Combined Effects Of Physical Activity Research Articles

Independent and Combined Effects of Physical Activity and Weight Loss on Inflammatory Biomarkers in Overweight and Obese Older Adults

To determine the independent effect of long-term physical activity (PA) and the combined effects of long-term PA and weight loss (WL) on inflammation in overweight and obese older adults. Eighteen-month randomized, controlled trial. The community infrastructure of cooperative extension centers. Overweight and obese (body mass index >28.0 kg/m(2) ) community-dwelling men and women aged 60 to 79 at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Physical activity + weight loss (PA + WL) (n = 98), PA only (n = 97), or successful aging (SA) health education (n = 93) intervention. Biomarkers of inflammation (adiponectin, leptin, high-sensitivity interleukin (hsIL)-6, IL-6sR, IL-8, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1) were measured at baseline and 6 and 18 months. After adjustment for baseline biomarker, wave, sex, and visit, leptin and hsIL-6 showed a significant intervention effect. Specifically, leptin was significantly lower in the PA + WL group (21.3 ng/mL, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 19.7-22.9 ng/mL) than in the PA (29.3 ng/mL, 95% CI = 26.9-31.8 ng/mL) or SA (30.3 ng/mL, 95% CI = 27.9-32.8 ng/mL) group (both P < .001), and hsIL-6 was significantly lower in the PA + WL group (2.1 pg/mL, 95% CI = 1.9-2.3 pg/mL) than in the PA (2.5 pg/mL, 95% CI = 2.3-2.7 pg/mL) or SA (2.4 pg/mL, 95% CI = 2.2-2.6 pg/mL) group (P = .02). Addition of dietary-induced WL to PA reduced leptin and hsIL-6 more than PA alone and more than a SA intervention in older adults at risk for CVD. Results suggest that WL, rather than increased PA, is the lifestyle factor primarily responsible for improvement in the inflammatory profile.

Correction: Independent and Combined Effects of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior on Blood Pressure in Adolescents: Gender Differences in Two Cross-Sectional Studies

Correction: Independent and Combined Effects of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior on Blood Pressure in Adolescents: Gender Differences in Two Cross-Sectional Studies

Independent and Combined Effects of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior on Blood Pressure in Adolescents: Gender Differences in Two Cross-Sectional Studies

ObjectivesTo examine the independent and combined association of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) on both systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in adolescents from two observational studies.MethodsParticipants from two cross-sectional studies, one conducted in Europe (n = 3,308; HELENA study) and the other in Brazil (n = 991; BRACAH study), were selected by complex sampling. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (outcomes), PA and SB, both independently and combined, and potential confounders were analyzed. Associations were examined by multilevel linear regression.ResultsPerforming the recommended amount of PA (≥60 min/d) attenuated the effect of SB on DBP in BRACAH study girls and in boys from both studies. In contrast, PA did not attenuate the effects of SB on the SBP of girls in the HELENA study. The combination of less than recommended levels of PA with 2–4 h/d of sedentary behavior was found to be associated with increased SBP in boys from both studies.ConclusionsMeeting current PA recommendations could mediate the association between SB and DBP in both sexes. In boys, the joint effect of low levels of PA and excessive sedentary activity increases SBP levels. Longitudinal studies are required to confirm these findings.

Combined Impact of Lifestyle Factors on Prospective Change in Body Weight and Waist Circumference in Participants of the EPIC-PANACEA Study

