Combination Of Tin Research Articles

Wetting of laser-textured tungsten substrate by molten tin

In the new generation of nuclear reactors, plasma facing components tend to be designed as Sn/W composite components. Considering the combination of tin and tungsten, the wettability evaluation of Sn/W system and its influencing factors are urgent work. Wetting experiments of Sn/W system were carried out in high vacuum by using modified sessile drop method. The results show that after vacuum annealing at 1100℃, good wettability (∼ 48° intrinsic contact angle) can be obtained quickly at 900℃ below the critical temperature of 1050℃. After laser surface texturing, the greater the roughness of the tungsten substrate surface, the better the wettability can be obtained. In essence, this correspondence is closely related to the geometric parameters of the grooves formed by laser etching, which corresponds to the predicted results in Wenzel model. The phenomenon of pinning and depinning of triple lines in the later stage of spreading is related to the spreading of liquid in the groove, and the spreading rate of the latter is faster than that of macro triple line, which leads to this phenomenon.

Voltammetric Sensor Based on the Combination of Tin and Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles with Surfactants for Quantification of Sunset Yellow FCF

Sunset Yellow FCF (SY FCF) is one of the widely used synthetic azo dyes in the food industry whose content has to be controlled for safety reasons. Electrochemical sensors are a promising tool for this type of task. A voltammetric sensor based on a combination of tin and cerium dioxide nanoparticles (SnO2–CeO2 NPs) with surfactants has been developed for SY FCF determination. The synergetic effect of both types of NPs has been confirmed. Surfactants of various natures (sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), Brij® 35, and hexadecylpyridinium bromide (HDPB)) have been tested as dispersive media. The best effects, i.e., the highest oxidation currents of SY FCF, have been observed in the case of HDPB. The sensor demonstrates a 4.5-fold-higher electroactive surface area and a 38-fold-higher electron transfer rate compared to the bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electrooxidation of SY FCF is an irreversible, two-electron, diffusion-driven process involving proton transfer. In differential pulse mode in Britton–Robinson buffer (BRB) pH 2.0, the sensor gives a linear response to SY FCF from 0.010 to 1.0 μM and from 1.0 to 100 μM with an 8.0 nM detection limit. The absence of an interferent effect from other typical food components and colorants has been shown. The sensor has been tested on soft drinks and validated with the standard chromatographic method.

Hydrogen Sensors Based on In2O3 Thin Films with Bimetallic Pt/Pd Catalysts on the Surface and Tin and Dysprosium Impurities in the Bulk

This paper presents the results of studying the characteristics of hydrogen sensors based on thin In2O3 films modified with tin and dysprosium with dispersed double Pt/Pd catalysts deposited on the surface. To control the content of Sn and Dy in the films, an original technology was developed, and ceramic targets were fabricated from powders of the In–Dy–O, Dy–Sn–O, and In–Dy–Sn–O systems synthesized by the sol–gel method. Films of complex composition were obtained by RF magnetron sputtering of the corresponding targets. Structural features of the obtained thin films were studied by Raman spectroscopy. It is shown that various combinations of tin and dysprosium concentrations, as well as the presence of Pt/Pd catalysts on the surface, have a significant effect on the defectiveness of the films and the density of oxygen adsorption centers. As a result, the resistance of sensors in pure air (R0), the activation energies of the temperature dependences of R0, the bending of the energy bands at the grain boundaries of the semiconductor, and the responses to the action of hydrogen in the concentration range of 20–25,000 ppm change. A unique feature of Pt/Pd/ In2O3: Sn (0.5 at%), Dy (4.95 at%) films is their high sensitivity at 20–100 ppm and the absence of signal saturation in the region of high hydrogen concentrations of 5000–25,000 ppm, allowing them to be used to detect H2 in a wide range of concentrations.

