Combination Of Structural Parameters Research Articles

Research on the Range of Stiffness Variation in a 2D Biomimetic Spinal Structure Based on Tensegrity Structures

Abstract: This paper presents a novel variable stiffness mechanism, namely the SBTDTS (Spinal Biomimetic Two-Dimensional Tensegrity Structure), which is constructed by integrating bioinspiration derived from biological spinal structures with the T-Bar mechanical design within tensegrity structures. A method for determining the torsional stiffness of the SBTDTS around a virtual rotational center is established based on parallel mechanism theory. The relationship between various structural parameters is analyzed through multiple sets of typical parameter combinations. Ultimately, the PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) algorithm is employed to identify the optimal combination of structural parameters for maximizing the stiffness ratio, , of SBTDTS under different constraint conditions. This optimal configuration is then compared with the RAPRPM (a type of rotational parallel mechanism) under different values of , with an analysis of the distinct advantages of both variable stiffness structures.

Crashworthiness analysis of a novel corrugated multi-cellular tube structure

This study innovatively combines Fourier curves with circular tube design and proposes a novel corrugated multi-cellular tube structure (NCMTS), aiming to improve crashworthiness. The accuracy of the finite element model was validated through axial quasi-static compression tests. The influence mechanism of different structural parameter combinations on the energy absorption capacity of NCMTS was further investigated. The results reveal that the EA of NCMTS increases monotonically with rising of parameter ru , with a notable acceleration in growth rate as parameter Rc is elevated. Notably, the combination of larger values of ru and Rc , and tout and tc can significantly improve the crashworthiness performance. Moreover, appropriately increasing C 1 and C can increase the EA of NCMTS by approximately 50%. Through multi-objective optimization analysis utilizing the global response surface method, the optimal structural parameters for NCMTS were identified: at Rc = 0.68, C = −0.57, C 1 = 0.16, tout = 2.0 mm, tc = 0.68, the EA, SEA and IPCF reached 7.02 kJ, 15.33 kJ/kg and 400 kN respectively. This study offers valuable guidance for the design and optimization of high-performance collision energy-absorbing structures.

Optimization Study of the Structural Parameters of an Artificial Percolation Intake Riverbed Based on a Numerical Orthogonal Test

Research on water abstraction techniques in sandy rivers is crucial for addressing water scarcity issues in northern China. This study introduces an artificial percolation water intake riverbed structural model designed to prevent sand intake and facilitate the extraction of clear water from sandy rivers, the main function of which is to artificially construct a helical flow field to realize the separation of water and sand and, at the same time, percolate the water. In this paper, we use a numerical orthogonal test method to study the influence of structural parameters and their combinations on water extraction by percolation, and the preferred combination of structural parameters. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: Under the condition of certain structural parameters of the artificial riverbed, the single-width flow rate has an important effect on the mean circumferential flow rate of the vortex tube and the vortex tube seepage volume. The effect of different structural parameters on the mean circumferential flow rate of the vortex tube and the vortex tube seepage varies in magnitude. The longitudinal slope of artificial riverbed i had the greatest and most significant effect on the mean circumferential flow rate of the vortex tube, and each structural parameter had some effect on the vortex tube seepage Q but not to a significant level. When the sand content of the water flow is 15 kg/m3 and the maximum sand grain size of the suspended mass is 2 mm, the optimal structural parameter combinations of the artificial riverbed under different working conditions are as follows: Combination 20 is the optimal structural parameter combination for q = 0.3 m2/s; Combination 24 is the optimal structural parameter combination for q = 0.6 m2/s; and Combination 24 is the optimal structural parameter combination for q = 0.9 m2/s. The present study is of great significance for understanding the influence of each structural parameter and its combination on the effect of the water intake and sand discharge of an artificial percolation intake riverbed, and for optimizing the combination of the structural parameters of an artificial percolation intake riverbed.

Design and optimization of annular gap in a nozzle for dyeing machines

The annular nozzle is an important part of the dyeing machine as its impact and traction performance directly affect the quality and efficiency of dyeing. The annular gap forms the core of the nozzle. In this paper, the performance differences between six nozzles with different annular gap shapes were analyzed under various conditions using numerical simulation. The results indicate that the performance of the cone straight nozzle is more stable than other nozzle shapes under various conditions. To further enhance the performance of the nozzle, a multi-objective optimization of the cone straight nozzle structure was performed using a backpropagation neural network and a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm, thereby obtaining the optimal combination of structural parameters. Finally, the optimization results were verified via experiments and numerical simulations. The results show that the pulling force of the optimized cone straight nozzle is more than 10% higher than that before optimization.

