Combined Training Method Research Articles

Effects of continuous, interval, and combined training methods on middle- and long-distance runners’ performance

Introduction: Running performance is largely influenced by training methods, including Continuous, Interval, and combined training methods. However, which training method that best improves the performance has not been identified. Aim: This study was to investigate how training methods continuous, interval, and combined training affect distance running performance. Methods: A total of thirty (n=30) athletes from the Ethiopia Hotel Athletics Club were selected as subjects. The studies included trained runners without previous injuries. Interventions lasted at least 12 weeks, with participants allocated to Interval, Continuous or combined training groups. The athletes' performance was assessed through cooper 12 min run test, wall squat test and multiple sprint test using pre- and posttest interventions. MANOVA was performed using SPSS to determine the mean difference with 95% confidence intervals (CIS) between continuous, interval (CIS), and combined training, and the effect sizes were calculated. Results: All training methods significantly improved VO2max, strength endurance, and speed. Moreover, there was no significant difference between the interval and combined training during the VO2max test (MD = 0.2, P > 0.1). There was no significant difference between continuous and interval training during the posttests VO2max test. During the wall squat test, there was no significant difference between the training methods (p > 0.1). Moreover, there were no significant differences between the continuous and combined, training groups or between the interval and combined training groups at the level of the multiple sprint test (p = 1, MD = 0.53). However, there was a significant difference between the continuous and interval training groups on the multiple sprint test (P = 0.024, MD = -1.75), with an effect size was 0.356.Conclusion: Interval and combined training are better strategies than continuous training for improving athlete performance. Key words: Athletics, continuous, interval, combined training methods, performance

Exploring subjective responses in high-intensity multimodal training: an online cross-sectional survey

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate exercise enjoyment in high-intensity multimodal training (HIMT) in current and previous HIMT participants and identify factors associated with HIMT that mediate exercise...

Evaluating the learning performances for CNC machine practice in mechanical engineering degree courses based on students’ mental workload

This study evaluates the performance of learning CNC machining in mechanical engineering degree programs by assessing students’ mental workload (MWL). Both subjective (NASA-Task Load Index) and objective (increasing ratio of heart rate, IRH) evaluation methods were employed to assess the MWL of 46 students randomly assigned to two groups: a traditional training group and a combined simulation training group. The results demonstrate the significant impact of the training method on students’ MWL. Specifically, the MWL and IHR values of the combined simulation training group were 54.3 and 9.2, respectively, while those of the traditional training group were 58.3 and 13.2. Additionally, the correlation analysis showed a significant correlation between the IHR value and the MWL score of NASA-TLX. These findings suggest that implementing simulated software and the combined simulation training method effectively reduces students’ MWL, thereby promoting active knowledge acquisition. Consequently, students’ MWL can be utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of technical education with the aim of enhancing training efficiency and quality.

USING KINESIOTHERAPY IN THE REHABILITATION PROGRAM OF CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY

The article presents the results of the use of decompression trainer and parter articular gymnastics exercises in rehabilitation of children with various forms of cerebral palsy (PTSD), formation and development of basic movement skills, physical fitness and endurance. The rehabilitation program for children diagnosed with PTSD was planned taking into account individual capabilities and needs. In order to increase the effectiveness of the rehabilitation program, the method of replacing training sessions was used. All treatment procedures are based on forms of play. The rehabilitation procedure is adapted to the level of personal development of the child, focusing on his strengths and needs. Passive, active and combined training methods were alternately used. Due to the introduction of the method of using the decompression trainer and parter articular gymnastics in the complex rehabilitation program, the volume of active movements and manipulative activity in patients increases, while the achieved results are preserved for a long time. KEY WORDS: children; cerebral palsy; rehabilitation; kinesiotherapy

The effect of maximal aerobic speed training combined with small-sided games on performance parameters in soccer

The purpose of this research was to compare the effects of maximal aerobic speed (MAS) training, small-sided games (SSG) training, and combined training (CT) on sprint, agility, lactate accumulation, repeated sprint, aerobic, and anaerobic endurance performances. Thirty under-16 male players participated in a 6-week randomized training study. Pre- and post-training all players completed a test battery involving body composition (body height and Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry-DEXA), sprint tests (10 m, 20 m, and 30 m), Yo-Yo 1 test, Arrowhead agility test, blood lactate test, and Yo-Yo 2 test. A global positioning system (GPS) was used for monitoring. After the pre-tests, the players were randomly assigned to three groups as MAS, SSG, and CT. Mixed two-way ANOVA was used to compare the pre-test and post-test performance of the three groups. While the CT group had higher changes in body composition, repeated sprint, aerobic, and anaerobic endurance parameters compared to the MAS training group (p<.05); the SSG training group had similar changes as the CT group (p>.05). In conclusion, coaches and sports scientists are advised to choose CT for more efficient training, considering the differences between the MAS training and CT methods.

