Combined Resonance Research Articles

Recent advances in combined Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Abstract Hybrid imaging modalities combine two or more medical imaging techniques offering exciting new possibilities to image the structure, function and biochemistry of the human body in far greater detail than has previously been possible to improve patient diagnosis. In this context, simultaneous Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance (PET/MR) imaging offers great complementary information, but it also poses challenges from the point of view of hardware and software compatibility. The PET signal may interfere with the MR magnetic field and vice-versa, posing several challenges and constrains in the PET instrumentation for PET/MR systems. Additionally, anatomical maps are needed to properly apply attenuation and scatter corrections to the resulting reconstructed PET images, as well motion estimates to minimize the effects of movement throughout the acquisition. In this review, we summarize the instrumentation implemented in modern PET scanners to overcome these limitations, describing the historical development of hybrid PET/MR scanners. We pay special attention to the methods used in PET to achieve attenuation, scatter and motion correction when it is combined with MR, and how both imaging modalities may be combined in PET image reconstruction algorithms.

Dynamics of a vibrating feeder on combinational parametric resonance

Dynamics of a vibrating feeder on combinational parametric resonance

Integration of Acoustic Metamaterials Made of Plastic to Improve Building Acoustics

Abstract According to the Waste Management Policy of the European Union, the recycling and reuse of various wastes is considered the most environmentally friendly and advanced waste disposal technology that has the least impact on the environment. By applying the principles of the Circular Economy, plastic waste will extend its life cycle and will be used as secondary materials to create metamaterial structures with improved sound absorption and insulation properties. The aim of this study was to determine plastic potential for use in acoustic structures. Acoustic metamaterial resonators, created from plastic, were measured in an impedance tube according to standards ISO 10534-2 for their sound absorbing and ASTM E2611 for their insulating properties. Two types of plastic, PLA and recycled PET-G, were used in acoustic metamaterial 3D printing process. For sound insulation, combined resonator systems were used to control symmetrical wall sound resonance. Sound absorption of both PLA and PET-G metamaterials were peaking at 1600 Hz with 0.93 and 0.89 sound absorption coefficient, respectfully. The results showed that combined constructions with plastic metamaterials can be integrated into building structures and used as an alternative for improving building acoustics, reducing indoor noise and reverberation time.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Screening for Pancreatic Cancer Among High-Risk Populations.

We evaluated the potential cost-effectiveness of combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) screening for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) among populations at high risk for the disease. We used a microsimulation model of the natural history of PDAC to estimate the lifetime health benefits, costs, and cost-effectiveness of PDAC screening among populations with specific genetic risk factors for PDAC, including BRCA1 and BRCA2, PALB2, ATM, Lynch syndrome, TP53, CDKN2A, and STK11. For each high-risk population, we simulated 29 screening strategies, defined by starting age and frequency. Screening included MRI with follow-up EUS in a subset of patients. Costs of tests were based on Medicare reimbursement for MRI, EUS, fine-needle aspiration biopsy, and pancreatectomy. Cancer-related cost by stage of disease and phase of treatment was based on the literature. For each high-risk population, we performed an incremental cost-effectiveness analysis, assuming a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of $100,000 US dollars (USD) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. For men with relative risk (RR) 12.33 (CDKN2A) and RR 28 (STK11), annual screening was cost-effective, starting at age 55 and 40 years, respectively. For women, screening was only cost-effective for those with RR 28 (STK11), with annual screening starting at age 45 years. Combined MRI/EUS screening may be a cost-effective approach for the highest-risk populations (among mutations considered, those with RR >12). However, for those with moderate risk (RR, 5-12), screening would only be cost-effective at higher WTP thresholds (eg, $200K USD/QALY) or with once-only screening.

Superstructure and Correlated Na+ Hopping in a Layered Mg-Substituted Sodium Manganate Battery Cathode are Driven by Local Electroneutrality.

