurry vision and prolonged CWT, suggesting relevant future endpoints.

Exploring psychological dimensions of augmented reality in education: a study on learning motivation and achievement in museums

Augmented reality (AR) has gained significant attention and is being increasingly utilized to enrich the learning experience of museum visitors. This study explores the psychological dimensions of AR in education, focusing on learning motivation and academic achievement in museums. A quantitative research study was carried out, encompassing a survey of 266 visitors at the Wuhan Natural History Museum. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed as the analytical tool to validate the proposed model. The findings reveal significant positive effects of information quality on immersion, imagination, and academic achievement, as well as positive effects of information richness on academic achievement. Information quality mediates the relationship between information richness and immersion/imagination, while immersion and imagination mediate the association between information quality and learning motivation. Additionally, learning motivation positively influences academic achievement. Furthermore, wearable comfort moderates the effect of information quality on immersion and imagination. The study provides theoretical insights into the complex interplay between these variables and their impact on learning motivation and academic achievement. The findings have implications for the design of AR-based learning systems and highlight the importance of considering wearable comfort in enhancing user experiences.

Evaluation of anti-vibration properties in work gloves using novel 3D knitted padding

Elastomeric materials are commonly used as the padding of anti-vibration gloves for damping purposes. This study investigates the use of a breathable 3D knitted padding for vibration isolation in anti-vibration gloves. Sixteen (16) knitted fabric samples with different spacer structures, silicone inlay patterns, and inlay materials are produced to evaluate their effect on vibration transmissibility for a frequency range of 0-1000 Hz according to ISO13753:2008. The samples with the spacer structure that shows the best vibration isolation performance are made into the paddings for an anti-vibration glove which is then compared with four commercially available anti-vibration gloves in terms of vibration transmissibility based on ISO10819:2013. The results show that a thicker spacer structure with a larger number of needles in between the tuck stitches and inlaid with silicone hollow tubes can better isolate vibration. The vibration isolation performance of the 3D knitted fabric padded glove outperforms two commercially available gloves, though it falls short of the certified options. The findings show the possibility of using 3D knitted fabric as padding for anti-vibration gloves. However, further improvements to the glove and fabric design are needed to enhance the function and effectiveness of the glove. The development of lightweight breathable knitted padding can promote the wearing comfort of anti-vibration gloves which benefits the workers using vibrating hand tools and advances the development of personal protection equipment.

Next-Generation Potentiometric Sensors: A Review of Flexible and Wearable Technologies.

In recent years, the field of wearable sensors has undergone significant evolution, emerging as a pivotal topic of research due to the capacity of such sensors to gather physiological data during various human activities. Transitioning from basic fitness trackers, these sensors are continuously being improved, with the ultimate objective to make compact, sophisticated, highly integrated, and adaptable multi-functional devices that seamlessly connect to clothing or the body, and continuously monitor bodily signals without impeding the wearer's comfort or well-being. Potentiometric sensors, leveraging a range of different solid contact materials, have emerged as a preferred choice for wearable chemical or biological sensors. Nanomaterials play a pivotal role, offering unique properties, such as high conductivity and surface-to-volume ratios. This article provides a review of recent advancements in wearable potentiometric sensors utilizing various solid contacts, with a particular emphasis on nanomaterials. These sensors are employed for precise ion concentration determinations, notably sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, and chloride, in human biological fluids. This review highlights two primary applications, that is, (1) the enhancement of athletic performance by continuous monitoring of ion levels in sweat to gauge the athlete's health status, and (2) the facilitation of clinical diagnosis and preventive healthcare by monitoring the health status of patients, in particular to detect early signs of dehydration, fatigue, and muscle spasms.

Enhancing the performance of cut-resistant gloves with glass fiber/UV PUA resin composite threads: A study on mechanical properties and durability

