Combination Of Production Factors Research Articles

Model Optimasi Produksi Kue Menggunakan Metode Simpleks Pada Toko Kue Rosalina Cabang Jatake

The continuity and development of the cake production business needs to be maintained with steps to be able to allocate raw materials and increase profits. Therefore, an effort is needed using a method in determining the right combination of production factors from the products made and the combination of products produced. This problem can be overcome by creating an optimization model using the simplex method. The simplex method is a method that mathematically starts from a basic feasible solution to another basic feasible solution and is done repeatedly (iterative) so that finally an optimal basic solution is obtained. The optimum value is obtained by analyzing whether the resources have been fully used (scarce) or excessively (Abundant) used with the optimal simplex table approach. Based on the results of iteration 3, it is obtained that line Z no longer has a negative value so that the solution obtained is optimal, meaning that Rosalina Bakery cake shop if you want to get maximum profit, it produces brownie cakes (x1) as much as 3.3333; Bolu Pandan (x2) as much as 8.6667. The maximum profit will be achieved at Rp 93,999.9 rounded up to Rp 94.000,- per day. Based on the results of the analysis, it shows that the cake production optimization model can help maximize profits from limited resources..Keywords: model, simplex, optimization, production, profit, maximum

Cow milk production cost in a semi-specialized system in the mountainous region of Veracruz, Mexico

Objective: To analyze cow milk production cost in farm production units (UPPs), in a semi-specialized system, in the mountainous region of Veracruz, Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approach: A questionnaire was applied to milk producers; additionally, the production units were visited. Results: The main elements of the variable cost of milk production included: feeding, animal health, and fuel (86% of the total). The workforce accounted for 35 to 60% of the fixed costs. The production cost per liter fluctuated between USD$0.26 and USD$0.352 and the selling price ranged from USD$0.28 to USD$0.30; consequently, the profit margin is low. The profit per liter of milk fluctuated between USD$0.02 and USD$-0.04. The improvement in milk quality can increase profitability. Study Limitations/Implications: The analysis focuses in the last year of operations and only takes into account six production units; therefore, the conclusions are only valid in that context. Findings/Conclusions: Some UPPs have a positive profit; however, the combination of production factors must be reviewed. Additionally, in order to guarantee that more producers obtain a profit, some adjustments must be made.

Bioeconomics considerations on the modal production system of beef cattle in Pantanal / Considerações bioeconômicas sobre o sistema de produção modal do gado de corte no Pantanal

Beef cattle production is one of the main agricultural activities in Brazil accounting for approximately 75% of agricultural properties in the country and significantly impacting gross domestic product (GDP) figures. However, raising beef cattle is a complex activity, with great variability in the combination of production factors. In this study, we assessed scale gains in beef cattle and performed a temporal analysis of the modal system in the Pantanal biome, central-west Brazil. Beef cattle production systems were analyzed for Corumbá, state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Typical farms of 3,600 hectares (ha), 9,000 ha, 14,400 ha, and 30,000 ha were determined from primary data from focus group surveys conducted by CEPEA. Results showed that the smallest property was the most efficient in using natural resources and had the highest economic return relative to the effective operational cost (EOC), followed by the largest property. Profitability increased significantly over the years due to record calf prices in 2014 and increased production. Intermediate-sized properties had the worst economic results and negative net margin even when the producer’s pro-labore is not considered.

ANALISIS EFISIENSI ALOKATIF USAHATANI CABAI MERAH BESAR DI DESA SUKALAKSANA KECAMATAN BANYURESMI KABUPATEN GARUT

Most of farmers in Sukalaksana Village Banyuresmi District are red chili farmers, but their red chili production has not been optimal so that the productivity of red chili in Sukalaksana is the lowest compared to other village. Production is influenced by production factors, the right combination of production factors is needed to produce optimal and economically efficient production. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors that influence production and analyze allocative efficiency of production factors in red chili farming in Sukalaksana Village. The research method used was a survey method with analytical techniques using the Cobb Douglas production function model. The results showed that labor, seeds, manure, NPK fertilizer, and pesticides simultaneously influenced the production of red chili in Sukalaksana Village with 85.3 percent determination coefficient. Production factors that partially have a significant effect on red chili production in Sukalaksana Village are labor, seeds, and NPK fertilizer. Based on allocative efficiency analysis, labor and seeds has not been efficient so its needs to be added, NPK fertilizer is not efficient so its needs to be reduced.