In this work, we present a variable-temperature 23Na NMR and variable-temperature and variable-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis of the local structure of a layered P2 Na-ion battery cathode material, Na0.67[Mg0.28Mn0.72]O2 (NMMO). For the first time, we elucidate the superstructure in this material by using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and total neutron scattering and show that this superstructure is consistent with NMR and EPR spectra. To complement our experimental data, we carry out ab initio calculations of the quadrupolar and hyperfine 23Na NMR shifts, the Na+ ion hopping energy barriers, and the EPR g-tensors. We also describe an in-house simulation script for modeling the effects of ionic mobility on variable-temperature NMR spectra and use our simulations to interpret the experimental spectra, available upon request. We find long-zigzag-type Na ordering with two different types of Na sites, one with high mobility and the other with low mobility, and reconcile the tendency toward Na+/vacancy ordering to the preservation of local electroneutrality. The combined magnetic resonance methodology for studying local paramagnetic environments from the perspective of electron and nuclear spins will be useful for examining the local structures of materials for devices.

Peptoid-based macrodiscs of variable lipid composition for structural studies of membrane proteins by oriented-sample solid-state NMR

Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) in combination with magnetically aligned discoidal lipid mimics allows for studying the conformations of membrane proteins in planar, lipid-rich bilayer environments and at the physiological temperature. We have recently demonstrated the general applicability of macrodiscs composed of DMPC lipids and peptoid belts, which yield magnetic alignment and NMR spectroscopic resolution comparable or superior to detergent-containing bicelles. Here we report on a considerable improvement in the magnetic alignment and NMR resolution of peptoid-based macrodiscs consisting of a mixture of the zwitterionic and negatively charged lipids (DMPC/DMPG at the 85% to 15% molar ratio). The resulting linewidths are about 30% sharper due to the higher orientational order parameter likely arising from the stabilizing electrostatic repulsion between the discs. Moreover, highly aligned, detergent-free macrodiscs can be formed with a longer-chain lipid, DPPC. Interestingly, the spectra of Pf1 in the two lipid mimetics are almost indistinguishable, which would mean that the overall transmembrane helix tilt might be governed not only by the hydrophobic matching but also possibly by the interactions of the flanking lysine and arginine residues at the membrane interface.

Combined resonance of graphene platelets reinforced metal foams cylindrical shells with spinning motion under nonlinear forced vibration

The recent studies on dynamical behavior of spinning cylindrical shells are mainly concerned on the principal and internal resonances, however, there is a lack of study on coupled resonance of spinning graphene platelets reinforced metal foams (GPLRMF) cylindrical shells. To remedy this defect, the present work attempts to investigate the combined resonances of spinning cylindrical shells under multi-source excitations. Considering Reddy's higher order shear deformation theory (HSDT), the highly dimensional nonlinear governing motion equations is derived and then discretized through Galerkin truncation. Afterwards, the method of varying amplitudes (MVA) is applied to obtain the steady-state approximate solution, in which the jump phenomenon and bifurcation behavior are discussed. Additionally, the dynamic model is confirmed via comparing with existing literature. Eventually, numerical analyses indicate the internal stable/unstable loops may appear unexpectedly, and the existence of the loop mainly depends on the variations of initial phase angle, external excitation amplitude, damping coefficient and so on. In addition, the amplitude frequency response curve of nonlinear vibration can be adjusted and supported through parametric resonance, and different from internal resonance, the multi-jump phenomenon of combined resonance will take place in the spinning cylindrical shells.

Electromagnetically induced transparency in a strongly coupled orthogonal polarization-insensitive planar terahertz metamaterial

We demonstrate experimentally and numerically the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) effect in a strongly coupled planar terahertz (THz) metamaterial. The circular-shaped four-arc geometry combined with cross resonators ensures the polarization-insensitive response of the EIT for the orthogonal polarization incident THz. The EIT response can be varied by changing the gap between the arc and cross-shaped resonators. The field profiles indicate a strong coupling between the resonators leading to the EIT effect. In order to understand the underlying physical mechanism, we employed a coupled harmonic oscillator model, which suggests an increase in coupling when the distance between resonators is reduced. THz time-domain spectroscopy of the fabricated samples with the same shape and size of the simulated structures was used to verify the numerical findings. Our study uses a symmetric and easy-to-fabricate planar metasurface that can pave the way for the design and construction of THz photonic components, such as optical switches and slow light devices.