Due to the brittleness of glass fibers, cut-resistant fabrics knitted from glass fibers tend to develop broken fiber ends on the surface during use. This can cause itching, redness, or even allergic reactions on the wearer’s skin, severely affecting wearing comfort. Glass fiber bundles (GF) and glass/steel fiber bundles (GS) were impregnated with ultraviolet-cured polyurethane acrylate (UV PUA) resins at varying hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) concentrations, resulting in glass fiber/UV PUA composite threads (GUCT) and glass/stainless steel fiber bundles/UV PUA composite (GSCT). The impact of different concentrations of HEMA on the composite threads was examined in the study. Its main objectives were to evaluate the mechanical properties of the PUA resin, the tensile strength of the composite threads, and the washability, wear resistance, and cut resistance of the knitted composite fabrics. The research results show that the infiltration of PUA resin improved the tensile strength of GF and GS (increased by 64.35% and 64.84%, respectively), thus reducing the likelihood of glass fibers breaking due to excessive tensile stress. The cutting load of GF fabric increased by 24.51%, whereas GS fabric decreased by 18.25%. In addition, the wear resistance of both composite thread fabrics decreased due to changes in fiber bundle thickness caused by PUA resin impregnation, which affected the outer yarn density. The washability of the fabric indicates that this process significantly reduced the number of broken ends in glass fibers, improving the comfort of GF and GS fabrics.

3D-printed ultra-sensitive strain sensors using biogels prepared from fish gelatin and gellan gum.

The long-term sustainable development of flexible electronic devices is limited by a reliance on synthetic polymers that pose dangers for humans and potentially severe ecological problems, as well as a reliance on conventional processing methods. This work aims to exploit 3D printing to develop natural biogels composed of fish gelatin and high acyl gellan gum for use as flexible sensors. The electrical conductivity and mechanical strength were remarkably enhanced through the environmentally friendly enzyme (transglutaminase) cross-linking and non-toxic ethanol modification treatment, which allows the development of 3D printed sensors for temperature, strain, and stress sensors. The hydrogel exhibits excellent mechanical and electrical properties as strain sensors, with Young's modulus and tensile strength of 20.7±1.38kPa and 0.14±0.01MPa, respectively, and an ultimate strain of 270.54±16.23%, which is conducive to a comfortable wearing experience. Moreover, the obtained sensors exhibited ultra-low latency (6.1±1.47ms), good durability (withstanding 1000 cyclic stretching) and high monitor sensitivity (GF=2.37±0.14) to human body movements; furthermore, the biogel fabricated using this method exhibits complete biodegradation within approximately 20days, offering innovative prospects for the advancement of eco-friendly materials.

Sterilization and Filter Performance of Nano- and Microfibrous Facemask Filters - Electrospinning and Restoration of Charges for Competitive Sustainable Alternatives.

Facemask materials have been under constant development to optimize filtration performance, wear comfort, and general resilience to chemical and mechanical stress. While single-use polypropylene meltblown membranes are the established go-to material for high-performing mask filters, they are neither sustainable nor particularly resistant to sterilization methods. Herein an in-depth analysis is provided of the sterilization efficiency, filtration efficiency, and breathing resistance of selected aerosol filters commonly implemented in facemasks, with a particular focus on the benefits of nanofibrous filters. After establishing a general overview over face mask filters and machine washing parameters required for successful decontamination, respective changes in filter performance and structure are presented. Sustainably manufactured, highly efficient, but also more fragile electrospun membranes not only offer competitive performance as well as a more environment-friendly production and degradation process, but also support a subsequent sterilization and recharging approach via alcohol exposition and drying in an electric field. It is further elaborated on the prospective sustainability of each material to offer a clear outlook on electrospun membranes as the most promising filter membranes of the future.

Composite Nanofiber Membrane-Based Microfluidic Fluorescence Sensors for Sweat Analysis.

Microfluidic chips play a crucial role in wearable sensors for sweat collection. However, previously reported wearable microfluidic chips, such as those based on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and paper, encounter sweat accumulation at the skin-sensor interface in practical applications, which consequently affects both sensing stability and wearing comfort. Herein, we propose a composite nanofiber membrane (CNMF)-based microfluidic chip for in situ sweat collection. The CNMF with directional water transport capability was integrated with patterned PDMS to prepare microfluidic chips. On one hand, sweat can be automatically transported to the analysis area along the designed pathway. On the other hand, sweat transfers from the hydrophobic membrane close to the skin to the hydrophilic membrane, effectively avoiding sweat accumulation and facilitating a comfortable skin microenvironment. Subsequently, we constructed a CNMF-based microfluidic fluorescence sensor for the analysis of multiple targets in human sweat. A portable 3D-printed device was employed for the visual signal output. Results indicated that the microfluidic sensor exhibits excellent reliability for collecting and analyzing sweat. This work provides new insights into the construction of wearable microfluidic chips with enhanced wearing comfort.

