Combustion Engine Research Articles

Experimental Analysis of Long-Term Fuel Trim Performance in a Gasoline Engine Under Various Operating Conditions

This paper analyzes the effect of operating conditions on the enrichment of the fuel-air mixture in a car engine due to a decrease in air mass with increasing altitude above sea level. This study focuses on fuel trim, particularly long-term fuel trim, in optimizing the composition of the fuel-air mixture before it enters the engine's combustion chamber. Experimental studies were conducted on the Bishkek–Osh highway in the Kyrgyz Republic, a road characterized by flat, mountainous, and high-altitude sections with complex terrain. Based on the research objectives, experimental results were obtained, and graphs of long-term fuel trim as a percentage of terrain altitude were constructed and analyzed for flat, mountainous, and high-altitude sections of the Bishkek–Osh highway. The study established that fuel trim indicators can be used to analyze changes in the air-fuel mixture's air excess coefficient (λ = 1, stoichiometric ratio). The reduction in long-term fuel trim was observed in flat, mountainous, and high-altitude sections as air density and pressure decreased with increasing altitude above sea level. The results show that with a reduction in long-term fuel trim to -6.25% to -7.81% at altitudes between 1500 and 3000 meters above sea level, the air excess coefficient (λ) drops to 0.92–0.94. At an altitude of 770 meters (flat terrain), λ was measured at 0.97. The difference in λ (0.03–0.05) indicates that an increase in altitude significantly affects the air-fuel ratio (AFR), impacting mixture formation during vehicle operation in mountainous and high-altitude conditions.

Battery Electric Vehicle Lightweighting Strategies: Addressing Energy Consumption and Range Anxiety

In general, an internal combustion engine vehicle is still the convention in personal and commercial transport, but due to its high use stage CO2 emission, a shift is occurring in propulsion methods, and the use of battery electric vehicles (BEV) will become the new norm. BEV’s curb weight is, in general, greater than that of a conventional fuelled vehicle (CFV) for equivalent classes. Consequently, it is questionable that the level of BEV’s energy consumption is acceptable. The aim of this paper is to compare the mass induced energy consumption of CFV and BEV. The expectation is that the comparative study of energy consumption between CFV and BEV will provide insight for proposing a strategy to determine the extent to which lightweighting can be introduced to a BEV. Encouragingly, less exhaustive energy consumption can help by reducing range anxiety by increasing BEV range, resolving one issue facing a BEV. With a typical road condition for hilly and flat roads, various drive cycles are also taken into consideration, and the energy consumption profiles for CFV and BEV can be determined. The vehicle model involved using the MATLAB/Simulink software underpinned by longitudinal vehicle dynamic methods. The idea is to determine the amount of lightweighting of various components of a BEV through an iterative process based on energy consumption profiles. As a function of mass reduction, for comparative energy expenditure, the results showed that a range of 28 to 36% reduction in BEV mass was achieved, which in turn can increase the driving range by 36.4 to 46.8%.

Impact of nano cerium oxide addition with pyrolysis waste plastic oil on combustion, performance and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine

Abstract This investigation examined the effect of incorporating cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticle into diesel and waste plastic oil (WPO) blends on the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of the diesel engine. The WPO was extracted from low density polyethylene using plastic pyrolysis. The blending of diesel and WPO with combination of D70:WPO30 and D50:WPO50 was prepared to evaluate the engine operation. Additionally, the spherical sized CeO2 with 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L was added with this blend. The various blends named as Diesel, D-WPO30, D-WPO30+Ce50, D-WPO30+Ce100, D-WPO50, D-WPO50+Ce50 and D-WPO50+Ce100 were used in this investigation to operate the engine under various load conditions. The experiment was performed using water cooled common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine with prepared D-WPO blend. Different characteristics such as In-cylinder pressure (CP), heat release rate (HRR), ignition delay time (IDT), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and smoke opacity emission are studied with respect to the effect of different blends and applied load used. It was observed that increasing of CeO2 nanoparticles in blend improved the overall performance and emission of the engine. Form the results, D-WPO30+Ce100 blend showed enhanced brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and exhaust has temperature (EGT) are 28.2%, 3% and 465oC respectively. Similarly, reduced emission of CO, NOx, HC and smoke opacity was observed in the CeO2 added blends particularly at 100 mg/L. It was concluded that among all blends prepared, the D70:WPO30 with 100 mg/L of CeO2 showed improved combustion, performance and emission characteristics in proposed diesel engine.