Research on Dimension Reduction Method for Combustion Chamber Structure Parameters of Wankel Engine Based on Active Subspace

The combustion chamber structure of a rotary engine involves a combination of interacting parameters that are simultaneously constrained by engine size, compression ratio, machining, and strength. It is more difficult to study the weight of the effect of the combustion chamber structure on the engine performance using traditional linear methods, and it is not possible to find the combination of structural parameters that has the greatest effect on the engine performance under the constraints. This makes it impossible to optimize the combustion chamber structure of a rotary engine by focusing on important structural parameters; it can only be optimized based on all structural parameters. In order to solve the above problems, this paper proposes a method of dimensionality reduction for the structural parameters of a combustion chamber based on active subspace and combining a probability box and the EDF (Empirical Distribution Function). This method uses engine performance indexes such as explosion pressure, maximum cylinder temperature, and indicated average effective pressure as the influence proportion analysis targets and quantitatively analyzes the influence proportion of combustion chamber structure parameters on engine performance. Eight main structural parameters with an influence of more than 85% on the engine performance indexes were obtained, on the basis of which three important structural parameters with an influence of more than 45% on the engine performance indexes and three adjustable structural parameters with an influence of less than 15% on the engine performance indexes were determined. This quantitative analysis work provides an optimization direction for the further optimization of the combustion chamber structure in the future.

Complex nonlinear dynamics of a multidirectional energy harvester with hybrid transduction

Abstract Mechanical energy harvesting has increasing scientific and technological interests due to novel energetic challenges. A critical issue in classical cantilever-based mechanical energy harvesting systems is the lack of multidirectional energy conversion capabilities and, due to that, deviations from the excitation source can drastically reduce their performance. This limitation has led to the development of energy harvesters with attached pendula, serving as a direction coupling mechanism. Nevertheless, the pendulum structure itself can act as an energy absorber, drastically reducing the harvester performance in certain scenarios. In order to overcome this issue, a hybrid transduction multidirectional pendulum-based energy harvester is proposed integrating a piezoelectric element, to capture energy from the principal direction, and an electromagnetic transducer, to harness rotational energy from the pendulum. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the hybrid multidirectional pendulum-based energy harvester using a nonlinear dynamics perspective to evaluate the energy harvesting performance. A reduced-order model is proposed to represent the essential characteristics of such systems. A parametric analysis using a nonlinear dynamics perspective is carried out to map the system dynamics and performance. The emergence of complex and rich dynamics is observed, including chaos and hyperchaos. Results reveal the most and least effective combinations of structural parameters in terms of energy conversion. Additionally, the dynamical responses and patterns associated with high performance are identified. These responses are often characterized by a blend of irregular complex behaviors, coupled with a mix of oscillatory and rotational patterns of motion, resulting in wider bandwidth systems.

Numerical analysis and experimental study of membrane-type acoustic metamaterial plate with X-shaped pendulum arm and cylindrical mass blocks

Membrane-type acoustic metamaterials have a favorable noise suppression effect. Hence, a membrane-type acoustic metamaterial plate (MAML) with an X-shaped pendulum arm and cylindrical mass blocks (CMB) was proposed in this paper. The theoretical model based on spring–mass systems and numerical simulation models of the membrane-type acoustic metamaterial cell (MAMC) were established under fixed and periodic boundary conditions to reveal the noise attenuation mechanism quantitatively, and the necessity of the CMB is discussed. Based on the results, it can be observed that the normal displacement of the membrane is nearly zero when the noise frequency is at the peak of the sound transmission loss (STL) curve. However, when the frequency is at the valley of the STL curve, the displacement is nonzero and fluctuates significantly. Meanwhile, by comparing the STL curves with and without the CMB, it was found that the MAMC performance is improved effectively by the CMB at low frequencies. The effective mass density of MAMC was found to be negative. To verify the accuracy of numerical calculations, an impedance tube experiment was conducted. Finally, orthogonal experiments were designed to describe the effects of the structural parameters a, l, and t on the effective bandwidth [Formula: see text], peak frequency [Formula: see text], and comprehensive index [Formula: see text] and to obtain the optimal structural parameter combinations for different indexes. This work further contributes to applying and developing the membrane-type acoustic metamaterial.