The increased sensitivity of dentin: the mechanisms of remineralization using toothpaste with tin fluoride

The purpose of the study was clinical and laboratory analysis of the remineralizing properties and clinical efficacy of the course application of the Sensodyne Rapid Relief therapeutic and prophylactic toothpaste for sensitive teeth with tin fluoride. The study involved 50 overwise healthy patients aged from 18 to 25 years diagnosed with a localized form of hyperesthesia of hard dental tissues and no signs of acute inflammation of periodontal tissues. After 7 days of clinical observation and daily use of the toothpaste the hygienic condition of the oral cavity in all patients improved: oral hygiene index was 1.02±0.2 units; gum inflammation index (PMA) - 8.0±1.5%; the absence of hyperesthesia was diagnosed (1 point, p≤0.05). Examination of patients after 14 and 28 days confirmed the absence of pain in 100%, the organoleptic properties of the toothpaste under investigation were also highly appreciated by the participants. A laboratory study showed that patients have an increase in the pH value of mixed saliva and a decrease in its buffer capacity by 13.4±2.25%, which contributes to a more effective remineralizing effect of calcium ions by calcium-binding proteins of mixed saliva. The concentration of fluoride ions in the saliva of patients of both groups increased by average rate of 34±0.5% per week. The combination of tin and fluoride is more effective than fluoride alone. The presence of tin ions causes a higher ability of fluorides to bind with calcium ions on the surface of the dentin and dentinal tubules, inhibits the process of demineralization, enhances the additive interaction of the ions forming the acid-resistant layer on the surface of the dentin and dentinal tubules, leading to a decrease in hyperesthesia of the teeth.

Purple haze: Combined geochemical and Pb-Sr isotope constraints on colourants in Celtic glass

The composition of 2977 Late Prehistoric glass objects was investigated to derive information on the nature of the colourants used. 2673 Late Iron Age Celtic (La Tène) bracelet fragments from the Netherlands and Austria and 51 Early Iron Age beads from the Netherlands were analysed. Hand-held XRF analyses demonstrated that all glass objects were of the soda-silica-lime type, which has a presumed origin in the Eastern Mediterranean. Copper was used as colourant, in the form of copper filings, in most of the Early Iron Age glass beads to give recycled glass a blue-green colour.The vast majority (98%) of the translucent Iron Age glass, was coloured using cobalt (blue), manganese (purple; colourless), antimony (colourless) and iron (green). Manganese, however, was added to all glass, contributing additional amounts of elements like copper, cobalt and iron. Opaque decorations were produced using antimony, or a combination of tin and lead.REE analyses on a selection of representative objects indicate that the manganese ores in translucent glass are of hydrogenetic-diagenetic (Early Iron Age) or hydrothermally influenced diagenetic (Late Iron Age) types. Strontium isotope ratios show mixing between a calcite-related seawater source (0.709) and manganese ores with isotope ratios of ∼0.70766. Lead isotope ratios are dominated by colourant-derived Pb. The isotope ratios of the manganese used to produce translucent glass and lead used for opaque glass decorations fall in the same range. The most likely general provenance of both lies on Lavrion or the Western Cycladic Islands, although an origin in the central Taurus or the Sinai mountains cannot be excluded. The conclusion is that manganese ore used for colourants contributes significantly to the REE concentration in the glass, including Nd, as well as to Sr and Pb. This needs to be taken into account when using concentrations or isotope ratios of these elements for provenancing other raw materials like sand and calcium carbonate. This appears to be the case for all antique soda-lime-silica glass.

Metal Gate (TiN, TiC, TaN) Film Stack Stress

Successful stress engineering in semiconductor device structures must consider all the contributions to the stress field including those not typically considered for stress, such as work function metal (WFM) gate layers that are used to tune to the desired work function level. These films induce stress especially since they are so close to the channel region. In this study we measure stress from blanket layer films and combinations of TiN, TiC, and TaN deposited on Hf oxide, at thicknesses that are typically used for advanced metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) devices. Tungsten (W) deposited on top of the WFM layer stacks is also measured. For combination film stacks, the stress is measured after each deposition step. The induced stress from the WFM is significant, in the range of hundreds of MPa, and varies according to the thickness and processing conditions such as annealing temperature and time, etc. Results from these blanket film measurements were used as a guide for technology computer-aided design (TCAD) modeling of the stress field in FinFET structures with design rules comparable to 10-nm technology. The tensor stress components identify areas of compressive and tensile stress and with a magnitude similar to expected results. The stress field could be used to calculate the FinFET device performance, and in this case an example is provided with the relative improvement in drain current.