WEAR OF FUNCTIONAL PAIRS OF A GASOLINE ENGINE COMBUSTION CHAMBER

Gasoline combustion engine is generally the most important part of a car. With this driving unit the car achieves the best ratio between its fuel utilization and weight. In order to comply with required parameters, such as performance, ecology and economy of combustion engines, their regular service inspections and associated maintenance operations must be followed. For testing the operability of these engines, especially for testing the wear of functional pairs of the combustion chamber, we use various methods. The paper deals with detection of wear of combustion engine functional pairs and with subsequent comparison of obtained values with the values declared by the manufacturer. The measurements were carried out on a Suzuki gasoline engine G13BA with a cubature of 1298 cm3 and a total mileage of 160,000 km.

Prediction of Efficiency, Performance, and Emissions Based on a Validated Simulation Model in Hydrogen–Gasoline Dual-Fuel Internal Combustion Engines

This study explores the performance and emissions characteristics of a dual-fuel internal combustion engine operating on a blend of hydrogen and gasoline. This research began with a baseline simulation of a conventional gasoline engine, which was subsequently validated through experimental testing on an AVL testbed. The simulation results closely matched the testbed data, confirming the accuracy of the model, with deviations within 5%. Building on this validated model, a hydrogen–gasoline dual-fuel engine simulation was developed. The predictive simulation revealed an approximately 5% increase in overall engine efficiency at the optimal operating point, primarily due to hydrogen’s combustion properties. Additionally, the injected gasoline mass and CO₂ emissions were reduced by around 30% across the RPM range. However, the introduction of hydrogen also resulted in a slight reduction (~10%) in torque, attributed to the lower volumetric efficiency caused by hydrogen displacing intake air. While CO emissions were significantly reduced, NOₓ emissions nearly doubled due to the higher combustion temperatures associated with hydrogen. This research demonstrates the potential of hydrogen–gasoline dual-fuel systems in reducing carbon emissions, while highlighting the need for further optimization to balance performance with environmental impact.

LIFE-CYCLE AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE PASSENGER CARS

Today, passenger vehicle emissions alone represent 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). The automobile industry is aware of this and has taken steps towards decarbonization over the past decade. Emissions related to the six phases of the life cycle were determined from the LCA database compiled on the basis of data collected on emissions during the life cycle of different types of vehicles, units, sizes and geographical areas. Typically, Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICE) constantly emit CO2 while driving, whereas Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV) do not. The transition to an electric vehicle is only as clean as the energy source used to charge the vehicle. Each BEV car represents approximately 2.2 MWh/year of load on the country's electric power system, while due to the way energy is converted, the ICE car represents approximately 11.9 MWh/year of fuel-equivalent load.

Use of butanol, pentanol and diesel in a compression ignition engine: A review

Using oxygenated alternative fuels in compression ignition (CI) engines is feasible for energy security problems and cli-mate change. Alcohols are regarded as alternative fuels for compression ignition engines because of their excellent physi-cochemical features, emission, and combustion characteristics. Research on alcohols and their additions has progressed significantly in recent years. Several researchers have examined the combined effect of higher alcohol with diesel and their impact and challenged that concentrations of higher alcohol reduce harmful particulate emissions in CI engines. This paper mainly focused on the performance and emissions properties of higher alcohols like butanol and pentanol. Alcohol has a low energy content, typically affecting engine brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC). Low-temperature combustion (LTC) in compression ignition engines can lower NOx and smoke emissions, and improve the efficiency of the engine. LTC is done by combining higher alcohol with increased exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate and retarded fuel injection timing. The higher alcohol, along with the oxygen in the fuel reduces exhaust fumes, improves the air/fuel mixture by providing a longer ignition delay (ID), and can replace the fossil fuel like diesel (partially or whole) to allow efficient and clean combustion in CI engines. Finally, several significant findings and comments are provided regarding potential ave-nues for experimental research and future development. According to thorough analysis, bio-alcohols are considered to be a substitute fuel for CI engines.