BackgroundThe evidence that individual dietary and lifestyle factors influence a person’s weight and waist circumference is well established; however their combined impact is less well documented. Therefore, we investigated the combined effect of physical activity, nutrition and smoking status on prospective gain in body weight and waist circumference.MethodsWe used data of the prospective EPIC-PANACEA study. Between 1992 and 2000, 325,537 participants (94,445 men and 231,092 women, aged between 25–70) were recruited from nine European countries. Participants were categorised into two groups (positive or negative health behaviours) for each of the following being physically active, adherent to a healthy (Mediterranean not including alcohol) diet, and never-smoking for a total score ranging from zero to three. Anthropometric measures were taken at baseline and were mainly self-reported after a medium follow-up time of 5 years.ResultsMixed-effects linear regression models adjusted for age, educational level, alcohol consumption, baseline body mass index and follow-up time showed that men and women who reported to be physically active, never-smoking and adherent to the Mediterranean diet gained over a 5-year period 537 (95% CI −706, −368) and 200 (−478, −87) gram less weight and 0.95 (−1.27, −0.639) and 0.99 (−1.29, −0.69) cm less waist circumference, respectively, compared to participants with zero healthy behaviours.ConclusionThe combination of positive health behaviours was associated with significantly lower weight and waist circumference gain.

Associations of physical activity and screen-time on health related quality of life in adults

BackgroundAssociations between the combined effect of physical activity and screen based activities on health related quality of life remain largely undetermined. MethodsDuring 2008–2010, cross-sectional data for self-reported health related quality of life, physical activity, and screen-time were collected for 3796 Australian adults. Logistic regression was conducted to examine associations for six combinations of physical activity (none, insufficient, and sufficient), and screen-time (low and high) on health related quality of life. ResultsIn comparison to the reference category (sufficient physical activity and low screen-time) men and women who reported no physical activity and either high (OR=4.52, 95% CI 2.82–7.25) or low (OR=2.29, 95% CI 1.37–3.80) screen-time, were significantly more likely to report over 14 unhealthy days. Men reporting either; no physical activity and high (OR=3.15, 95% CI 1.92–5.15), or low (OR=2.17, 95% CI 1.30–3.63) screen-time; insufficient physical activity and high (OR=1.68, 95% CI 1.08–2.60), or low (OR=1.79, 95% CI 1.14–2.82) screen-time were more likely to rate their health as poor or fair. In women this was significant for those who reported no physical activity and high screen-time (OR=1.98, 95% CI, 1.19–3.31). ConclusionsResults suggest that the combination of no physical activity and high screen-time demonstrated the greatest negative impact on health related quality of life.

Abstract 4085: Inhibition of rodent mammary carcinogenesis by wheel running and/or dietary energy restriction

Abstract The prevention of breast cancer by the combined effects of physical activity (PA) and dietary energy restriction (DER) has received limited investigation. The objective of this experiment was to determine the inhibitory effects of PA and/or DER on mammary carcinogenesis and associated mechanisms. Female Sprague Dawley rats were injected with 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (50 mg/kg) and 7 days thereafter randomized to: 1) sedentary control, 2) PA at 3000 revolutions (3.36 km) per day; or the energy balance equivalents of PA: 3) 20% DER or 4) PA at 1500 revolutions per day + 10% DER. In order to investigate the effects of physical activity at a constant intensity, rats were given free access to a motorized activity wheel (55 m/min) with reinforcement of running behavior using a food reward system. The duration of this experiment was 8 weeks. As intended, final body weights of the sedentary control were higher than PA, DER or PA&amp;DER, but the intervention groups had similar final weights. Overall, PA and/or DER reduced mammary cancer incidence, cancer multiplicity, and tumor burden and prolonged cancer latency (p&amp;lt;0.05) in comparison to the sedentary control group. However, the differences in these cancer endpoints among the intervention groups were not statistically different. Experiments are in progress to determine the extent to which host systemic factors and cell autonomous mechanisms are differentially affect by PA, DER, or their combination in this context of energy balance equivalence. Supported by PHS grant CA100693 from the National Cancer Institute. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4085. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4085

Lifestyle Interaction With Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated (FTO) Genotype and Risk of Obesity in Apparently Healthy U.S. Women