EFEITOS DO TREINAMENTO DE FORÇA SOBRE O PODER EXPLOSIVO DO MEMBRO INFERIOR EM ATLETAS

ABSTRACT Introduction: In track and field events, the force generated by running, jumping, and throwing starts from the lower limbs and is transmitted from bottom to top, forming a complete dynamic chain. Objective: Study the effect of different combined strength training methods on the explosive strength of the lower limbs of track and field athletes. Methods: Twenty members of the track and field team were selected as research subjects and divided into two groups, A and B. Group A performed the maximum resistance training method, and group B performed the submaximal resistance training method and underwent 12 weeks of different combined strength training. Results: After 12 weeks of training, there was a significant difference in the results of the two groups of students in the approach run (male P=0.034, female P=0.021), and the results of experimental group B improved significantly. Conclusion: The maximum resistance training method can most effectively improve the explosive performance of the lower limbs of track and field practitioners. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Designing and Developing a Combined Program based on the Theory of Mind Method and the Floortime Method and its Effectiveness on Social-Communication Skills and Stereotypical Behaviors of Children with Autism Disorder

Aim: The present research was conducted with the aim of designing and compiling a combined program based on the theory of mind method and the flortime method and its effectiveness on social-communication skills and stereotyped behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorder. Method: The present research method is mixed (qualitative-quantitative) of sequential exploratory type. In the qualitative part with the approach of inductive content analysis, socio-statistics included all the valid scientific sources and articles indexed and related in the databases, and theoretical sampling and the saturation rule were used. In the quantitative part, the population of this research was all children aged 2 to 5 years with autism spectrum disorder who referred to Autism Center of Rafsanjan, who were willing to cooperate and participate in the meetings on behalf of themselves and their families. The sample included 5 children aged 2 to 5 years with autism spectrum disorder. These people were selected by purposeful sampling and investigated in a single-group study with a single-subject design. The research tool was Gilliam Gazer's (1994) questionnaire. Results: The results of the qualitative part of the research led to the development of a 12-session combined therapy package based on the theory of mind method and flortime method. The results of the quantitative part showed that the combined training method based on the theory of mind method and the flortime method had an effect on the social-communication skill components with an improvement percentage between 25 and 55%. The theory of mind method and the Flortime method have had an effect on the scores of stereotyped behaviors with a recovery percentage between 14 and 46%. Conclusion: The conceptual model of the combined program based on the theory of mind method and the flortime method was developed based on the dimension of communication skills, the dimension of motor speech skills, the dimension of interpersonal skills and social interaction, and the dimension of emotion recognition. The results showed that the teaching method of the combined program based on the theory of mind method and the flortime method had an effect on social-communication skills and stereotyped behaviors.

Human resource development for rural tourism: a green tourism approach

This study aimed to analyze the current human resource (HR) condition in more established tourist villages in Bali, Indonesia, as well as developing a human resource development model that could assist the villages in developing HR for tourism. The research is a qualitative study using 2 sample groups the Community-based Tourism (CBT) management in 5 developed CBT villages in Bali, and the Academics who conducted community services in the villages. The results show that the human resources available are in various stages depend on the phase and the maturity of the CBT village. The 7 training modes suggested in the model could be carried out as a standalone or combined training methods as required that could be carried out by some parties. For a maximum result, these parties that assist villages should work in synergy to contribute in developing rural tourism. The green HR requirement revolves around understanding and practicing ‘green’ in daily life as well as at workplace and profession aiming for achieving the ultimate goal of making the Earth as a safe living place for many generations to come. It is expected that the results of the study could assist villages in developing rural tourism and be used as a reference for personals and officials conducting community service in villages.

Acute Perceptive Responses to 2 Combined Training Methods in Adolescents: A Crossover Study.

To compare the acute perceptive responses of different combined training methods in adolescents. The sample consisted of 50 adolescents, insufficiently active, aged between 14 and 18years (58% female). The adolescents performed 2 sessions in a randomized order: moderate-intensity continuous training + resistance training (MICT + RT) and high-intensity interval training + resistance training (HIIT + RT). The rating of perceived exertion, affect, and satisfaction were measured by self-report in 5 moments during the combined training (HIIT or MICT-moments 1, 2, and 3; RT-moments 4 and 5) and 10minutes after the end of the session. During HIIT, adolescents reported higher values of rating of perceived exertion compared to the MICT session at moments 2 and 3 in both sexes (P < .05). In addition, at moments 2 and 3 of the HIIT session, female participants were reported to have a higher value of satisfaction compared to MICT (F = 3.953; P = .005; η2 = .067). During the execution of both HIIT + RT and MICT + RT protocols, adolescents showed an increase in the values of pleasure and satisfaction, regardless of sex.