Enhancing end-of-life product recyclability through modular design and social engineering optimiser

Amidst the thriving landscape of manufacturing, the vision of sustainability in Industry 5.0 is becoming increasingly significant. The implementation of recycling represents a crucial step in the pursuit of sustainability, particularly in light of the mounting challenge posed by the proliferation of end-of-life (EOL) products. Addressing this challenge, we propose a novel Design for Modular Recyclability (DFMR) approach aimed at facilitating the recycling of EOL products. Our study develops a multi-objective optimisation model with a focus on maximising green recyclability and independence while minimising aggregation. We introduce an innovative Social Engineering Optimiser (SEO) to simulate behavioural patterns in complex environments, aiding in identifying and implementing effective strategies for optimal or near-optimal results in diverse scenarios. The practical effectiveness of the proposed models and algorithms is demonstrated by applying them to a real-life case study in an internal combustion engine, followed by performance comparisons with existing well-established multi-objective optimisation algorithms. The findings of our study demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed DFMR model, offering a novel approach for decision-makers to undertake EOL product recovery. This contributes to the further exploration of complex and promising paths towards sustainable manufacturing and green production that are more in line with Industry 5.0.

Review of Economic, Technical and Environmental Aspects of Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicles (EVs) have seen significant advancements and mainstream adoption, prompting in-depth analysis of their economic, technical, and environmental impacts. Economically, while EVs offer lower operational costs than internal combustion engine vehicles, challenges remain, particularly for urban users reliant on public charging stations and the potential implementation of new road taxes to offset declining fuel tax revenues. Technically, electric motors in EVs have fewer moving parts, but battery management and cybersecurity complexities pose new risks. Transitioning from Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt (NMC) to Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP) batteries reflects efforts to enhance thermal stability and mitigate fire hazards. Environmentally, lithium extraction for batteries has profound ecological impacts, including for water consumption and pollution. Battery production and the carbon footprint of the entire lifecycle remain pressing concerns, with battery recycling and second-life applications as crucial mitigation strategies. Smart integration of EVs with the energy infrastructure introduces challenges like grid stability and opportunities, such as smart, intelligent, innovative charging solutions and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology. Future research should develop economic models to forecast long-term impacts, advance battery technology, enhance cybersecurity, and conduct comprehensive environmental assessments to optimise the benefits of electromobility, addressing the multidimensional challenges and opportunities presented by EVs.

Comparative analysis of metal oxide nanoparticle accumulation in landfill gas engine combustion chambers: Insights from three sites

Combustion chamber deposits adversely affect the operating performance of gas engines. In this study, the elemental composition of deposit samples collected from the inner surface of combustion chambers in gas engines across three different facilities was examined using various methods. The proportional changes in metal oxides along the internal cross-sectional surfaces of the deposits were examined to depict the deposit formation process from beginning to end. Additionally, the study investigated the identification of metals accumulated in the engine oil, their contribution to deposit formation, and the accumulation mechanisms of metal oxide nanoparticles on the engine’s interior metal surfaces. The main elements identified in the deposits from the Odayeri and Kömürcüoda facilities were Si, S, and Ca, whereas deposits from the Dilovası facility contained Si and Sb. These major elements, identified by SEM-EDS, were confirmed through XRF analysis. XRD analysis further confirmed the presence of Ca and S as CaSO4 crystals in the deposits. Ca originates from additives used to increase the total base number of engine oil and control the corrosive effects of landfill gas. It has been determined that silicon accumulates in engine oil over time. An important finding is that metal oxides in the combustion chamber primarily accumulate through impaction, sticking, and thermophoresis mechanisms.