OBJECTIVEVariation in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene is associated with obesity. The extent to which separate and combined effects of physical activity and caloric intake modify this association remains unclear.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSFTO polymorphism rs8050136 was measured, and physical activity, caloric intake, and anthropometrics were self-reported in 21,675 apparently healthy Caucasian women.RESULTSThe effect of the risk allele (A) on BMI was larger among inactive or higher intake women, with additive effects of inactivity and high intake on the associated genetic risk. Specifically, each A allele was associated with mean BMI difference of +0.73 (SE 0.08) kg/m2 among inactive women (≤median, 8.8 MET-hours/week), compared with +0.31 (0.06) kg/m2, P < 0.0001, among active women (>8.8 MET-hours/week). Similarly, each A allele was associated with mean BMI difference of +0.65 (0.07) among high intake women (>median, 1,679 kcals/day), compared with +0.38 (0.07) kg/m2, P = 0.005, among low intake women (≤1,679 kcals/day). Among inactive/high intake women, each A allele was associated with mean BMI difference of +0.97 (0.11) kg/m2 vs. +0.22 (0.08) kg/m2 among inactive/low intake women, P < 0.0001. Among inactive/high intake women, each A allele carried increased risk of obesity (odds ratio 1.39, 95% CI 1.27–1.52) and diabetes (odds ratio 1.36, 95% CI 1.07–1.73).CONCLUSIONSIn this study, lifestyle factors modified the genetic risk of FTO on obesity phenotypes, particularly among women who were both inactive and had high intake. Healthier lifestyle patterns blunted but did not completely eliminate the associated genetic risk.

Abstract PL03-04: Exercise, adiposity, and cancer

Abstract PL03-04: Exercise, adiposity, and cancer

Combined Effects of Physical Activity, Dietary Isoflavones and 17β-Estradiol on Movement Drive, Body Weight and Bone Mineral Density in Ovariectomized Female Rats

Reduced estrogen levels occurring during menopause in woman are accompanied by a variety of disorders, e. g., hot flushes, depressions, osteoporosis, increase of body weight, and reduced movement drive. In this study we investigated the combined effects of physical activity, estradiol substitution, and a phytoestrogen-rich diet on bone mineral density, increase of body weight, and movement drive in an animal model. Ovariectomized (OVX) female Wistar rats were either fed an isoflavone-rich diet (IRD) or substituted with 17beta-estradiol (E2) for 3 months. Sham-operated rats (Sham) and vehicle-treated OVX animals served as controls. One half of the animals had the opportunity of voluntary wheel running. OVX rats displayed an eight times lower movement activity than Sham animals. E2 treatment, but not IRD, significantly increased the movement activity of OVX rats. During 3 months the lowest increase of body weight was observed in Sham animals, the highest rate in OVX animals. Along with running activity E2 treatment, but not IRD, also lowered the increase of body weight significantly compared to OVX animals. Bone mineral density (BMD) in the trabecular area of the tibia was strongly reduced in OVX rats compared to Sham animals. In contrast to IRD, E2 substitution resulted in a protection of BMD in this area compared to OVX animals. Our data demonstrate that body weight, movement drive, and BMD are positively influenced by E2. The steroid estrogen acts in the trabecular area of the tibia in a bone-protective manner, increases movement drive and antagonizes the increase of body weight. All these effects could not be observed in animals fed an isoflavone-rich diet.

Combined effects of physical activity and sedentary behavior on obesity incidence in the transition from adolescence to adulthood