Reactive Extrusion of Stereocomplexed Poly‐L,D‐lactides: Processing, Characterization, and Properties

AbstractThis work reports a facile route to synthesize homochiral and stereocomplexed polylactide by reactive extrusion. The effect of the polymerization catalyst (combination of tin(II)octanoate and triphenylphosphine) before and after its deactivation is discussed. Poly‐L‐lactide (PLLA) exhibits homochiral crystallinity and diblock poly‐L,D‐lactide (PDLLA) exhibits stereocomplex crystallinity. The presence of residual monomer leads to a plasticizing effect, reducing glass transition temperature (Tg). Changes of the tacticity (L,D‐tacticity) of the stereocomplex are due to the transesterification reactions between L and D units. Deactivation of the catalyst reduces transesterification reactions and preserves the polylactide stereocomplex upon heating. magnified image

Land Subsidence Detection by PSInSAR<sup>TM</sup> Based on TerraSAR-X Images

Land subsidence in urban area is becoming a severe geological hazard disturbing the urban construction and development. Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PSInSAR) technique has demonstrated a good capability of monitoring the large scale land deformation. High resolution and short wave radar data can help to improve the precision of deformation detection based on PSInSAR. In this paper, 15 scenes of TerraSAR-X SAR data are used to derive the estimation of the subsidence rate in the Wuqing district, Tianjin city in China. The combination of TIN and nearest-connection method (NCM) are first used to establish the differential network model. The results show that high resolution TX image can dramatically increase the valid PSs and improve investigation reliability, especially in linear man-made constructs.

ChemInform Abstract: The Reaction of Acetals with Silyl Enol Ethers Promoted by the Combination of Tin(II) Chloride and Organic Halide. Novel and Convenient Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones.

Acetals react with silyl enol ethers to give condensation products in good yield by the action of a reactive halide such as acetyl chloride or methoxymethyl chloride along with a catalytic amount o...

Study of nanocrystalline plasma electrolytic carbonitriding for CP-Ti

Commercially pure titanium is subjected to carbonitriding according to a new procedure called plasma electrolytic carbonitriding. The influence of voltage and time on the thickness of carbonitrided layers is investigated. The kinetics of growth of the layers is analyzed according to their thickness and microhardness. The coatings formed on the titanium substrate are multilayer. They are formed by a combination of TiN, TiO2, and the α-phase in the form of inclusions of high concentrations of nitrogen and carbon in a close-packed hexagonal crystal lattice of titanium. All layers are very hard with hardnesses varying from 1100 (Vickers-Knoop hardness) for the TiN layer and 900 for the α-phase to 250 for the nonmodified surface. There exist strong metallic bonds between the layers of the coating. The time dependence of the form t 1/2 is established for the diffusion of nitrogen and carbon in the outer layers. The results of wear tests reveal that the mass losses of carbonitrided samples become 4–17 times lower than for the intact samples. Thus, the procedure of plasma electrolytic carbonitriding enables one to get highly efficient stable coatings on titanium.

Effects of bottom electrode and environmental insulator on thermal distribution of edge contact-type PRAM cell

Thermal characteristics of edge contact-type phase change random access memory cells have been investigated with different combinations of bottom electrode and insulator such as Ti and SiO2, Ti and AlN, and TiN and AlN. At the same melting temperature on the programmable point of Ge2Sb2Te5, we have determined heat flux for each combination: for the Ti and SiO2, the heat flux is 3.5×105J/mm2s, for the Ti and AlN, and the TiN and AlN, they are 1.7×106 and 1.9×104J/mm2s, respectively. These simulated results mean that the combination of TiN and AlN is the most effective for the fast response of phase changing from the amorphous to the crystalline and vice versa since the TiN has lower thermal conductivity than the Ti and the AlN has higher thermal conductivity than SiO2.