Dynamic modeling and nonlinear analysis for lateral–torsional coupling vibration in an unbalanced rotor system

Imbalance is a common problem in rotating machinery. In addition to the unbalanced force, lateral–torsional coupling vibration can also be induced by the mass imbalance. However, the related nonlinear behaviors and coupling mechanism are still not well understood, especially when lateral-angular motion is incorporated in a model. In this paper, a model for coupling lateral and torsional vibrations of an unbalanced rotor is developed by Lagrangian dynamics, in which the coupling of lateral-angular and torsional motions is first considered. Based on the model, the lateral responses, torsional responses, coupling excitation characteristics and coupling mechanisms are investigated in detail. The results show that mass imbalance can lead to nonlinear time-varying characteristics in the dynamic equations. When the imbalance is small, the lateral vibration can be degraded to a traditional imbalance problem. Meantime, very small transient torsional vibration with torsional natural frequency ft in frequency domain can be observed at the beginning. The coupling excitation applying on the torsional DOF caused by the lateral synchronous whirling is demonstrated to behave the feature of static torque, consequently, there actually exists no steady-state torsional vibration in small unbalanced rotor. Under largely unbalanced conditions, both resonant and unstable behavior can be observed in the lateral and torsional responses. The combined resonance is induced by the lateral translational–torsional coupling, while the instability is caused by lateral angular–torsional coupling. By increasing the lateral damping, the instability phenomenon can be suppressed, and the lateral amplitude in the resonance region can be effectively reduced.

Neurotransmitter levels in the basal ganglia are associated with intracortical circuit activity of the primary motor cortex in healthy humans

BackgroundThe basal ganglia are strongly connected to the primary motor cortex (M1) and play a crucial role in movement control. Interestingly, several disorders showing abnormal neurotransmitter levels in basal ganglia also present concomitant anomalies in intracortical function within M1. Objective/HypothesisThe main aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between neurotransmitter content in the basal ganglia and intracortical function at M1 in healthy individuals. We hypothesized that neurotransmitter content of the basal ganglia would be significant predictors of M1 intracortical function. MethodsWe combined magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to test this hypothesis in 20 healthy adults. An extensive TMS battery probing common measures of intracortical, and corticospinal excitability was administered, and GABA and glutamate-glutamine levels were assessed from voxels placed over the basal ganglia and the occipital cortex (control region). ResultsRegression models using metabolite concentration as predictor and TMS metrics as outcome measures showed that glutamate level in the basal ganglia significantly predicted short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF), while GABA content did not. No model using metabolite measures from the occipital control voxel was significant. ConclusionsTaken together, these results converge with those obtained in clinical populations and suggest that intracortical circuits in human M1 are associated with the neurotransmitter content of connected but distal subcortical structures crucial for motor function.

Interaction and breakdown induced by multiple optimal disturbances in hypersonic boundary layer

The present paper finds that the coexistence of multiple primary instability waves may cause a non-trivial nonlinear interaction and breakdown process, which has not been reported before. In the considered Mach 6 flat-plate boundary layer, a global resolvent analysis reports three optimal disturbances (local maxima): a high-frequency planar wave, a low-frequency oblique wave and a stationary streak. For the dominant planar and oblique waves, a parabolised stability equation analysis identifies the initial non-modal transient growth and downstream modal growth. Initiated by these two optimal disturbances jointly, the complete linear and nonlinear instability processes until breakdown to turbulence are shown with direct numerical simulation. Owing to the transient growth, the oblique wave may be more significant than the planar wave in the breakdown. The oblique wave and scales of nonlinear interactions are pronounced in the outer layer, whose significance may not be comprehensively characterised by the wall pressure measurement. Fourier modes characterising the oblique-wave oblique breakdown, the planar-wave fundamental resonance, the planar-wave subharmonic resonance and the combination resonance related to a detuned mode are observed successively. The detuned mode seems to dominate the near-wall dynamics in the late nonlinear stage, characterised by $\varLambda$ -like structures. Meanwhile, the existence of this detuned mode is independent of the initial amplitude ratio and the absolute amplitude of the oblique and planar waves. Weakly nonlinear stability analyses demonstrate that the detuned mode is mainly a consequence of the secondary instability under the combination of planar and oblique primary waves. Wave vector plots reveal the resonant state of multiple triads. Energy budget and amplitude-correction analyses provide a clear physical image of energy transfer.

