Combustion Of Plastics Research Articles

A comprehensive study on the combustion kinetic modeling of typical electronic plastic waste—television set (TV) plastic shell

ABSTRACT Electronic waste is the fastest growing waste stream and one of the most significant constituents is electronic plastics. In this study, the combustion kinetic of typical electronic plastic waste—television set (TV) plastic shell—was investigated using two basic kinetic methods. The reaction mechanism and kinetic compensation effect were probed as well. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that its degradation process can be divided into four stages, namely, reaction initiation stage (20–300 °C), major reaction stage (300–450 °C), minor reaction stage (450–600 °C), and reaction cessation stage (600–1,000 °C). The activation energy (E) were calculated and indicated that, the kinetic parameters from six model-free methods gradually decreased with α increasing from 0.1 to 0.35, and then slightly increased. The Flynn--Wall--Ozawa (FWO) method was more reliable and E values decreased from 155.0 to 147.51 kJ/mol with α range of 0.1–0.35, then gradually increased to 165.21 kJ/mol. Within the Coats--Redfern method, the first-order (F1) model had higher coefficient of determination (R2) and comparable E values with that from FWO method. The result of kinetic compensation effect confirmed that the compensation effect existed between E and A during the plastic waste combustion. A linear relationship lnA = 0.183E-3.11 (R2 = 0.991) was obtained. The pre-exponential factors (A) were also determined as 7.67 × 1010 min−1 based on the F1 reaction model and FWO method. Implications: Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a complex mixture of different components and the plastic takes up a significant portion in total MSW. Understanding the combustion process of typical electronic plastic waste and further probing its combustion kinetic are significant. Through this study, it will be significant for the reactor designing and optimizing in practice.

Evaluating the spatial distribution and source of phthalate esters in the surface water of Xingkai Lake, China during summer

Increasing production and usage of phthalate esters (PAEs) has made them ubiquitous in the environment. In this study, the distribution and source of PAEs in the surface water of Xingkai Lake, China were analyzed. The concentration of ΣPAEs in the water of Xingkai Lake ranged from 0.26 to 3.83 μg/L with a median of 1.28 μg/L. It was observed that the difference in the concentration of ƩPAEs between the small and large Xingkai Lakes is not significant (p > 0.05). Agriculturally dominated land use types in the Xingkai Lake watershed may be mainly responsible for the occurrence of PAEs in this Lake. The distribution of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) in small and large Xingkai Lakes showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) which may be related to anthropogenic activities. ƩPAEs in the water of Xingkai Lake demonstrated significant positive correlations with the ratio of total nitrogen (TN) to concentration of TP (rp = 0.697, p < 0.01) and the concentration of suspended particulate organic matter (SPOM) (rp = 0.345, p < 0.05). These results further indicate that the concentration of nutrients from agricultural activity had an impact on the concentrations of PAE in the lakes. Furthermore, the more SPOM would lead to more suspension of PAEs in the water phase. The source analysis of PAEs showed that high molecular weight PAEs were dominant in the Xingkai Lake which may be arising from the combustion of plastics or from building materials and household furnishing.

The Threat of Environmental Pollution with Harmful Substances, on the Example of Uncontrolled Fires in Landfills and Actions Aimed at Reducing it