Performance evaluation and comparison of different types of full and partial texture of hydrostatic bearings

To reveal the influence of the different types of surface microtexture on the performance of hydrostatic bearing, microtexture (square, cylindrical, and composite texture) on the inner surface of the bearing were designed. The finite element model of bearing with textures was established. Under the condition of considering the cavitation effect, the influence of the different types of microtexture on performance of the bearing is studied based on the N-S equation. The SEA9 spindle rotation error analyzer is used to determine the eccentricity of the spindle in the machining process and to verify the accuracy of the theoretical simulation. The results demonstrates that the microtexture enhances the performance of hydrostatic bearing, when the eccentricity is in the range of 0∼0.3, compared with square, cylindrica, and smooth bearing, the performance of composite texture bearing can effectively improve the load capacity and reduce the friction coefficient. When the eccentricity is larger than 0.3, the partial textured bearing is analyzed. The initial angle is 120°, the load capacity of the partial microtextured bearing are greater than full microtextured bearing and smooth bearing, which can be used to improve the performance of the bearing. The optimal combination of structural parameters for the performance of the partial composite texture is provided, which has important theoretical significance and practical value for expanding the application range of the spindle system.

Multi-objective optimization of temperature uniformity in the immersion liquid cooling cabinet with Taguchi-based grey relational analysis

Single-phase immersion liquid cooling technology can meet the cooling needs of high-density Data Centers. To improve the temperature uniformity in an immersion liquid cooling cabinet and prevent local hot spots that reduce the efficiency of servers, the structural parameters of the cabinet were optimized in this study. The fluid path is mainly affected by the position of inlet and outlet, length, Angle and number of baffles. To evaluate the effects of these factors on the temperature uniformity in the cabinet, Taguchi-based grey relational analysis method and computational fluid dynamics were used to optimize the system, the standard deviation and maximum temperature difference are determined as evaluation indices, and L16 (44) orthogonal array was used for experimental design. The baffle Angle is judged to be the most important structural parameter by the Main Effect Analysis, whose contribution rate is 49.23%. The multi-objective optimization is transformed into a single objective by the grey relational analysis, and the influence rate of each structural parameter is shown. The optimal combination of structural parameters is determined. The results show that the temperature uniformity of the optimized cabinet is improved by 46%, which provides a reference for the design of immersion liquid cooling Data Centers.

Characteristics analysis and structure optimization of a hybrid micro-jet impingement/micro-channel heat sink

To solve the heat dissipation problem of high-power electronics, a novel hybrid micro-jet impingement/micro-channel heat sink is proposed in this work. Different from the continuous and straight rectangular micro-channel, the inclined and interrupted channel walls (fins) are adopted to enhance the fluid disturbance inside the heat sink. To obtain the thermal–hydraulic performance of the hybrid heat sink, an overall 3D modeling and numerical simulations are conducted instead of local cell numerical simulation. In addition, to further improve the heat transfer and flow resistance performance, the effects of variation of structural parameters on heat transfer and flow resistance properties are investigated, including the fin inclination angle, fin length and fin height. The results of structural parametric analysis reveal that there are interactions between different structural parameters, but with different levels of significance for different evaluation indicators. Then, to obtain the optimal combinations of structural parameters for different applications, the multi-objective genetic algorithm coupled with artificial neural network (ANN) is utilized to search for the optimal value of each structural parameter. The heat transfer thermal resistance, pressure drop and mean absolute temperature deviation of the heated surface are utilized as the optimization objectives to evaluate the cooling and resistance characteristics. The optimization results obtained by three-objective optimization and two-objective optimization are analyzed and compared. Finally, seven optimal compromise solutions are selected from the Pareto front by using TOPSIS algorithm with different weight factor matrices. For the optimal compromise solutions, the maximum relative errors between the predicted values of the ANN and numerical simulation values are only 3%, which further demonstrates the accuracy of the artificial neural network model and the effectiveness of using multi-objective optimization to guide heat sink design.