Effects of aerobic exercise combined with resistance training on health-related physical fitness in adolescents: A randomized controlled trial

Background/ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare the effects of two combined training methods on health-related physical fitness components in adolescents. MethodsSeventy-six adolescents (16.1 ± 1.1 years, n = 44 female) were randomized into groups of moderate-intensity continuous training combined with resistance training (MICT + RT), high-intensity interval training combined with resistance training (HIIT + RT), or Control. The training sessions were performed twice weekly for 12 weeks. The health-related physical fitness components evaluated were: body composition, muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness. ResultsThe intervention groups had a significant reduction in body fat percentage and improvement in abdominal repetitions and VO2peak after 12 weeks of combined exercise program (p < 0.001). Intervention effects were found to significantly reduce body fat percentage for the MICT + RT and HIIT + RT groups compared to the control group (mean difference: −3.8; 95% CI: −6.2; −1 0.3; mean difference: −4.7; 95%CI: −7.1; −2.3, respectively). For muscle fitness, significant effects of the intervention were found in increasing the number of abdominal repetitions favoring the MICT + RT group compared to the control group (mean difference: 9.5; 95% CI: 4.4; 14.7) and HIIT + RT compared to the control group (mean difference: 14.1; 95% CI 9; 19.3). For cardiorespiratory fitness, significant effects of the intervention on improving VO2peak were found in the experimental groups (MICT + RT vs Control group: mean difference: 4.4; 95% CI: 2.2; 6.6; and HIIT + RT vs. Control group: mean difference: 5.5, 95% CI: 3.3; 7.7). ConclusionThe results suggest that 12 weeks of training using MCIT + RT or HIIT + RT showed a similar effect for health-related physical fitness components in adolescents.

Changes in Some Fitness Factors, Testosterone, and Cortisol Following Combined Exercise with and Without Blood Flow Restriction in Older Men

Background: Considering the importance of maintaining and promoting the health of the elderly, it is necessary to examine their hormonal responses during physical fitness exercises. This study aimed to investigate the effect of two combined training methods with and without blood flow restriction on some physical fitness (muscle strength and muscle endurance), anabolic (testosterone), and catabolic (cortisol) factors. Materials and Methods: The present research was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design. A total of 24 elderly men with no history of training participated in this study voluntarily. They were divided randomly into two experimental groups and one control group. Measurement included the 30-second sit-up test, the sit-up test with 50% of one-repetition maximum (to the point of fatigue), testosterone level, and cortisol level. In the group with blood flow restriction, both upper thighs were closed with cuffs and the exercise was performed with the intensity of 20-30% of 1RM, to the point of fatigue. In the training group without restriction, the same movements were performed with an intensity of 65- 80% of 1RM, to the point of fatigue. The covariance test and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that training with blood flow restriction had a significant effect on increasing muscle strength and muscle endurance similar to that caused by high-intensity training without blood flow restriction. Moreover, the results of the study on the effect of exercise with and without vascular occlusion on testosterone and cortisol levels showed that both training methods had similar effects on increasing testosterone levels and decreasing serum cortisol levels in older men. Conclusion: Since heavy weight training is difficult and risky for the elderly, they can effectively practice low-intensity resistance exercises with blood flow restriction. Eventually, the study of other hormonal and neuromuscular mechanisms involved in the effectiveness of these exercises will expand knowledge in this field of study.

Effects of Resistance Training Methods on Golf Clubhead Speed and Hitting Distance: A Systematic Review.

Uthoff, A, Sommerfield, LM, and Pichardo, AW. Effects of resistance training methods on golf clubhead speed and hitting distance: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2651-2660, 2021-Resistance training is widely regarded within the golfing community to improve golf performance by increasing clubhead speed (CHS) and drive distance and can be classified into 3 categories: nonspecific, specific, and combined. However, it is currently unclear which resistance training methods are most effective in improving predictors of golf performance. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to compare the effectiveness of nonspecific, specific, and combined strength training methods on CHS and drive distance. A systematic search strategy was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines to identify eligible articles through PubMed, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE (EBSCO), and Google Scholar. The searches identified 4,557 potentially relevant results, with 20 studies that met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final review. Thirteen studies investigated nonspecific resistance training, one study investigated specific resistance training, and 7 studies investigated combined resistance training. Collectively, resistance training positively impacts golf CHS and hitting distance, but adaptations vary depending on the type and intensity of training, as well as subject's characteristics. Using a combination of nonspecific and golf-specific training (average increase of 4.1% CHS and 5.2% hitting distance) seems to enhance golf performance more than nonspecific strength training (average increase of 1.6% CHS and 4.8% hitting distance). Eight-week programs including golf-specific movements at high velocities for 3 to 4 sets of 5 to 15 repetitions are the most effective in increasing CHS and hitting distance. Future research investigating how golf-specific training influences CHS and hitting distance in various subgroups may provide further insight regarding prescription of this training type.