Aim: This article attempts to bring closer the issues related to the emission of harmful substances to the environment. The example of two fires that occurred in Poland in 2018 was used – in the former “Boruta” plant in Zgierz and in a landfill in Trzebinia. By presenting the results of measurements and tests available in this field, attention was drawn to the need to improve the methods of detecting and measuring hazardous substances, in particular with regard to their dispersion in the atmosphere. Introduction: The threat to the environment resulting from improper management, including waste disposal, remains a serious challenge for many societies, also for the EU countries, which are among the richest countries in the world. Increased waste generation, high costs related to waste management, i.e. landfilling and recycling, generate the risk of deliberately causing fires in landfills as a method of free disposal. It is cost-free only from the point of view of the dishonest owner of this waste, because the direct costs of long-term rescue and firefighting activities and the effects of the emission of hazardous substances to the environment are borne by the society. In addition, in the last of the aspects mentioned above, the price for this method of disposal is paid primarily by people living in the vicinity of the facilities in question. But not only. In the event of the penetration of the substances mentioned above into the soil and watercourses via e.g. firefighting waters, their impact – also delayed in time – may also affect many other people, e.g. consumers of agricultural products manufactured in the contaminated areas. Methodology: In the article, mainly theoretical research methods were used, including the analysis of literature. Also research reports of specialized research units involved in extinguishing the mentioned fires were analysed. The legal instruments were reviewed against the background of economic conditions and their impact on the efficiency of waste management in Poland was determined. Conclusions: Despite measurement imperfections mentioned above, the presence of the compounds such as toluene, benzene, ethylbenzene, styrene, methylstyrene, sulfur dioxide and o-xylene, which are characteristic substances released during the combustion of plastics, was found in the fire areas. The analysis of surface water samples showed exceeding the standard levels of metals such as copper, aluminum and antimony, as well as petroleum substances such as anthracene, fluoranthene, benzo (b) fluoranthene, benzo (k) fluoranthene, benzo (g, h, i) fluoranthene, petroleum hydrocarbons and volatile phenols. Moreover, elevated values of heavy metals were found in the soil. The above data fully justify the formulation of a thesis on the need to undertake increased, systemic actions aimed at reducing the number and size of fires in landfills. The description of some activities in the field of fire protection of the considered facilities undertaken in Poland will also constitute one of the issues of this article. Keywords: hazardous waste materials, environmental hazard, waste management, uncontrolled fires, legal regulations in waste management Type of article: review article

Seasonal Variability of PM10 Chemical Composition Including 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene, Marker of Plastic Combustion and Toxicity in Wadowice, South Poland

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to evaluate the seasonal variation of the chemical composition of PM10 including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene (135TPB), which is a well known marker of plastic combustion. The presented work is a part of the project concerning assessment of air quality of small cities around Krakow agglomeration. Monitoring campaign was conducted between February and October 2017 in Wadowice, a small city in Krakow agglomeration, South Poland. To widen the knowledge of Krakow's agglomeration air quality, other aerosol chemical components were analyzed. Ion chromatography (IC) was used for analysis of cations and anions, while gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for PAHs. Samples were also analyzed for OC/EC (organic/elemental carbon) by thermal-optical analysis with a Sunset Laboratory carbon analyzer, Sunset Inc. The co-combustion of plastic in addition to conventional fuels and the respective impact on air quality is evaluated via the concentration of the marker compound 135TPB. Co-combustion of plastics with fuels resulted in a higher abundance of fluorene and most of 4–6 ring PAHs, in agreement with recent literature. Authors proved that other sources besides plastic burning, including road transport, residential heating, residential combustion, industrial emissions, affect the air quality in South Poland. The modeling tool Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model (HYSPLIT), developed by NOAA’s Air Resources Laboratory, was used to define the possible areas outside Wadowice contributing to urban air pollution.

Utilization of Used Cooking Oil and Cassava Peel as Degradable Bioplastic Film

Plastic product has become a main thing that used in human daily life. Mostly after the plastic are used, it will be a waste. Only small percentage of plastics are recycled and the rest will end up at landfills, rivers and oceans. Normally, plastics can take up to 1000 years to decompose in landfills and some will be burnt. The affect from burning the plastic waste in landfills will cause air pollution. When it burns with food waste, they will produce dioxin and furan. These elements will cause death even in small quantities when human breathe. Another harmful effect of burning plastic waste, is it can damage the ozone layer. Moreover, plastic pollution can affects all living things. At least 100 million marine mammals have died each year because of these plastic pollutions. The main objective of this research is to conduct starch extraction from cassava peels and glycerol extraction from waste cooking oil. It has been achieve during the extraction of 100g cassava peel will yield 3% of starch, while 800ml waste cooking oil yield of 5% only. The best formulation of the bioplastic obtained by controlling the ratio of carrageenan and starch at 2% and 5%. From the physical properties studies which is degradation in water and steam test. Based on the observation of degradation test, when the temperature was at 100ºC the bioplastic degrade within 1.18 minutes and at 20ºC was within 7.33 minutes. For the steam test, only at 100ºC the bioplastic start to degrade within 25minutes but for other temperature the plastic remains same. As a conclusion cassava starch can be utilized as bioplastic film, because it can dissolve when contact with water and steam. Moreover, glycerine from waste cooking oil can be used as plasticizer.