Electrochemical dissolution of hard metal alloys

Different components of hard metals such as TiC, TiN, pure Ti and the binder metals Fe, Co and Ni were investigated in neutral sodium nitrate solutions by cyclovoltammograms at current densities up to 35 A/cm 2. All combinations of TiN and TiC dissolve anodically. The surface of pure Ti is blocked by the anodic surface oxide which is not removed by cathodic current densities up to 30 A/cm 2. Cathodically all samples were conductive and showed a strong hydrogen evolution. The binder metals Fe, Co and Ni should be free of oxide films at cathodic potentials. Anodically, Co dissolves in an active state while Fe and Ni show a potential shift to the passive region. Our surface model developed for machining of Fe seems to be applicable to all other materials except pure Ti.

Carbonyl Propargylation and Allenylation with 2-Propynyl Mesylates, Tin(IV) Iodide, and Tetrabutylammonium Iodide Controlled by Either a Steric Effect or Coordination Effect

A combination of tin(IV) iodide and tetrabutylammonium iodide can be used for propargylation or allenylation of aldehydes with 2-propynyl mesylates in dichloromethane. 1-Methyl-2-propynyl mesylate or 2-butynyl mesylate results in propargylation or allenylation controlled by the steric effect of the 1- or 3-methyl group, and 3-trimethylsilyl-2-propynyl mesylate results in propargylation controlled by the coordination of triiodostannate to silane.

Hardness enchancement by CN/TiCN/TiN multilayer films

The first objective of this paper is to deposit new hard coatings based on compositionally modulated CN/TiCN/TiN multilayer films by dual ion beam sputtering using a combination of TiN, TiC and C targets and an Ar–N 2 mixture discharge gas . The second objective is to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of the multilayer with respect to their practical applications. In this work, we have studied the composition, morphology, hardness and friction coefficient of the films. The deposition parameters were controlled to obtain films that combine ultrahard behaviour with good tribological and wear properties.

Hardness enchancement by CN/TiCN/TiN multilayer films

The first objective of this paper is to deposit new hard coatings based on compositionally modulated CN/TiCN/TiN multilayer films by dual ion beam sputtering using a combination of TiN, TiC and C targets and an Ar–N 2 mixture discharge gas. The second objective is to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of the multilayer with respect to their practical applications. In this work, we have studied the composition, morphology, hardness and friction coefficient of the films. The deposition parameters were controlled to obtain films that combine ultrahard behaviour with good tribological and wear properties.

A Study of TiNi Shape-Memory Alloy Modified by Pulsed High-Energy Density Plasma

Pulsed high-energy density plasma (PHEDP) surface modification has been applied to TiNi shape memory alloy (SMA). The corrosion resistance of TiNi alloy modified by PHEDP has been greatly improved specially by about one order of magnitude. The plasma film formed on TiNi alloy is composed mainly of nanometer-sized TiN phase and a small amount of Ti2N phase. The transition areas from the film to the substrate is made up combination of TiN, Ti2N and TiNi phases and changes by degrees.

Improvement of the interfacial integrity of (Ti,Al)N hard coatings deposited on high speed steel cutting tools

Abstract With improved microhardness and high temperature resistance, the advanced (Ti,Al)N hard coating has now been successfully applied to carbide tools for high speed machining, although problems with adhesion at the interface are inevitable when the (Ti,Al)N hard coating is applied to high-speed steel cutting tools. This study investigated a series of multi-layered interfaces consisting of TiAl, TiN and TiAlN in an effort to improve the adhesion strength of (Ti,Al)N deposited on high-speed steel substrates. Deposition of both interlayer and (Ti,Al)N films was conducted sequentially in a single batch process, while cathodic arc evaporation was selected as the deposition method for its superior plasma intensity and the flexibility of multiple target arrangement. Microstructure and tribological properties were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy/electron diffraction spectroscopy, particle analyzer, microhardness and wear testers. Results indicated that a combination of TiN and TiAlN interlayers provided an adhesion strength of 50 N between (Ti,Al)N and M2 substrates. The tribological performance of (Ti,Al)N thin films on high-speed steel cutting tools was significantly improved.