Nonlinear combined resonances of axially moving graphene platelets reinforced metal foams cylindrical shells under forced vibrations

Nonlinear combined resonances of axially moving graphene platelets reinforced metal foams cylindrical shells under forced vibrations

Association between activity in the ventral premotor cortex and spinal cord activation during force generation-A combined cortico-spinal fMRI study.

Force generation is a crucial element of dexterity and a highly relevant skill of the human motor system. How cerebral and spinal components interact and how spinal activation is associated with the activity in the cerebral primary motor and premotor areas is poorly understood. Here, we conducted combined cortico-spinal functional magnetic resonance imaging during a simple visually guided isometric force generation task in 20 healthy young subjects. Activation was localized in the right cervical spinal cord and left primary motor and premotor areas. The main finding is that spinal activation was negatively correlated with ventral premotor cortex activation. Spinal activation was furthermore significantly correlated with primary motor cortex activation, while increasing target forces led to an increase in the amount of activation. These data indicate that human premotor areas such as the ventral premotor cortex might be functionally connected to the lower cervical spinal cord contributing to distal upper limb functions, a finding that extends our understanding of human motor function beyond the animal literature.

Neuroimaging and serum biomarkers of neurodegeneration and neuroplasticity in Parkinson's disease patients treated by intermittent theta-burst stimulation over the bilateral primary motor area: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled, crossover trial study.

Intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) is a patterned form of excitatory transcranial magnetic stimulation that has yielded encouraging results as an adjunctive therapeutic option to alleviate the emergence of clinical deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Although it has been demonstrated that iTBS influences dopamine-dependent corticostriatal plasticity, little research has examined the neurobiological mechanisms underlying iTBS-induced clinical enhancement. Here, our primary goal is to verify whether iTBS bilaterally delivered over the primary motor cortex (M1) is effective as an add-on treatment at reducing scores for both motor functional impairment and nonmotor symptoms in PD. We hypothesize that these clinical improvements following bilateral M1-iTBS could be driven by endogenous dopamine release, which may rebalance cortical excitability and restore compensatory striatal volume changes, resulting in increased striato-cortico-cerebellar functional connectivity and positively impacting neuroglia and neuroplasticity. A total of 24 PD patients will be assessed in a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled crossover study involving the application of iTBS over the bilateral M1 (M1 iTBS). Patients on medication will be randomly assigned to receive real iTBS or control (sham) stimulation and will undergo 5 consecutive sessions (5 days) of iTBS over the bilateral M1 separated by a 3-month washout period. Motor evaluation will be performed at different follow-up visits along with a comprehensive neurocognitive assessment; evaluation of M1 excitability; combined structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), resting-state electroencephalography and functional MRI; and serum biomarker quantification of neuroaxonal damage, astrocytic reactivity, and neural plasticity prior to and after iTBS. The findings of this study will help to clarify the efficiency of M1 iTBS for the treatment of PD and further provide specific neurobiological insights into improvements in motor and nonmotor symptoms in these patients. This novel project aims to yield more detailed structural and functional brain evaluations than previous studies while using a noninvasive approach, with the potential to identify prognostic neuroprotective biomarkers and elucidate the structural and functional mechanisms of M1 iTBS-induced plasticity in the cortico-basal ganglia circuitry. Our approach may significantly optimize neuromodulation paradigms to ensure state-of-the-art and scalable rehabilitative treatment to alleviate motor and nonmotor symptoms of PD.

Asymmetric Mach-Zehnder prism interferometer coupler-based combined fiber ring resonator system for a Brillouin gyroscope.