Analysis of the Impact of Selected Dynamic Parameters of a Motor Vehicle on CO2 Emissions Using Logistic Regression

The article analyzes the impact of selected operational parameters of internal combustion engine vehicles on CO2 emissions. The study was preceded by a detailed analysis of the issues related to CO2 emissions in the EU, with a focus on Poland, where the tests were conducted. The key scientific assumption is that individual vehicle users’ behaviors significantly impact global CO2 emissions. Daily use of private vehicles, driving style, and attention to fuel efficiency contribute to cumulative effects that can drive the transformation toward more sustainable transport. Therefore, the study was conducted using real-time empirical data obtained from the vehicles’ OBD (On-Board Diagnostics) diagnostic systems. This approach enabled the creation of a diagnostic tool allowing each vehicle user to assess CO2 emissions and ultimately manage its levels, which is the biggest innovation of the work. Two levels of CO2 emissions were identified as categorical variables in the model, considered either ecological or non-ecological from the perspective of sustainable transport. The CO2 emission threshold of 200 g/km was adopted based on the average age of vehicles in Poland (14.5 years) and Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Three models of logistic regression dedicated to different driving cycle phases—starting, urban driving, and highway driving—were proposed and compared. This study demonstrated that during vehicle starting, the most significant factors influencing the probability of ecological driving are vehicle velocity, relative engine load, and relative throttle position, while for the other two types of movement, engine power and torque should also be considered. The logistic regression model for vehicle start-up obtained a value of sensitivity at about 82% and precision at about 85%. In the case of urban driving, the values of the discussed parameters reach significantly higher levels, with sensitivity at around 96% and precision at about 92%. In turn, the model related to highway driving achieved the highest values among the created models, with sensitivity at around 97% and precision at about 93%.

Analysis and Comparison of the Performances and Applications for the State-of-art Thermal Engines

Abstract. As a matter of fact, the development of contemporary internal combustion engines focuses on enhancing fuel efficiency and reducing emissions due to stringent environmental regulations. With the rise of electric cars, the development of hybrid technologies has driven innovation in internal combustion engines, and many modern vehicles combine internal combustion engines with electric motors. In this study, it introduces three different types of thermal engines with latest application in different transportation. By analyzing the limitations of internal combustion engines like thermodynamic limits and emission causing air pollution, it points the direction of future efforts on thermal engines. According to the results, internal combustion engines can be improved by increasing compression ratio through optimizing design and using better fuel like hydrogen. This article hopes to provide a clear understanding of the advantages and limitations of internal combustion engines. For companies and researchers, especially in the automotive sector, it aims to support strategic decisions in engine design and deployment.

Experimental investigation on short-time and long-time tribological performance of Fischer-Tropsch fuel compared with fossil diesel

ABSTRACT The Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) fuel, as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines, can cause undesired wear issues on engine components mainly due to its almost zero sulfur content. In order to explore a conveniently accessible additive to improve the lubricity of the F-T fuel, this study conducted both short-time and long-time tribological performance experiments of the F-T fuel added with 200 ppm lubrication improver Infineum R655 and compared with commercial fossil diesel. A four-ball wear test machine was used to perform fuel anti-wear and load-carrying properties tests. Two four-cylinder fuel pumps with top clearance and flat top two types of plungers were, respectively, operated with the F-T fuel and diesel for 300 hours. The parameters characterizing the tribological performance of the fuel pump plunger couples before and after the durability test were measured, including roundness, straightness, depth of parallelism, line profile, sealing time, and fuel delivery amount. The anti-wear property test results show that the wear scar diameter of the metal ball is 0.59 mm for the F-T fuel, which is 7.8% decreased than that of diesel. The results of fuel load-carrying capacity experiment exhibit that the maximum nonseizure load of the F-T fuel is 246 N, which is better than that of diesel. Regarding the fuel pump bench 300-hour operating results, wear of the fuel pump plunger components was acceptable using the F-T fuel with the lubrication improver, without any modification of fuel pumps. Additionally, the improvement brought by this additive is applicable to the two common types of plunger components mentioned above. The results of this study reveal that the desired tribological performance of the F-T fuel can be achieved by adding the lubrication improver additive evaluated in this work.