Thermal dynamics of textile fibers: enhancing outdoor comfort through exothermic and endothermic interactions

This study explores the thermal effects of various fibers in outdoor sportswear, analyzing how their exothermic and endothermic responses influence wearer comfort in changing environmental conditions. Using a sweating thermal manikin in a controlled climate chamber, we simulated outdoor activities in windy and non-windy scenarios at 15 °C and 50% relative humidity in two and a half hours in three phases imitating rest-activity-cool down conditions. Our investigation focused on the skin microclimate, fabric temperature, and mean skin temperature with garments made from 100% wool, 100% polyester, 100% viscose, and 100% cotton. Key findings indicate that wool fibers, due to their heat release upon moisture absorption (approximately 2 °C after moisture absorption), significantly enhance thermal stability and reduce post-exercise chill by maintaining a balanced skin microclimate (about 50% less drying rate). The study highlights the importance of considering dynamic, transient conditions in sportswear design, providing insights for the development of more comfortable and thermally efficient clothing for outdoor activities.

Review of Heat and Moisture Transfer Models of Fire-Protective Clothing

This paper presents a comprehensive review of previously published research on heat and moisture transfer models applied to fire-protective clothing, which is crucial for ensuring firefighter safety and comfort. By analysing experimental data and numerical simulations from various studies, this review paper tries to explore the intricate interactions between heat, moisture and textile materials. It provides insight into the performance and design optimisation of such clothing, elucidating the dynamic behaviour of heat and moisture transfer within fabric layers. The research results offer valuable guidelines for enhancing protective efficacy while maintaining wearer comfort. This review advances our understanding of fire-protective clothing and lays the groundwork for future innovations in firefighting gear design and material selection.

Comfort of smartwatch wearing: A comparative study of different hand types

&lt;p&gt;This study aims to explore the relationship between wrist size and the comfort and fit of smartwatch wearability. Measurements of hand dimensions, including wrist width, palm length, finger length, and finger width, were taken from 41 participants. Based on the analysis results, participants were grouped by wrist width, and individuals from different groups were asked to subjectively rate the comfort, strap fit, and ease of operation of the smartwatch. The results revealed that wrist width significantly impacts wearing comfort, while other hand features (such as finger width) play a crucial role in the operational experience. Users with wider wrists rated strap fit and wearing pressure more favorably, whereas those with narrower wrists demonstrated superior touchscreen operation performance. Additionally, the significant effects of design factors such as strap material, dial size, and smartwatch weight on wearing experience were also validated. These findings provide valuable insights for smartwatch design, highlighting the necessity of considering variations in hand dimensions to enhance the overall user experience.&lt;/p&gt;

Morphing torso mannequin for pressure measurement and scoliotic brace efficacy evaluation

Fashion plays a critical role in self-expression and confidence-building, but adolescents with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) have limited fashion choices when they wear a spinal brace that is bulky and rigid underneath their clothing. Spinal braces also have a significant impact on their self-and body-images, social life, and overall quality of life. This study proposes a morphing torso mannequin that accurately measures the interface pressure between the brace and skin, and evaluates the effectiveness of scoliosis braces, thus eliminating the need for ongoing X-rays and ensuring patient safety. The constructed mannequin replicates the AIS torso by using a validated finite element model and 3D-printing and molding techniques. A comparison of the in-brace effects on the morphing mannequin shows significant improvements in spinal alignment and reductions in Cobb’s angles (5.2° and 2.2°), which is consistent with clinical X-ray images. The large correlation coefficient (0.95) between the mannequin and clinical results confirms its ability to simulate the corrective effects of spinal bracing accurately. The proposed morphing mannequin provides valuable information for applying appropriate pressure to halt the progression of spinal curvature while maximizing the wear comfort for AIS patients. Additionally, the mannequin allows for the assessment of clothing fit, thus simulating the effects of wearing a brace and enabling fashion designers to create garments that accommodate the unique physical profile of AIS patients.

Designs of Upper Limb Tremor Suppression Orthoses: Efficacy and Wearer's Comfort.

Tremor is a rhythmic, involuntary oscillatory movement that severely affects some aspects of a patient's daily life. The use of wearable tremor-suppressing orthoses has become an effective, noninvasive treatment method for controlling tremors. This article summarizes recent developments in upper limb tremor suppression orthoses, aiming to provide a foundation for future research. By analyzing the working mechanisms, degrees-of-freedom (DOFs), weight, and tremor suppression effectiveness of various types of orthoses, the following conclusions are drawn: We found that differences in the working mechanism and the number of suppression directions are related to the weight of the device; weight, in turn, is a major factor affecting the comfort of the orthoses; and the combination of the number and weight of the damping direction affects the effect of the damping equipment. Balancing these three factors should be a key focus of future research. Moreover, researchers are placing greater emphasis on the comfort of the wearer during the development of these orthoses.