Optimization of Impeller Structure Parameters of a Centrifugal Fan in a Powered Air-Purifying Respirator Power System

As the core power element of a centrifugal fan, the impeller’s structural parameters are important factors affecting the aerodynamic performance of the fan. Therefore, to improve the aerodynamic performance of centrifugal fans, in this study, we take the Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR) power system as the object of research and use a combination of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimental validation to investigate the effects of the number of blades, blade inlet angle, blade outlet angle, blade height, and blade thickness on the aerodynamic performance of the fan. A five-factor, four-level orthogonal test table L16 (45) was selected to obtain the optimal combination of structural parameters for the impeller. In addition, in order to identify and visualize the features of the vortex, Q Criterion Normalized is applied to the simulation on the basis that the minimum pressure appears in the vortex core. In this study, Q Criterion Normalized is used to compare the internal vorticity of the prototype with that of the optimized prototype. The results show that (i) the order of influence of each parameter on the aerodynamic performance of the centrifugal fan is blade height > blade outlet angle > blade inlet angle > number of blades > blade thickness; (ii) the optimal combination of the structural parameters is number of blades 48, blade inlet angle 80°, blade outlet angle 120°, blade thickness 0.6 mm, and blade height 23 mm; the optimized prototype has an increase in air pressure of about 10%, an increase in air volume of about 31%, and an increase in efficiency from 49.61% to 53.57%; (iii) the intensity of internal vortices in the optimized prototype is weakened, the size of vortices and the number of vortices are reduced, and the homogeneity of the flow field is also improved.

Three-dimensional numerical simulation and structural optimization of large steam ejectors in exhaust gas heat recovery systems

By establishing a three-dimensional mathematical model based on the physical characteristics of the steam ejector and utilizing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, this study conducted three-dimensional numerical simulations to investigate the effects of five key structural parameters, namely, the length of the nozzle diffuser section, the diameter of the nozzle outlet, the length of the contraction section in the mixing chamber, the diameter of the mixing chamber inlet, and the length of the mixing chamber throat, on the ejector performance under identical operating conditions. By fitting 50 sets of simulation data using the least squares method, analytical expressions for these structural parameters in terms of the ejection coefficient μ were obtained. Subsequently, an improved firefly algorithm was employed to identify the optimal combination of structural parameters, followed by simulation verification. The results showed that compared to the single-factor sensitivity analysis method, the improved firefly algorithm obtained a superior combination of structural parameters, resulting in a 2.03% enhancement in the ejection performance of the steam ejector.

Structure optimization design of gasket test rig based on response surface model

In order to enhance the temperature regulation response speed of the gasket test rig and reduce the hysteresis of the temperature control system, structural optimization is implemented in the hardware part of the test rig. Firstly, a multi-physical field coupling method is employed for comprehensive performance testing of high-temperature and high-pressure gaskets, establishing a heat-fluid-solid coupling simulation and analysis model based on ANSYS. Then, internal temperature distribution of the gasket test device is calculated considering initial and boundary conditions. Next, data is collected using Latin hypercube sampling method, and optimal structural parameter combinations are determined through a multi-objective optimization approach utilizing response surface method and improved genetic algorithm. Finally, collected data is further utilized with response surface method and improved genetic algorithm multi-objective optimization technique to obtain optimal structural parameter combinations for the gasket test device which are verified by heat-fluid-solid coupling simulation. The temperatures tested before and after optimization are analyzed for comparison purposes. The results demonstrate that optimized gasket test rig significantly enhances its temperature control performance.

Multi-objective optimization of a microchannel heat sink with a novel channel arrangement using artificial neural network and genetic algorithm