Analysis the Principle and Applications for Stirling Engines of Household

Abstract. The Stirling engine is a path that was not intensively researched and developed on compared to internal combustion engines. However, with advanced technology one has now compared to the 1800s, Stirling engines can be used for purposes including generating electricity and heat in households. Its potential lays in its high thermal efficiency, long life span, as well as the advantage that it can operate quietly. This study investigates and discusses the applications of Stirling engines in houses. There are a lot of ways that Stirling engines can be implemented in daily life, including micro-CHP, water pump, electricity generator. In the future, with better technologies, Stirling engines may be brought up more due to its high efficiency and other beneficial traits. These results aim to increase the attention to Stirling engines and the possibility of implementing it for residential purposes, possibly leading to further research on the topic to further exploit the potentialities of the Stirling engines.

Analysis of the Principle and Applications of Four-stroke Engines in Transportation

Abstract. Four-stroke engines a type of internal combustion engine (IC engine) that can turn the heat provided from the fuel to work, and they are mainly classified as two groups, which are gasoline engines and diesel engines. Four-stroke engines can be applied to high power machines because of its high thermal efficiency. In four-stroke engines, the piston reaches the dead center four times in the cylinder to complete a cycle. This cycle includes the taking in of gas, the compression, the ignition, the expansion and the exhaustion of gas. In gasoline engine, this cycle is called the Otto cycle, and in diesel engine, this cycle is called the Diesel cycle. The greatest difference between these two engines is that they burn different types of fuel. In that way, the procedure of converting the heat to work is different. To help this cycle performs better economically and more efficiently, additional attachments such as hybrid engine and computer assistance are used. This research summarizes and analyses the application of four-stroke engines in land transportation, in aviation and in marine transportation, and this article gives a possible prediction to the future trend of the technology advancements of engines in transportation based on the analyses.

Characteristics of pollutants emitted by motor vehicles and their impact on the environment and engine operation

Gaseous and solid pollutants (dusts) of atmospheric air have been defined. Dusts have been divided according to various criteria and their properties have been given. The sources and characteristics of anthropogenic and natural pollutants of atmospheric air have been presented. It has been shown that the main sources of anthropogenic pollutants, apart from industry, are motorization, and internal combustion engines of cars are a source of gaseous pollutants and solid particles, the emission of which has been significantly reduced. The originality of the article consists in conducting an extensive literature analysis and proving that the emission of "non-engine" pollutants in the form of dust from the wear of friction linings of brakes, clutches and from the wear of tires and roads, as well as mineral dust raised from the ground, is currently a greater threat to human health and the environment than engine emissions. The impact of particulate matter emissions from road transport and mineral dust, which is the basic component of road dust, on human health, vegetation and on the operation of engine and vehicle systems is presented.

Clean Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Vehicles

In this paper, a comprehensive synthesis of salient points from pertinent literature in the field is presented, accompanied by an analytical review of extant experimental data. The mechanisms underlying the utilization of green hydrogen in fuel cell vehicles are meticulously dissected from the perspectives of hydrogen production, storage, and utilization. An in-depth investigation into the energy conversion efficiency within the hydrogen production phase is conducted, as well as an examination of the energy conversion efficiency when utilizing green hydrogen as a fuel within fuel cell vehicles. Moreover, the article provides an informative overview of the fundamental attributes and performance metrics of fuel cell vehicles. It conducts a comparative analysis against traditional internal combustion engine vehicles, considering variables such as safety profiles, refueling duration, fuel mass, and fuel cost implications. The advantages of deploying fuel cell vehicles are analyzed, elucidating their benefits. Conversely, the article also enumerates the shortcomings and current bottlenecks faced by fuel cell vehicles, offering a critical view of their current limitations. Furthermore, the study delves into prevalent methods for green hydrogen production, positioning green hydrogen as a viable solution to the current challenges of carbon neutrality. The article culminates by suggesting the role of green hydrogen in spearheading future low-carbon development initiatives, thereby delineating a prospective roadmap for sustainable energy advancement.