The Reaction of Acetals with Silyl Enol Ethers Promoted by the Combination of Tin(II) Chloride and Organic Halide. Novel and Convenient Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones

Abstract Acetals react with silyl enol ethers to give condensation products in good yield by the action of a reactive halide such as acetyl chloride or methoxymethyl chloride along with a catalytic amount of SnCl2. The procedure employing excessive amount of halide offers a novel and convenient method to synthesize conjugated enones.

Degradable plastics

The composition of 2977 Late Prehistoric glass objects was investigated to derive information on the nature of the colourants used. 2673 Late Iron Age Celtic (La Tène) bracelet fragments from the Netherlands and Austria and 51 Early Iron Age beads from the Netherlands were analysed. Hand-held XRF analyses demonstrated that all glass objects were of the soda-silica-lime type, which has a presumed origin in the Eastern Mediterranean. Copper was used as colourant, in the form of copper filings, in most of the Early Iron Age glass beads to give recycled glass a blue-green colour.The vast majority (98%) of the translucent Iron Age glass, was coloured using cobalt (blue), manganese (purple; colourless), antimony (colourless) and iron (green). Manganese, however, was added to all glass, contributing additional amounts of elements like copper, cobalt and iron. Opaque decorations were produced using antimony, or a combination of tin and lead.REE analyses on a selection of representative objects indicate that the manganese ores in translucent glass are of hydrogenetic-diagenetic (Early Iron Age) or hydrothermally influenced diagenetic (Late Iron Age) types. Strontium isotope ratios show mixing between a calcite-related seawater source (0.709) and manganese ores with isotope ratios of ∼0.70766. Lead isotope ratios are dominated by colourant-derived Pb. The isotope ratios of the manganese used to produce translucent glass and lead used for opaque glass decorations fall in the same range. The most likely general provenance of both lies on Lavrion or the Western Cycladic Islands, although an origin in the central Taurus or the Sinai mountains cannot be excluded. The conclusion is that manganese ore used for colourants contributes significantly to the REE concentration in the glass, including Nd, as well as to Sr and Pb. This needs to be taken into account when using concentrations or isotope ratios of these elements for provenancing other raw materials like sand and calcium carbonate. This appears to be the case for all antique soda-lime-silica glass.

Nylon fibres in rubber

The composition of 2977 Late Prehistoric glass objects was investigated to derive information on the nature of the colourants used. 2673 Late Iron Age Celtic (La Tène) bracelet fragments from the Netherlands and Austria and 51 Early Iron Age beads from the Netherlands were analysed. Hand-held XRF analyses demonstrated that all glass objects were of the soda-silica-lime type, which has a presumed origin in the Eastern Mediterranean. Copper was used as colourant, in the form of copper filings, in most of the Early Iron Age glass beads to give recycled glass a blue-green colour.The vast majority (98%) of the translucent Iron Age glass, was coloured using cobalt (blue), manganese (purple; colourless), antimony (colourless) and iron (green). Manganese, however, was added to all glass, contributing additional amounts of elements like copper, cobalt and iron. Opaque decorations were produced using antimony, or a combination of tin and lead.REE analyses on a selection of representative objects indicate that the manganese ores in translucent glass are of hydrogenetic-diagenetic (Early Iron Age) or hydrothermally influenced diagenetic (Late Iron Age) types. Strontium isotope ratios show mixing between a calcite-related seawater source (0.709) and manganese ores with isotope ratios of ∼0.70766. Lead isotope ratios are dominated by colourant-derived Pb. The isotope ratios of the manganese used to produce translucent glass and lead used for opaque glass decorations fall in the same range. The most likely general provenance of both lies on Lavrion or the Western Cycladic Islands, although an origin in the central Taurus or the Sinai mountains cannot be excluded. The conclusion is that manganese ore used for colourants contributes significantly to the REE concentration in the glass, including Nd, as well as to Sr and Pb. This needs to be taken into account when using concentrations or isotope ratios of these elements for provenancing other raw materials like sand and calcium carbonate. This appears to be the case for all antique soda-lime-silica glass.