Sprint development practices in elite football code athletes

Despite the importance and complexity of developing sprint performance in football code athletes, there are limited studies exploring practitioners’ practices to improves Sprinting. Therefore, this study aimed to describe and evaluate the practices used with elite football code athletes to develop sprint performance. Ninety subjects completed a survey comprised of four sections (coaching demographic, evaluation of training, organisation of training, and training protocols). Survey responses showed that 98% of practitioners monitor sprint performance, and 92% integrated monitoring strategies into sprint development programmes to inform training. All practitioners used combined training methods including specific (e.g., sprints with or without overload) and non-specific (e.g., strength training or plyometrics) methods targeting the underpinning determinants of sprint performance. Most practitioners reported prescribing 1–3 or 2–4 days · wk−1 for sprint development, both in-season and pre-season. Sprint development programmes were uncommon in the off-season. Most specific sprint training sessions were reportedly shorter in duration (5–15 and 15–30min) than non-specific sprint training methods (30–45 and &gt;45min) irrespective of the season phases. Sprint development was integrated before and after sport-specific training, regularly using warm-ups and gym sessions. Specific training methods were also implemented in separate sessions. The specific content (e.g., exercise selection, training load prescription) was highly variable between practitioners. This study represents the first detailed survey (practices and justification) of sprint development practices (evaluation and organisation of training protocols) in football code cohorts. These findings present multiple methods of structuring, integrating and manipulating sprint training based on the training aims and the individual context.

Pengaruh Metode Latihan Pliometrik dan Metode Gabungan Latihan Pliometrik dengan Keseimbangan terhadap Performa Lay Up Shoot

This research discusses the effect of plyometric training method and combined plyometric and balance training method on lay up shoot performance. Lay up shoot is the easiest way to shoot the ball to the ring because this kind of shoot used as close as possible to the ring. The purpose of this research is to determine "The effect of plyometric training method and combined plyometric and balance training method on lay up shoot performance". This research method used experimental method. The population used in this research is male UPI basketball athletes. The samples that researcher used is total sampling technique i.e 16 male UPI basketball athletes. The instrument used is the Lay Up Test. The result of this research showed that is a significant impact between plyometric training method and combined plyometric and balance training method on lay up shoot performance male UPI basketball athletes.

Effects of 2 Methods of Combined Training on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

To analyze the effects of 2 combined training methods on the cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents. A total of 76 adolescents (16.1 [1.1]y, n = 44 female) were randomized into groups of moderate-intensity continuous training combined with resistance training (MICT + RT), high-intensity interval training combined with resistance training (HIIT + RT), or control. The training sessions were performed twice weekly for 12weeks. The outcomes evaluated included body fat percentage, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, glycated hemoglobin, insulin resistance index, blood pressure, peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), and cardiometabolic risk Z score. The intervention groups presented a significant reduction in the cardiometabolic risk Z score after 12weeks of the combined exercise program. In relation to the cardiometabolic risk Z score between groups, the HIIT + RT group presented a significant intervention effect when compared with the control group (Cohen d = 0.23; P < .05). Significant intervention effects were found when comparing the MICT + RT and control groups for body fat percentage, high-density lipoprotein, and VO2peak. Between the HIIT + RT and control groups, significant intervention effects were found for body fat percentage, blood pressure, and VO2peak. There were not significant differences between the HIIT + RT and MICT + RT groups. Twelve weeks of HIIT + RT and MICT + RT were effective in significantly reducing the cardiometabolic risk in these adolescents.