Modeling of Hydrogen Combustion from a 0D/1D Analysis to Complete 3D-CFD Engine Simulations

Hydrogen and its unique properties pose major challenges to the development of innovative combustion engines, while it represents a viable alternative when it is based on renewable energy sources. The present paper deals with the holistic approach of hydrogen combustion modeling from a 0D/1D reactor evaluation with Cantera up to complete engine simulations in the 3D-CFD tool QuickSim. The obtained results are referenced to the current literature and calibrated with experimental data. In particular, the engine simulations are validated against measurements of a single-cylinder research engine, which was specifically adapted for lean hydrogen operation and equipped with port fuel injection and a passive pre-chamber system. Special attention is hereby given to the influence of different engine loads and varying lambda operation. The focus of this work is the complementary numerical investigation of the hydrogen flame speed and its self-ignition resistance under the consideration of various reaction mechanisms. A detailed transfer from laminar propagation under laboratory conditions to turbulent flame development within the single-cylinder engine is hereby carried out. It is found that the relatively simple reaction kinetics of hydrogen can lead to acceptable results for all mechanisms, but there are particular effects with regard to the engine behavior. The laminar flame speed and induction time vary greatly with the inner cylinder conditions and significantly affect the entire engine’s operation. The 3D-CFD environment offers the opportunity to analyze the interactions between mixture formation and combustion progress, which are indispensable to evaluate advanced operating strategies and optimize the performance and efficiency, as well as the reliability, of the engine.

Investigation on CuO nanoparticle enhanced mahua biodiesel/diesel fuelled CI engine combustion for improved performance and emission abetted by response surface methodology

In this study, the characteristics of diesel engines were tested with in-house produced mahua biodiesel blended with diesel and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NP) catalyst. The preliminary investigation used mahua biodiesel-diesel blends (M10, M20, and M30) among them M20 outperformed. Further M20 and CuO NP with concentrations of 25, 50, and 75 ppm are studied. Finally, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the appropriate NP concentration for M20. The findings showed that the blend of M20 with 60 ppm NP at 80% load had the highest desirability (0.9740), and the developed RSM model predicted engine responses with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 3.0962% to the confirmation test confirming the model’s accuracy. The optimized M20NP60 blend demonstrated superior combustion, performance and emission characteristics.

Optimization of ANN Models Using Metaheuristic Algorithms for Prediction of Tailpipe Emissions in Biodiesel Engine

ABSTRACTMachine learning techniques are gaining momentum in the present‐day context in most engineering applications due to their versatility and accuracy. They facilitate faster data processing coupled with a high degree of accuracy. They are extensively used in understanding and modeling engine combustion and emissions. Engine emissions significantly contribute to environmental degradation. In the current study, an effort has been made to compare the emissions recorded from a four‐stroke single‐cylinder biodiesel engine with those obtained using artificial neural network (ANN) models, where the hyperparameters have been optimized using nature‐inspired metaheuristic optimization algorithms like JAYA, WOA, ROA, and WaOA. The study was conducted using diesel and cardanol‐methanol‐diesel blends of B10M10, B20M10, and B30M10, by varying the fuel injection pressure from 180 bar (standard injection timing) to 220 bar with an interval of 20 bar. Furthermore, experiments were conducted with oxygen enrichment at concentrations of 3%, 5%, and 7% w/w on the standard oxygen concentration of air. The study showed a remarkable reduction of 59% in CO emissions at 220 bar fuel injection pressure with 7% w/w oxygen enrichment for the B30M10 blend as compared to 180 bar without oxygen enrichment. A similar reduction of 32.6% and 16.6% were observed for HC emissions and smoke opacity for the same operating conditions. However, a rising trend of 50% was observed for NOx emissions for the same blend and operating conditions. The findings indicate that the data recorded conforms with that obtained by using the ANN model optimized through these metaheuristic algorithms.