Meso Hybridized Silk Fibroin Watchband for Wearable Biopotential Sensing and AI Gesture Signaling.

Human biopotential signals, such as electrocardiography, are closely linked to health and chronic conditions. Electromyography, corresponds to muscle actions and is pertinent to human-machine interactions. Here, we present a type of smart and flexible watchband that includes a mini flexible electrode array based on Mo-Au filament mesh, combined with mesoscopic hybridized silk fibroin films. As the layer in contact with the skin, waterborne polyurethane and SF create a highly flexible and permeable meso-hybridized SF/WPU layer, ensuring skin-friendliness and comfortable wearing. The flexible FM electrodes are created by integrating Mo-Au FM into 2D-interconnected networks. Molybdenum filaments provide high rigidity and are coated with Aurum to enhance conductivity. The use of Mo-Au FMs in warp-knitted patterns results in high SNR (43.22 dB), high sensitivity (44.43 mV/kg), and significant motion noise reduction due to the pattern's elastic deformability and skin-gripping properties. Leveraging these unique technologies, these smart watchbands excel in prolonged sensing operation, grasping force detection, and gesture recognition. Through smart raining via deep learning, we achieved an unparalleled recognition rate (96% across 20 volunteers of different genders) among other EMG sensing devices. These results have significant implications for human-machine interaction, including applications in underwater robot control, drone operation, and autonomous vehicle control.

Human-in-the-Loop Modeling and Bilateral Skill Transfer Control of Soft Exoskeleton.

Soft exoskeletons (exosuits) are expected to provide a comfortable wearing experience and compliant assistance compared with traditional rigid exoskeleton robots. In this paper, an exosuit with twisted string actuators (TSAs) is developed to provide high-strength and variable-stiffness actuation for hemiplegic patients. By formulating the analytic model of the TSA and decoding the human impedance characteristic, the human-exosuit coupled dynamic model is constructed. An adaptive impedance controller is designed to transfer the skills of the patient's healthy limb (HL) to the bilateral impaired limb (IL) with a mirror training strategy, including the movement trajectory and stiffness profiles. A reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm is proposed to optimize the robotic assistance by adapting the impedance model parameters to the subject's performance. Experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.

Nerve-Inspired Optical Waveguide Stretchable Sensor Fusing Wireless Transmission and AI Enabling Smart Tele-Healthcare.

Flexible strain monitoring of hand and joint muscle movement is recognized as an effective method for the diagnosis and rehabilitation of neurological diseases such as stroke and Parkinson's disease. However, balancing high sensitivity and large strain, improving wearing comfort, and solving the separation of diagnosis and treatment are important challenges for further building tele-healthcare systems. Herein, a hydrogel-based optical waveguide stretchable (HOWS) sensor is proposed in this paper. A double network structure is adopted to allow the HOWS sensor to exhibit high stretchability of the tensile strain up to 600% and sensitivity of 0.685mV %-1. Additionally, the flexible smart bionic fabric embedding the HOWS sensor, produced through the warp and weft knitting, significantly enhances wearing comfort. A small circuit board is prepared to enable wireless signal transmission of the designed sensor, thereby improving the daily portability. A speech recognition and human-machine interaction system, based on sensor signal acquisition, is constructed, and the convolutional neural network algorithm is integrated for disease assessment. By integrating sensing, wireless transmission, and artificial intelligence (AI), a smart tele-healthcare system based on HOWS sensors is demonstrated to hold great potential for early warning and rehabilitation monitoring of neurological diseases.

Epidermal Sensors Constructed by a Stabilized Nanosilver Hydrogel with Self-Healing, Antimicrobial, and Temperature-Responsive Properties.