Air Pollution and Climate Forcing of the Charcoal Industry in Africa.

The demand for charcoal in Africa is growing rapidly, driven by urbanization and lack of access to electricity. Charcoal production and use, including plastic burning to initiate combustion, release large quantities of trace gases and particles that impact air quality and climate. Here, we develop an inventory of current (2014) and future (2030) emissions from the charcoal supply chain in Africa that we implement in the GEOS-Chem model to quantify the contribution of charcoal to surface concentrations of PM2.5 and ozone and direct radiative forcing due to aerosols and ozone. We estimate that the charcoal industry in 2014 required 140-460 Tg of biomass and 260 tonnes of plastic and that industry emissions could double by 2030, so that methane emissions from the charcoal industry could outcompete those from open fires by 2025. In 2014, the largest enhancements in PM2.5 (0.5-1.4 μg m-3) and ozone (0.4-0.7 ppbv) occur around the densely populated cities in East and West Africa. Cooling due to aerosols (-100 to -300 mW m-2) is concentrated over dense cities, whereas warming due to ozone is widespread, peaking at 4.2 mW m-2 over the Atlantic Ocean. These effects will worsen with ongoing dependence on this energy source, spurred by rapid urbanization and absence of viable cleaner alternatives.

Microplastics generated under simulated fire scenarios: Characteristics, antimony leaching, and toxicity.

Intentional or incidental thermal changes inevitably occur during the lifecycle of plastics. High temperatures accelerate the aging of plastics and promote their fragmentation to microplastics (MPs). However, there is little information available on the release of MPs after fires. In this study, an atomic force microscope combined with nanoscale infrared analysis was used to demonstrate the physicochemical properties of polypropylene (PP) plastics under simulated fire scenarios. Results showed that the chemical composition and relative stiffness of heat-treated plastic surfaces changed, significantly enhancing the generation of MPs under external forces; over (2.1±0.2)×105 items/kg abundance of MPs released from PP which were burned at 250°C in air and trampled by a person. The leaching of antimony (Sb) from MPs in different solutions first increased and then decreased with increasing temperature, reaching a maximum at 250°C. Higher concentrations of humic acid (10 vs 1mg/L) caused a greater release of Sb. Furthermore, the tap water leachates of PP burned at 250°C had the greatest effect on the growth and photosynthetic activity of Microcystis aeruginosa. Our results suggest fires as a potential source of MPs and calls for increased focus on burning plastics in future research.

Green energy: Hydroprocessing waste polypropylene to produce transport fuel

The research aims to produce a viable transport fuel from post-consumer polypropylene plastic. The post-consumer plastic pollution mitigation efforts have found solutions through the circular economy; however, the challenges of the addition of additives in the recycling process are yet to be addressed. Combustion addresses the need for an effective end of life solution to post-consumer plastics, but the search for a clean fuel through pyrolysis still eludes. This study has identified the research gap in the combustion of plastics and produced a clean fuel from polypropylene which meets the environmental requirements. The present study was conducted by hydroprocessing post-consumer polypropylene pyrolysis oil using Nickel-Gold metal embedded on mordenite support as catalyst at 70 bar hydrogen pressure and reaction temperature of 350 °C. Past studies have shown that hydroprocessing of synthetic plastics in upgrading the plastic pyrolysis oil to a transport fuel is viable; however, hydroprocessing of polypropylene pyrolysis oil utilizing a bimetal supported catalyst and the validation of the produced fuel through its combustion and emission performance in compression ignition engines has not been explored yet, so far. The physicochemical properties of the hydroprocessed fuel were within the limits of the European diesel standards. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry studies facilitated the chemical composition analysis of the produced fuel. The hydroprocessed fuel possessed a composition containing aromatics, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, and each component showed a 90% match with commercial diesel. Diesel engine trials were conducted for the produced fuel, and the engine combustion results showed a 90% match with diesel. The engine emissions showed an 85% match with diesel. The hydroprocess results of this study strengthen the need to upgrade plastic pyrolysis oil and enable the production of clean fuel from polypropylene plastic. Hydroprocessing delivers the much-needed solution in the protection of the environment from post-consumer plastic pollution.