Effective cooling solutions become increasingly crucial as micro-electrical devices advance in complexity and miniaturization. Microchannel heat sinks (MCHSs) are one of the solutions, and researchers are continuously exploring innovative designs and optimization techniques to ensure that these cooling solutions meet the evolving demands of modern electronics. In the current research, a novel disk-shaped MCHS with strategically positioned baffles was selected to be investigated. Total thermal resistance (Rt) and pressure drop (ΔP) were scrutinized to assess the role of the baffle’s structural parameters (length of baffles in the first row (L), with the values of 500 μm–1500 μm, space between the baffles (S), with the values of 1700 μm–2500 μm, and angle of baffles (θ), with the values of 45°–90°). Firstly, various combinations of structural parameters of the baffles were selected as study designs, and each was numerically simulated. Artificial neural network (ANN) models and a genetic algorithm were employed to predict the data and identify the optimal designs. Based on the obtained results, higher R2 values (0.9940 for Rt Model and 0.9996 for ΔP model) indicated the accurate performance of both ANN models. Two optimal designs of optimal thermal performance (OTP) and optimal hydraulic performance (OHP) with separate objectives of minimizing Rt and minimizing ΔP were recommended. The utilization of baffles with the dimensions of L = 1500 μm, S = 2500 μm, and θ = 90° in the disk-shaped MCHS led to the attainment of the OTP. While to acquire the OHP, it was necessary to use the baffles with dimensions of L = 500 μm, S = 1700 μm, and θ = 81.8325°. In the OTP design, Rt was reduced by about 49.47 %, while in the OHP design, it decreased by approximately 30.36 % compared to the reference design.

Investigation on the Energy-Absorbing Properties of Bionic Spider Web Structure.

In recent years, spider webs have received significant attention due to their exceptional mechanical properties, including strength, toughness, elasticity, and robustness. Among these spider webs, the orb web is a prevalent type. An orb web's main framework consists of radial and spiral threads, with elastic and sticky threads used to capture prey. This paper proposes a bionic orb web model to investigate the energy-absorbing properties of a bionic spider web structure. The model considers structural parameters such as radial line length, radial line cross-sectional diameter, number of spiral lines, spiral spacing, and spiral cross-sectional diameter. These parameters are evaluated to assess the energy absorption capability of the bionic spider web structure. Simulation results reveal that the impact of the radial line length and spiral cross-sectional diameter on the energy absorption of the spider web is more significant compared to the radial line cross-sectional diameter, the number of spiral lines, and spiral spacing. Specifically, within a radial line length range of 60-80 mm, the total absorbed energy of a spider web is inversely proportional to the radial line length of the web. Moreover, the number of spiral lines and spiral spacing of the spider web, when within the range of 6-10 turns and 4-5.5 mm, respectively, are proportional to the total energy absorbed. A regression equation is derived to predict the optimal combination of structural parameters for maximum energy absorption. The optimal parameters are determined as follows: radial line length of 63.48 mm, radial line cross-sectional diameter of 0.46 mm, ten spiral lines, spiral spacing of 5.39 mm, and spiral cross-sectional diameter of 0.48 mm.

Thermal transport and phonon localization in periodich-GaN/h-AlN superlattices.

The widely observed non-diffusive phonon thermal transport phenomenon in nanostructures is largely attributed to classical size effects, which ignore the characteristic of phonon wave. In this context, the crossover transition process from incoherent to coherent phonon transport in two-dimensional heterogeneous periodic h-GaN/h-AlN superlattices is demonstrated using a non-equilibrium molecular dynamics approach, where the localization behavior of thermal phonons is particularly significant. The results show that the thermal transport of the superlattice structure is affected by a combination of structural parameters and temperature. The thermal conductivity (TC) of the superlattice decreases and then increases as the interface density increases. Phonon-interface scattering dominates the incoherent phonon transport, while local phonons modulate the transport in the coherent region. Thus, the competition between phonon wave and particle properties causes the transition from incoherent to coherent phonon transport. In addition, as the TC valley depth slows down with increasing system temperature, the scattering of medium and high frequency phonons is enhanced and the phonon lifetime decreases. Research on localized phonons in superlattices provides theoretical support for thermal transport regulation in basal low-dimensional materials.

Study on structure optimization and distribution characteristics of centrifugal refrigerant distributor for air conditioner

The refrigerant distributor helps resolve non-uniform flow distribution issues in multi-path evaporators. Using the CFD method, this paper investigates the distribution mechanism of R410A in a centrifugal distributor under air-conditioning conditions and explores the impact of structural factors on its distribution performance. The Taguchi method is employed to identify the optimal combination of structural parameters and optimization direction for achieving distribution uniformity. Furthermore, the flow distribution characteristics of the optimized distributor are investigated under different conditions. The results show that, under the working conditions of an inlet mass flow rate of 50 kg·h−1 and an inlet quality of 0.1, the non-uniformity of the mass flow rate in the outlet branches of the optimized distributor is only 1.07 %, which represents a decrease of 7.64 % compared to the original distributor. Additionally, the non-uniformity of the outlet branch quality also decreased by 9.41 %. These findings indicate that the optimized distributor exhibits superior distribution performance. Nonetheless, the degradation of the optimized centrifugal distributor's uniform distribution performance with increasing refrigerant inlet mass flow rate and quality suggests that it is more suitable for low mass flow rate and quality conditions.