Brillouin fiber-optic gyroscope (BFOG) is a fiber ring resonator (FRR)-based ring laser gyroscope with a large dynamic range and high sensitivity. Previous BFOGs operated under simultaneous resonance of the pump and Brillouin laser light in the FRR, resulting in complex control systems. This article introduces an asymmetric prism Mach-Zehnder interferometer coupler (APMZIC)-based FRR system, in which the coupling ratio of pump light is large, while the Brillouin laser resonates in the cavity with a negligible coupling loss, resulting in a simple control system. We analyzed the characteristics of the APMZIC and its combined resonator system both theoretically and experimentally and verified the feasibility of connecting the APMZIC with the resonant cavity of a Brillouin laser. This coupler system is compact, easy to fabricate, highly stable, and exhibits good repeatability, which are necessary for miniaturizing lasers and gyroscopes.

Diagnostic value of combined magnetic resonance imaging techniques in the evaluation of Parkinson disease.

The incidence of Parkinson disease (PD) has been increasing each year. The development of new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology can help understand its pathogenesis and identify more effective imaging-based biological indicators. The clinical and MRI imaging data of 40 patients with PD and 40 healthy controls were analyzed. All participants underwent susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (NM-MRI), and T2*mapping sequence examination. The diagnostic value of single and combined multiparameter indicators was analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic curve. Compared with the healthy control group, the PD group showed significant differences in the disappearance of bilateral "swallow tail sign", the distribution volume of melanocytes in the substantia nigra and the smaller volume in the bilateral substantia nigra, the maximum signal of the locus coeruleus and the smaller and average volume in the bilateral substantia nigra, and the values of T2* and R2* in the bilateral substantia nigra (P<0.01). The maximum and smaller value and the average value of the bilateral locus coeruleus signal were negatively correlated with the disease course duration (P<0.05), and the smaller distribution volume of the melanin neurons in the bilateral substantia nigra was negatively correlated with Hoehn and Yahr (H-Y) grade (P<0.05). In the joint diagnosis with multiple indicators, some composite parameters were found to be negatively correlated with H-Y grading (P<0.05), while others were negatively correlated with disease course duration (P<0.05). Joint use of multiple parameter indicators greatly improved diagnostic efficacy [area under the curve (AUC) =0.958]. The distribution volume of melanin in substantia nigra and the maximum value of locus coeruleus signal may be the biological imaging indicators for the early diagnosis, severity, and follow-up evaluation of PD. Compared with a single indicator, composite indicators used in combination with multiple techniques have a significantly better diagnostic efficacy for PD.

A rapid workflow for neuron counting in combined light sheet microscopy and magnetic resonance histology.

Information on regional variation in cell numbers and densities in the CNS provides critical insight into structure, function, and the progression of CNS diseases. However, variability can be real or a consequence of methods that do not account for technical biases, including morphologic deformations, errors in the application of cell type labels and boundaries of regions, errors of counting rules and sampling sites. We address these issues in a mouse model by introducing a workflow that consists of the following steps: 1. Magnetic resonance histology (MRH) to establish the size, shape, and regional morphology of the mouse brain in situ. 2. Light-sheet microscopy (LSM) to selectively label neurons or other cells in the entire brain without sectioning artifacts. 3. Register LSM volumes to MRH volumes to correct for dissection errors and both global and regional deformations. 4. Implement stereological protocols for automated sampling and counting of cells in 3D LSM volumes. This workflow can analyze the cell densities of one brain region in less than 1 min and is highly replicable in cortical and subcortical gray matter regions and structures throughout the brain. This method demonstrates the advantage of not requiring an extensive amount of training data, achieving a F1 score of approximately 0.9 with just 20 training nuclei. We report deformation-corrected neuron (NeuN) counts and neuronal density in 13 representative regions in 5 C57BL/6J cases and 2 BXD strains. The data represent the variability among specimens for the same brain region and across regions within the specimen. Neuronal densities estimated with our workflow are within the range of values in previous classical stereological studies. We demonstrate the application of our workflow to a mouse model of aging. This workflow improves the accuracy of neuron counting and the assessment of neuronal density on a region-by-region basis, with broad applications for studies of how genetics, environment, and development across the lifespan impact cell numbers in the CNS.