Multi-pollutant air quality analyses and apportionment of sources in three particle size categories at Taj Mahal, Agra

Taj Mahal, an iconic monument at Agra, India, is faced with the high air pollution levels, affecting its facade. A study was undertaken at the Taj Mahal (June 7–26, 2018) to measure PM2.5, PM10, TSP and their chemical composition: metals, ions, elemental and organic carbons and molecular markers (polyaromatic hydrocarbons, n-alkanes, hopanes and sterols). The objectives of the study were to (i) assess the contribution of sources to PM2.5, PM10 and TSP by employing receptor modelling (USEPA's Chemical Mass Balance model 8.2) and (ii) measure levels of reactive (NH3, SO2, NO2), acidic (HCl, HNO3) and corrosive (H2S) gases.The PM levels were: PM2.5 65 ± 13; PM10 234 ± 84 and TSP 465 ± 204 μg/m3. The percent mass of metals (32–39) was the maximum in all PM size categories followed by secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA; 6–21). PM2.5 had a substantial contribution to coal combustion and fly ash (35%), followed by vehicles (19%). The contribution of soil and road dust was maximum to PM10 (39%) and TSP (61%), followed by the contribution of coal and fly ash in PM10 (34%) and TSP (22%). The presence of HCl (9.44 ± 4.61 μg/m3) suggested the contribution of burning of coal, plastic, paper and waste. The other concern was levels of NH3 (30 ± 14 μg/m3), which adds to the formation of SIA. The major source of NH3 could be from the upstream discharges of partially treated sewage in the River Yamuna, flowing adjacent to the Taj Mahal.

Mathematical modeling on investments in burning and recycling of dumped waste by plastic industry

Every year tones of plastic are produced and people become the victim of many types of waste including domestic, agronomic and industrialized waste. In this paper, we have constructed the mathematical model to examine the rising pollution level due to industrial plastic waste and the process of destroying or renovating this plastic waste using several toxic chemicals. The dynamical model suggests investing the influential part of the budget into civilization health policy, like reducing the plastic burning and support the installation of the eco-friendly plastic recycling machine to reuse dumped industrial plastic. Both of these policies are strides to the health as well as the economic progress of the country. In the model, the local stability of the system of nonlinear differential equations is qualitatively analyzed with appropriate conditions. Graph theory results help to distinguish the global stability behavior of the model. Techniques to reduce plastic pollution are outlined by optimizing both the policies which are simulated numerically with given validated data.

Experimental Study on the Self-extinguishing Performance of Extruded Polystyrene Insulation for Buildings and Suggestions on Institutional Management

The Korea Industrial Standards (KS) stipulates methods and test procedures for measuring the horizontal combustibility of cellular plastics exposed to small flames (KS M ISO 9772:2018) and recommendations regarding the magnetic digestion of extruded polystyrene insulation (XPS) for measurement results (KS M 3808:2020). Although products that are certified to conform to KS standards must have burning characteristics (self-extinguishing), they are incinerated and spread by welds at construction sites, causing significant human and property damages. In this study, XPS produced by five companies, certified by KS, and sold in the market were purchased and tested for ignition and diffusion caused by a weld bullion at a construction site. The results showed that the five products had differences in performance. Three out of the five products were found to be self-saturated, but the other two were easily ignited and diffused, making it difficult for them to be self-extinguishing. Based on the result of this experimental investigation in line with the KS regulations, all the three types of products, including two types of products that were incinerated through weld defects, were found to be non-self- extinguishing, as specified in KS M 3808.

Assessment of awareness about plastic pollution and attitude regarding plastic bags usage among rural population of Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India