There is little research on the joint impact of sedentary behavior and physical activity on obesity incidence, despite evidence that these patterns co-occur and are important obesity determinants. Using nationally representative longitudinal data from waves II (1995; mean age: 16.2) and III (2001; mean age: 21.6) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n=9,969), this study examined whether high levels of moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA≥5 bouts/week versus <5 bouts/week) are protective against obesity incidence among those with high screen time (TV/video viewing ≥15 hours/week versus <15 hours/week). Multivariate logistic regression analysis stratified by sex assessed the odds of obesity prevalence and incidence across joint patterns of MVPA and screen time, controlling for age, income, educational attainment, and change in MVPA and screen time from wave II to III. During adolescence high MVPA was protective of obesity at both at low screen time (Males: OR= 0.49; CI: 0.37–0.64; Females: OR= 0.43; CI: 0.30–0.60) and high screen time (Males: OR=0.64; CI: 0.50–0.82; Females: OR=0.64; CI: 0.46–0.90). Low screen time during adolescence was protective of incident obesity in adulthood for low (OR=0.74; CI: 0.59–0.95) and high (OR=0.62; CI: 0.44–0.86) MVPA only among females. During adolescence, high MVPA protects against obesity in both sexes, regardless of screen time. However, only females with low screen time had reduced odds of obesity incidence in early adulthood.

The effect of the combination of Mediterranean diet and leisure time physical activity on the risk of developing acute coronary syndromes, in hypertensive subjects.

The World Health Organization reports that the number of hypertensives, worldwide, is estimated to be 600 million people. In addition a considerable proportion of hypertensive subjects remains untreated or uncontrolled. In this work we investigated the combined effect of physical activity and Mediterranean diet on coronary risk, in hypertensives. Thus we randomly selected, from all Greek regions, 848 hospitalised patients (695 males, 58 +/- 10 years old and 153 females, 65 +/- 9 years old) with a first event of coronary heart disease (CHD) and 1078 paired, by sex, age, region controls, without any suspicions for CHD. Physically active were those who reported non-occupational physical activity more than once per week. Subjects 'closer' to the Mediterranean diet were assessed through a special nutrient questionnaire. A total of 418 (49%) of the patients and 303 (28%) of the controls were hypertensive. Of these, 115 (27%) patients and 70 (23%) controls were untreated, 148 (35%)-111 (36%) were uncontrolled and 155 (38%)-122 (41%) were controlled (P-value <0.01). One hundred and sixty-two (19%) of the patients and 265 (25%) of the controls (P < 0.01) were 'closer' to the combination of Mediterranean type of diet and physical activity. The analysis showed that the previous combination is related to a 25% reduction of the coronary risk in controlled hypertensive subjects (OR = 0.75, P < 0.01), a 11% reduction in untreated (OR = 0.89, P < 0.05) and 17% reduction (OR = 0.83, P < 0.05) in uncontrolled, after adjusting for age, sex, educational and financial level and the conventional cardiovascular risk factors. Consequently, the adoption of Mediterranean diet by physically active subjects seems to reduce significantly the coronary risk and prevent, approximately, the one-third of acute CHD, in controlled hypertensive subjects.

The effects of physical activity and estrogen treatment on rat fast and slow skeletal muscles following ovariectomy.

Decreased estrogen production is associated with changes in the skeletal, cardiovascular and muscular systems. At the level of skeletal muscles, it has been shown that a reduction in force production occurs at menopause but the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of ovariectomy on myosin heavy chain (MyHC) composition. Additionally, we studied the effects of physical activity and the combined effects of physical activity and estrogen treatment on MyHC content in ovariectomised (OX) animals. Twenty-five rats were randomly assigned to five different groups: controls, runners, OX, ovariectomised runners and ovariectomised runners receiving estrogen. Exercise consisted of voluntary running for 5 weeks. Two muscles were analysed: m. extensor digitorum longus, EDL, (fast muscle) and m. soleus (slow muscle). MyHC content was analysed on 8% gel electrophoresis. The level of running activity is reduced in OX animals and estrogen administration is associated with the normalisation of the level of physical activity. Ovariectomy induces a shift from fast to slow MyHC isoforms in both the soleus and EDL. When OX animals are allowed to run, alterations in MyHC isoforms are still observed in the EDL but not in the soleus. When physical activity is combined with estrogen treatment no alterations are observed in both muscles. In conclusion, this study shows that ovariectomy induces alterations in the contractile properties of skeletal muscles and that physical activity in combination with estrogen treatment are associated with the maintenance of slow and fast muscle characteristics.

MAXIMAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND BODY COMPOSITION PLAY A GREATER ROLE IN DETERMINING INSULIN SENSITIVITY THAN HORMONE REPLACEMENT IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN

1938 Little is known about the combined effects of physical activity and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal (PM) women. We sought to determine if there was an interaction effect of physical activity and HRT status on glucose and insulin metabolism in PM women. Twenty endurance-trained (age 65±4 yrs; VO2max 38.7±5.6 mL/kg/min), 16 active (age 63±6 yrs; VO2max 26.5±2.3 mL/kg/min), and 15 sedentary PM women (age 64±6 yrs; VO2max 23.7±3.6 mL/kg/min) underwent an insulin-assisted frequently-sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test according to the methods of Bergman. Twenty women were using combined estrogen + progesterone HRT and 31 women were not on HRT. Insulin, sensitivity index (SI) was determined using the MINMOD program and the acute insulin response to glucose (AIRG) was determined as the mean plasma insulin concentration during the first 10 min after the glucose injection minus the basal plasma insulin concentration. The athletes tended to have higher SI and lower AIRG compared to the physically active and sedentary groups. However, there was no significant interaction effect of physical activity and HRT status on SI or AIRG. (Table)TableStepwise linear regression analyses using the entire group (n=51) revealed that the only variables to account for a significant amount of the variability in SI and AIRG were VO2max (r=0.36, p=0.009) and fat-free mass (r=0.28, p=0.05), respectively. The athletic PM women had lower percent body fat, higher VO2max, and greater fat-free mass than the active and sedentary groups. These results suggest that VO2max and body composition have a greater influence on determining glucose and insulin metabolism than HRT status. Supported by PA Affiliate of the American Heart Association and AARP Andrus Foundation.

Nutrition, physical activity, and bone health in women.

Calcium and vitamin D can significantly impact bone mineral and fracture risk in women. Unfortunately, calcium intakes in women are low and many elderly have poor vitamin D status. Supplementation with calcium (approximately 1000 mg) can reduce bone loss in premenopausal and late postmenopausal women, especially at sites that have a high cortical bone composition. Vitamin D supplementation slows bone loss and reduces fracture rates in late postmenopausal women. While an excess of nutrients such as sodium and protein potentially affect bone mineral through increased calcium excretion, phytoestrogens in soy foods may attenuate bone loss through estrogenlike activity. Weight-bearing physical activity may reduce the risk of osteoporosis in women by augmenting bone mineral during the early adult years and reducing the loss of bone following menopause. High-load activities, such as resistance training, appear to provide the best stimulus for enhancing bone mineral; however, repetitive activities, such as walking, may have a positive impact on bone mineral when performed at higher intensities. Irrespective of changes in bone mineral, physical activities that improve muscular strength, endurance, and balance may reduce fracture risk by reducing the risk of falling. The combined effect of physical activity and calcium supplementation on bone mineral needs further investigation.

Aerobic Fitness and Body Mass Protect Against Bone Loss in Healthy Midlife Women

Skeletal bone mass in women begins to decline at about the age of 30 years, and loss accelerates in the immediate postmenopausal years. A longitudinal study of 169 healthy women aged 35–62 years was conducted to determine the combined effects of physical activity and several other factors (age, menopause, race, body mass) on lumbar bone mineral density and change in lumbar bone over 24 months. Lumbar bone mineral content was assessed by dual-energy x-ray bone densitometry. Physical activity was quantified from both a fitness measure of predicted maximum oxygen intake and a retrospective 12-month self-report of time spent in aerobic weight-bearing activities. Fit midlife women, as measured by predicted maximum oxygen uptake, had significantly lower bone mineral density, partly associated with low body mass. On the other hand, the fit women and women with higher body mass had less bone loss over a 2-year period. These data suggest that increased levels of aerobic fitness as well as body mass may prevent some of the bone loss that occurs in healthy midlife women.