Multi-Objective Optimization Design of Permanent Magnet Eddy Current Coupler Based on SCG-BP Neural Network Modeling and the ONDX-NSGA-II Algorithm

There is a complex coupling relationship between the structural parameters and various performance indicators of a permanent magnet eddy current coupler. In order to obtain the optimal combination of structural parameters that can improve the overall performance of the coupler, it is necessary to reasonably balance the contradiction and competition among performance indicators of the permanent magnet eddy current coupler. A multi-objective optimization method for permanent magnet eddy current couplers based on scaled conjugate gradient back propagation neural network modeling, improved opposition-based learning, and normal distribution crossover operator non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II is proposed. The optimization results are compared with those of the traditional non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II and the Pareto envelope-based selection algorithm-II, and it is verified that the proposed multi-objective optimization algorithm is accurate, reliable, and has better convergence and versatility. Compared with the original model, the output torque of the optimized coupler increased by 8.54%, and the eddy current loss and cost decreased by 3.71% and 8.74%, respectively. Finally, the correctness of the theoretical analysis was verified through 3D finite element simulation and an experimental simulation platform.

Structural parameters of venturi injector for periodic air recovery based on response surface methodology

This work is devoted to the study of the structural parameters of a venturi injector for periodic air recovery. Using a push chain concrete spraying machine as a case, a numerical simulation study was conducted on the venturi injector under different structural parameter combinations. The venturi injector structure parameters diameter ratio of the throat to pipe a, convergent angle α, throat length to diameter ratio b, and diffusional angle β are designed and combined by the response surface method. The numerical simulation results and the prediction model obtained by the response surface method were verified by experiments, and the simulation results and prediction model were in good agreement with the experimental results. The results show that the residual air recovery of the push chain concrete spraying machine is best when a, α, b, and β are 0.8, 25°, 2.5, and 10°, respectively. In addition, the quadratic polynomial response surface model of the venturi injector pressure variation coefficient Cv and pressure drop Pd concerning the structural parameters was established, and the influence rules of each structural parameter on the Cv and Pd were obtained. The variation patterns of turbulent kinetic energy in the venturi at different times and stable sections at the back end are revealed. This paper can provide help for the design of venturi structures used for periodic air recovery in other chemical fields.

Hydraulic Performance and Energy Dissipation Mechanism Analysis of the Tesla-Shaped Emitter

In this paper, a tesla-shaped emitter is proposed based on the structure of the “tesla valve” as the source of inspiration, so that the water flow in the channel would produce a variety of energy dissipation phenomena, such as diversion, hedging, and mixing, to explore the hydraulic performance and energy dissipation mechanism of the tesla-shaped emitter. The channel structure parameters were taken as factors, and 16 groups of orthogonal tests were arranged. Based on CFD technology, the pressure–flow relationship curve slope, flow ratio between the main channel and secondary channel, flow field, and head loss of the emitter were calculated and analyzed for different combinations of structural parameters. Based on a significance level α = 0.05 test, the main channel inlet section length (L3) had a significant impact on the curve slope, and the secondary channel length (L1) and main channel inlet section length (L3) had a significant impact on the flow. The multiple linear regression mathematical models between the channel structure parameters and the curve slope and the flow were constructed. The larger the ratio between the main channel and the secondary channel flow, the better the hydraulic performance of the emitter. The channel unit loss coefficient increased linearly with the increase of the emitter inlet pressure, and its value ranged from 4.5769 to 8.1716, with an excellent energy dissipation effect. The hedge mixing of the water flow was the core of the energy dissipation of the tesla-shaped emitter. By appropriately increasing the inlet size of the main channel and other elements to increase the main channel flow and optimize the flow ratio between the main channel and the secondary channel, the mixing was improved, which consequently improved the hydraulic performance of the emitter.