Background: Plastic, although a simple synthetic polymer consisting of small molecules (monomers) linked together in a repetitive formation, is extremely versatile; with properties ranging from, resistance to corrosion, light weight, high strength, transparency, low toxicity to durability. The plastic used for domestic purpose nearly 500 billion plastic bags used each year.2 It is the slow poisoning to human health, animals and also the environment. Some years before plastic usage was few purposes only, over the past 60 years, plastics production and waste have dramatically increased, now days everyone using single use plastic bags for all use including cooked food packing, storage of drinking water and even storage of vegetables. The objective of this to assess the awareness regarding plastic pollution and to assess the attitude regarding plastic bag usage.Methods: A Community based cross sectional Study conducted among the population of residence, Sembakkam, Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu. The study duration between June to July 2019. Data collected through semi structured questionnaire from participants. Data Collected was entered in MS office excel and analyzed in SPSS version 21.Results: In the study, 67.5% (135) are males and 32.5% (65) are females. Mean age of the participants is 48.22 years (±14. 14). 86.5% (173) are literate and 13.5% (27) illiterate. In the study, participants 71% (142) answered plastic will cause health problem to animals and 24.5% (49) are not aware about health problem due to plastic. At the disposal of plastic 31% (62) replied burning of plastic which is followed by recycling the plastic 28% (56) (p&lt;0.05) is the correct way of disposal. The majority of the participants, 90.5% (181) are supporting the banning of plastics and 5.5% (11) are not supporting the banning.Conclusions: Plastic usage has become a part of daily life, leading to the countless dumping of plastics. This in turn causes along with the environmental hazards, health hazards to both the humans and animals. The best recommendation is to reduce and reuse the daily usage of plastics. Strict Political and Administrative rules should be implemented and monitored.

Densification of Biomass and Waste Plastic Blends as a Solid Fuel: Hazards, Advantages, and Perspectives

This mini-review considers the densification of biomass blended with plastic wastes as an approach for waste management and sustainable fuel production from two perspectives; (1) We overviewed the pollutants generated during plastics combustion and their hazards. The control of these pollutants can be achieved as both reported in literature and by currently in-service municipal waste plants. (2) Advantages from densifying biomass/plastic blends as a solid fuel are indicated. Biomass/plastic briquettes or pellets are a potentially promising solid fuel with low costs, high volumetric heating values, high resistance to mechanical damage and good durability performance under humid conditions. Moreover, the combustion of biomass/plastic blends with less than 10% plastics has no substantial negative effect on pollutants emission compared with that of biomass. Perspectives on densifying biomass/plastic blends as a solid fuel are proposed to realize the scale-up of this technique.

An Alternative to Recycling: Measurement of Combustion Enthalpies of Plastics via Bomb Calorimetry

For the past century, humans have been increasingly dependent on plastics, but have not developed adequate disposal practices. In this lab, students are asked whether burning plastic for energy see...

Plastic smoke aerosol: Nano-sized particle distribution, absorption/fluorescent properties, dysregulation of oxidative processes and synaptic transmission in rat brain nerve terminals

Smoke from plastic waste incineration in an open air travels worldwide and is a major source of air pollution particulate matter (PM) that is very withstand to degradation and hazard to human health. Suspension of smoke aerosol components in water occurs during rains and fire extinguishing. Here, water-suspended plastic smoke aerosol (WPS) preparations suitable for biotesting were synthesized. It has been revealed using dynamic light scattering that WPS contained major nano-sized (∼30 nm) PM fraction, and this result was confirmed by electron microscopy. Optical absorption of WPS was in the UV region and an increase in λex led to a red-shift in fluorescence emission with a corresponding decrease in fluorescence intensity. WPS was analyzed in neurotoxicity studies in vitro using presynaptic rat cortex nerve terminals (synaptosomes). Generation of spontaneous reactive oxygen species (ROS) detected using fluorescent dye 2′,7-dichlorofluorescein in nerve terminals was decreased by WPS (10–50 μg/ml) in a dose-dependent manner. WPS also reduced the H2O2-evoked ROS production in synaptosomes, thereby influencing cellular oxidative processes and this effect was similar to that for carbon nanodots. WPS (0.1 mg/ml) decreased the synaptosomal membrane potential and synaptic vesicle acidification in fluorimetric experiments. WPS (1.0 mg/ml) attenuated the synaptosomal transporter-mediated uptake of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, L-[14C]glutamate and [3H]GABA, respectively. This can lead to an excessive increase in the glutamate concentration in the synaptic cleft and neurotoxicity via over activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Therefore, WPS was neurotoxic and provoked presynaptic malfunction through changes of oxidative activity, reduction of the membrane potential, synaptic vesicle acidification, and transporter-mediated uptake of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in nerve terminals. In summary, synthesis and emission to the environment of ultrafine PM occur during combustion of plastics, thereby polluting air and water resources, and possibly triggering development of neuropathologies.