The development of conductive hydrogels has garnered significant attention in the field of wearable devices and smart sensors. However, the fabrication of hydrogels that possess both multifunctionality and structural stability remains a challenging task. In this study, a novel hydrogel, PAgHCB, was synthesized using a mild method and exhibited outstanding characteristics such as electrical conductivity, self-healing capability, antimicrobial activity, dimensional stability, and temperature sensitivity. The exceptional mechanical performance (∼120 kPa at a strain of 450%) of PAgHCB is attributed to the incorporation of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and the mechanical reinforcement of the gel network by carboxylated carbon nanotubes (CNT-COOH). The borate bonds between or within poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) chains confer self-healing capabilities upon PAgHCB, with a healing efficiency of 74.1%. The in situ reduction of silver nanoparticles through ultraviolet irradiation imparts antimicrobial characteristics to the hydrogel [against Escherichia coli, zone of inhibition (ZOI) = 3.7 mm; against Staphylococcus aureus, ZOI = 6.3 mm]. The linear temperature responsiveness of the PAgHCB hydrogel (R = -3.99T + 608.84 and COD = 0.9988) arises from the migration of silver ions within the gel matrix and the dissociation of borate bonds. Furthermore, PAgHCB was seamlessly integrated into sensors designed for monitoring human motion. The gel-based sensors exhibited three distinct sensing strain ranges corresponding to three different gauge factors (GF1 = 2.976, GF2 = 1.063, and GF3 = 2.97). Notably, PAgHCB gel sensors demonstrated the capability to detect electrical signals generated by finger and wrist joint movements and even discerned signals arising from subtle deformations induced by activities such as speaking. Additionally, the PAgHCB gel was utilized as a pressure sensor to detect external pressures applied to the skin (from 0.373 to 15.776 kPa). This work expands the avenues for designing and synthesizing multifunctional conductive hydrogels, promoting the application of hydrogel sensors with comfortable wear and high sensitivity.

Impedance for Assistance: Upper-Limb Assistive Soft Robotic Suit Using Linked-Layer Jamming Mechanisms.

Wearable robots, especially those composed of soft materials, are increasingly attracting interest due to their comfort, ease of donning and doffing, and their ability to provide assistance across various applications. In wearable robotics, striking a balance between ensuring low impedance for wearer comfort and providing sufficient assistive force is a notable design challenge. In this study, we propose exploiting impedance variation in accordance with the types of muscle contraction in the human body. Particularly in eccentric muscle contraction, the impedance can help reduce the muscular load, since it exerts force in the same direction as the muscles. To utilize the relation, we proposed a linked-layer jamming mechanism, which adjusts its impedance largely in various directions. This mechanism allows not only a broad variable range of impedance in multiple rotation directions but also directional torque design, even when equipped in human multi-degree-of-freedom (DoF) joints. By constructing a wearable robot prototype equipped with the proposed linked-layer jamming mechanisms, the effectiveness of this impedance-based assistance approach was confirmed through experiments. The findings from this study present new possibilities in wearable robot design, showing that suitably amplified impedance can assist human motion, potentially enhancing task efficiency and lowering injury risk. This work thus offers a new perspective for researchers in the field of wearable robots, demonstrating that impedance, often minimized in existing designs, can be utilized beneficially when properly amplified.

Micro-Nanofiber Three-Dimensional Antibacterial Sponge with Wetting/Pore Dual Gradient for Rapid Liquid Infiltration and Uniform Retention in Diapers.

The core layer of disposable diapers typically contains a blend of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) and pulp, resulting in slow liquid absorption, layer separation, reverse osmosis, and potential skin issues owing to the addition of antibacterial agents to the surface layer. Therefore, a core layer with rapid liquid absorption, uniform retention, and antibacterial properties must be developed to improve wearer comfort. In this study, a three-dimensional network porous structure for the core layer of a disposable diaper was prepared by solution blow spinning (SBS). This structure comprised a superabsorbent fiber (SAF) and hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (HPAN) micro/nanofibers with a dual gradient in wetting/pore size. Progressively increasing the SAF content in each layer to incrementally increase wettability and controlling fiber diameter, a gradient pore structure with sizes of approximately 30 μm-16 μm-7 μm was formed. This design exhibited rapid infiltration capability, reducing the third liquid infiltration time by 13 s compared to those of commercial core layers while reducing reverse osmosis by 1.4 g, and the liquid absorption and retention rates are 47.7 times and 46.1 times, respectively, which is 1.6 times higher than those of commercial diapers. In addition, incorporating a natural antibacterial agent, ε-poly-l-lysine hydrochloride (ε-PLH), into the core layer resulted in an antibacterial rate exceeding 99.99% without direct contact with the skin; water transport capacity tests confirmed faster liquid infiltration speed, uniform absorption, and no fault formation.