Rapid neural changes during novel speech-sound learning: An fMRI and DTI study

While the functional and microstructural changes that occur when we learn new language skills are well documented, relatively little is known about the time course of these changes. Here a combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) study that tracks neural change over three days of learning Arabic phonetic categorization as a new language (L-training) is presented. Twenty adult native English-speaking (L-native) participants are scanned before and after training to perceive and produce L-training phonetic contrasts for one hour on three consecutive days. A third (Chinese) language is used as a control language (L-control). Behavioral results show significant performance improvement for L-training in both learnt tasks; the perception and production task. Imaging analysis reveals that, training-related hemodynamic fMRI signal and fractional anisotropy (FA) value increasing can be observed, in the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) and positively correlated with behavioral improvement. Moreover, post training functional connectivity findings show a significant increasing between LIFG and left inferior parietal lobule for L-training. These results indicate that three hours of phonetic categorization learning causes functional and microstructural changes that are typically associated with much more long-term learning.

Design of an ultra-wideband solar absorber based on tungsten

A solar absorber based on tungsten with an ultra-wide wavelength band is investigated numerically using the finite-difference time–domain method. The designed structure consists of a cross-shaped resonator on top of the absorber and a metal thin film on the bottom that are separated by an intermediate dielectric layer. The absorber demonstrates continuous high absorptivity (&amp;gt;90%) over the 514–1945 nm wavelength range, and the average absorptivity ranges up to 92.36% within the 200–2000 nm range. The excitation of propagating surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and localized SPR in combination with Fabry–Pérot resonance leads to the observed wideband absorption. We also demonstrate that the proposed absorber is insensitive to both transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarizations and study its absorptive performance at larger angles of incidence. The effects of the structural parameters and of different dielectric layer materials on the absorption performance have also been investigated. Furthermore, we explain the absorption mechanism using a power flow plot and impedance matching. The proposed absorber has promising prospects for applications, including solar cells, solar energy harvesting, and thermal emitters.

Capsule Endoscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review

AbstractThe role of video capsule endoscopy (VCE) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has evolved from small bowel to a panenteric evaluation tool over the past two decades. We systematically reviewed the techniques, applications, outcomes, and complications of VCE in IBD. A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Embase, and Medline. All relevant original articles involving VCE in IBD were included from 2003 to July 2022. After screening 3,089 citations, finally 201 references were included. The diagnostic yield of VCE in suspected Crohn's disease (CD) was highly variable (6–80%) with excellent sensitivity (77–93%) and specificity (80–89%). The diagnostic yield in known CD was 52 to 88.3% leading to a change in management (26–75%) and disease reclassification with variable retention rates. VCE was superior to small bowel series, computed tomography (CT) and could be better than magnetic resonance enterography (MRE), especially for proximal and superficial lesions. Colon or panenteric VCE has strong correlation to ileo-colonoscopy (IC) and combined magnetic resonance imaging and IC, respectively. The VCE retention rate in CD is higher in known CD which significantly decreases after the negative patency capsule test or CT/MRE. VCE can identify lesions beyond the reach of IC in postoperative CD. Colon Capsule Endoscopy is a noninvasive monitoring tool in ulcerative colitis (UC) having a strong correlation with IC and may uncover small bowel involvement. VCE is specifically useful in IBD-unclassified (IBD-U) which can lead to the diagnosis of CD in 16.7 to 61.5%. Various scoring systems have been established and validated for small bowel CD (Lewis score and capsule endoscopy CD activity index—CECDAI), UC (capsule scoring of UC: Capsule Scoring of Ulcerative Colitis), panenteric evaluation (Capsule Endoscopy Crohn's Disease Activity Index, Elaikim score), and flare prediction (APEX score). Technological advances include double head, three-dimensional reconstruction, sampling system, panoramic view (344 and 360 degree lateral), and panenteric capsule. Artificial intelligence and software like TOP100 and Quickview can help reduce capsule reading time with excellent sensitivity and specificity. VCE in IBD has widespread application in suspected and known small bowel CD, monitoring of UC, postoperative CD, IBD-U, and for panenteric evaluation. Patency capsule testing helps to reduce retention rates significantly. Artificial intelligence and technical advances can help evolve this novel technology.