Lowering Emission using Single Venturi Vacuum in the Wet Scrubber System

Burning plastic waste using an incinerator will produce emissions of gas that will damage the environment if released casually. This research was conducted to analyze the effect of air flow, water discharge and thickness of the packing media on the efficiency of the wet scrubber in removing emissions from the combustion of plastic waste. There are 3 variable variations, air flow velocity, water flow velocity, and thickness of media with thickness of 5 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm. The parameters to be investigated are the SO2, NO and CO content and temperature at the wet scrubber. The results obtained from the experiments carried out were SO2 efficiency values of 46.80%, CO of 26.70% and NO of 23.68%. SO₂ values tend to have high efficiency values because SO₂ solubility in water is high. In accordance with the effect test with the help of IBM SPSS, water flow and venturi flow greatly influence the removal of NO, CO and SO₂ gases. However, the thickness of the media only affects the removal of CO and SO₂ gases

TOXICITA PLASTOV V POŽIARI A ICH NEBEZPEČNÉ VLASTNOSTI

The article describes and analyses toxic substances produced during the combustion of plastics which affect human health. Accidents and emergencies resulting from the combustion of plastic materials frequently occur in industrial production and technological processes. The authors illustrate this fact using the most recent example - the fire in the manufacturing and logistics premises in Chropyně, the Czech Republic, with an intervention of professional, as well as volunteer firefighters and specialized fire and rescue units.

Waste transformation of plastic bags by wet polymer binding

Since twenty years, Madagascar suffered, by the advanced level of pollution due to the proliferation of plastic bags. They are always discarded in nature and constitute an increasingly important visual and environmental pollution in cities. And because they are easily carried and deposited everywhere by the wind, it has more negative consequences on the environment and thus on the health of the population. Plastics are among the most persistent pollutants and the problem appears when they reach the waste stage. The degradation of these plastic bags requiring more than four centuries, so the search for solutions for the use of these products is very solicited to preserve the environment. That’s why our research is consecrated into the transformation of plastic bags into pavers or bricks at a lower cost. The combustion of plastics releases large quantities of thick and toxic fumes. So, to avoid this phenomenon, our so-called “wet” process consists in heating a mixture of a Rich Carbon of Waste Element (RCWE), fusing the plastic bags as a binder and adding the sand as agglomerate. We obtain a quantity of product 3 times higher than the quantity of plastic bags used (to have 60 kg of product, we need 20 kg of plastic bags) unlike the other processes providing 5 kg of product for 20 kg of plastic bags, ie the plastic is reduced by ¼. The rest of the study focused on the melting temperature of the plastic bag in the RCWE which is approximately 110° C, the proportions between the RCWE and the plastic bag for the optimization of the cost of energy : we showed that the energy is optimal for a proportion of half (100g of RCWE for 50g of plastic), the proportions between plastics and sand (binder and agglomerate) : by weight, the binder must always be less than the agglomerate (the result is optimal in the proportion of agglomerate -binder 80 -20), the mechanical behavior : the result shows that when the quantity of plastics is the higher, the maximum stress is high, but the plastic area is low. The product is among the ductile materials, the property of which a material can permanently deform before breaking (an important factor for the deformation of materials), the permeability, and the adhesion test with the rubber.

Improving the fire resistance of PVC plastic the introdution ammonium octamolybdate

An efficient method for the synthesis of ammonium octamolybdate with a quantitative yield has been developed.Compounds based on PVC plastic and octamolybdate are obtained. It was found that the introduction of ammonium octamolybdate in PVC plastic leads to an increase in the fire resistance of the compound and to a decrease in smoke formation during its combustion. At the same time, the mechanism for reducing smoke emission during PVC plastic combustion in the presence of ammonium octamolybdate consists in its catalytic action in the conversion of soot particles into various oxidized forms. It is shown that PVC plastics containing ammonium octamolybdate have elevated oxygen index and coke residue.

Improving the fire resistance of PVC plastic the introduction ammonium octamolybdate

An efficient method for the synthesis of ammonium octamolybdate with a quantitative yield has been developed. Compounds based on PVC plastic and octamolybdate are obtained. It was found that the introduction of ammonium octamolybdate in PVC plastic leads to an increase in the fire resistance of the compound and to a decrease in smoke formation during its combustion. At the same time, the mechanism for reducing smoke emission during PVC plastic combustion in the presence of ammonium octamolybdate consists in its catalytic action in the conversion of soot particles into various oxidized forms. It is shown that PVC plastics containing ammonium octamolybdate have elevated oxygen index and coke residue.