Classification of High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images in the Feilaixia Reservoir Based on a Fully Convolutional Network

In technologically underdeveloped areas, water pollution threatens the living environment of local residents, so remote sensing monitoring of the features around reservoirs is necessary. Fully convolutional networks (FCNs) offer great potential for extracting high-resolution features due to their unlimited input image size and higher accuracy compared to convolutional neural networks. Therefore, a proposal to classify WorldView-2 images is implemented with a sixty-eight thousand iterations of fine-tuning and fully trained combined training method based on a fully convolutional network (SEFCN). The chosen images depict the urban area of Yingde, which is located to the northeast of the Feilaixia Reservoir, Qingyuan, Guangdong Province, China. The SEFCN combines an FCN-32s and FCN-16s to better integrate the deep features and shallow features and effectively improve the classification accuracy. Additionally, the loss value fully converges with enough iterations, and the overfitting caused by the superposition of two full trainings is avoided. The SEFCN model achieves the highest accuracy among all compared classification models and obtains the best classified results on the WorldView-2 images, as demonstrated by attaining the highest F1 scores in each category. After the classified images are optimized using a conditional random field, the current status of the study area is analyzed, and several suggestions for land use in the urban area of Yingde are made. The experiments still have deficiencies in the application of high-resolution remote sensing image classification with different sensors, and the classification results can be optimized and improved in other aspects.

INFLUENCE OF A 6-WEEK MIXED BALLISTIC-PLYOMETRIC TRAINING ON THE LEVEL OF SELECTED STRENGTH AND SPEED INDICES OF THE LOWER LIMBS IN YOUNG FOOTBALL PLAYERS

The development of muscle power should be taken into account in soccer training. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of a 6-week of mixed power training on the level of the motor skills of the lower limbs of young soccer players. The training was conducted during the starting period. The study included twelve 16-18-year-old players who regularly participated in specific soccer trainings and played in regional competitions. Their basic anthropometric features were measured. The assessment of the power of the lower limbs was carried out using two jump tests: CMJ and SJ. The maximum anaerobic power was calculated and was expressed in relation to body weight and lean body mass. In addition, Drop Jump tests were performed from three different heights on the basis of which RSI reactive strength index were calculated. On completion of the training program an increase in the level of the results of all the tests was observed: SJ (cm) (cohen's d: 0.43), CMJ (cm) (cohen's d: 0.33), SJPmax (W/kg) (cohen's d: 0.43), CMJPmax (W/kg) (cohen's d: 0.30), SJPmax (W/LBMkg) (cohen's d): 0,57), CMJPmax (W/LBMkg) (cohen's d: 0,44), RSI 0,2 (cohen's d: 0,59), RSI 0,3 (cohen's d: 0,45), RSI 0,4 (cohen's d: 0,58). An additional six-week ballistic-plyometric training program, used as a supplement to the basic training plan during the start period, resulted in an increase in the motor skills of the lower limbs of young soccer players. The application of combined ballistic and plyometric training methods helps to improve the strength and speed potential of young soccer players.

Comparing effect of two combined training method and lecture on puberty health on awareness level of high school girls in Masjed Soleiman

comparing effect of two combined training method and lecture on puberty health on awareness level of high school girls in Masjed Soleiman

Effects of multicomponent training on lean and bone mass in postmenopausal and older women: a systematic review.

The purpose of this systematic review was to update and examine to what extent multicomponent training interventions could improve lean and bone mass at different anatomical regions of the body in postmenopausal and older women. A computerized literature search was performed in the following online databases: PubMed MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Web of Knowledge. The search was performed to include articles up until February 2017. The methodological quality of selected studies was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies examining the effects of combined training methods in postmenopausal and older women showed contrasting results, possibly due to the wide range of the participants' age, the evaluation of different regions, and the varying characteristics of the training methods between studies. Overall, it appears that exercise modes that combine resistance, weight-bearing training, and impact-aerobic activities can increase or prevent muscle and skeletal mass loss during the ageing process in women. Further studies are needed to identify the optimal multicomponent training protocols, specifically the training loads that will improve lean and bone mass at different anatomical locations, in postmenopausal and older women.

Comparing the Effect of Static and PNF Stretching on Hip Joint Flexibility of Un-training Female Students

Since many of people in their functional activities mostly place their knee joint in flexed position, the hamstring muscles tend to be shortened. On the other hand, shortness of these muscles affect the knee joint directly and the Hip Joint Flexibility indirectly. The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of static and PNF stretching on hip joint flexibility of un-training female students. Twenty-four 18–30 years old un-training female students without any history of pathology in hip, knee or back were selected. They were divided into three groups with 8 women in each group (static stretch, PNF stretch and control). The two stretch groups received stretching program three days every week for six weeks, while the control group did not. The result shows that range of hip joint flexibility of both groups of static and PNF stretching increased (P 0.05). The while it remained unchanged in control subjects (P > 0.05). Employing both methods (static and PNF stretching) increase the hip joint flexibility. The findings of this study suggest that optimal flexibility is achieved with a combination of these two methods. Thus, we recommend the combined training method to athletes who require very high flexibility.