Short food supply chains, labor productivity and fair earnings: an impossible equation?

AbstractGiven the limited number of middlemen in short food supply chains, producers marketing through such channels must carry out various tasks associated with production, processing (if applicable) and marketing. Since productivity increases with specialization, it is presumably difficult for such producers to achieve high levels of labor productivity in each of the tasks they perform (in terms of organizing the work and controlling for costs). This study reports on the results of a detailed analysis of the apparent labor productivity in each activity segment (production, processing and distribution) on farms in Quebec (Canada) that market through short food supply chains. We adapted the concept of a complex activity system and the Work Assessment method to reflect the context in Quebec and the unique features of integrated farming models based on direct marketing. In total, we analyzed work organization on 32 Quebec farms to determine how added value and work hours are allocated among different activity segments. Our analysis of apparent labor productivity highlights the heterogeneity of farms involved in direct marketing as every farm studied had a unique profile. In addition, work patterns reflected the background, choices and skillsets of farmers and different combinations of production factors were utilized. Overall, labor productivity was lower in production-related tasks, although this was often offset by higher productivity levels in other activity segments. Our results indicate that greater productivity in the areas of processing or distribution allows farms in short food supply chains to be financially sustainable. The findings of our study also confirm that farmers involved in direct marketing work hard to sustain their activity systems, even though net earnings are often low when compared to the amount of effort involved. However, farmers are partially compensated in other ways, such as through client appreciation and work enjoyment.

Russian Entrepreneurship in the Context of Socio-Economic Crisis: the Risks of Deprofessionalization

Purpose of the study: The importance of sociological understanding of the risks of deprofessionalization of entrepreneurial activity in the context of a deep socio-economic crisis is determined by the peculiarities (crisis, illegal practices) of entrepreneurship in post-Soviet Russia which affected its modern development. Methodology: I. Schumpeter’s theoretical ideas create the methodological basis for the study of modern Russian entrepreneurship. Schumpeter defines an entrepreneur as the "main phenomenon" of economic development. The scientist associates entrepreneurship with innovation and introduction of new combinations of production factors. The neo-institutional approach is methodologically important for the study of Russian entrepreneurship. This approach states that any social institutional practices are determined by the specific institutional system, the system being a historical product of a particular era and society. The study of the risks of deprofessionalization of Russian entrepreneurship is carried out on the basis of theoretical ideas of Zh. T. Toshchenko, aimed at analysis of a new modern phenomenon - "effective managers", considered in the context of opportunistic behavior in the field of entrepreneurship. Results: The study concludes that the attitude to entrepreneurship in Russia has positively changed in the last decade. Despite this fact, Russia faces the risks of deprofessionalization. The risks are associated with both institutional formation factor and the modern conditions of professional training of entrepreneurs: the crisis of educational system and transformation of professional and labour values. Applications of this study: The results of this study facilitate navigation in the meanders of institutional transformations which take place in professional and labour spheres of the modern Russia, making it possible to predict the situation in social reproduction of the Russian community from the prospects of innovative development. That is possible because entrepreneurship acts as a generator and implementation entity of social innovations. Novelty/Originality of this study: The risks of Russian entrepreneurship deprofessionalization in the current social reality are determined by a set of institutional factors which create a crisis space for professionalization of entrepreneurs and future entrepreneurs at all the stages, from the process of professional self-determination to professional self-realization. This situation lays the foundation for crisis reproduction of the entire socio-cultural system. It is difficult to change the situation in the short term, therefore, we are talking about long-term projects. The authors propose to turn to potential of the institute of education, designed not only to form a layer of knowledge, skills, and competencies of the future businessmen, but also to form a culture of entrepreneurship with a high level of professional responsibility as one of the main indicators of professionalism.

CHANCES AND RISKS OF COMBINED PRICING

Appropriate costing creates a plausible, reliable basis for determining the bid price. One of the key requirements that applicable laws, standards, and guidelines stipulate for (structural) specifications is that works should be specified clearly, completely and objectively so as to ensure bid comparability. Furthermore, cost estimates should be possible for the specified works (excluding non-quantifiable risks). The specifying party usually requires combined pricing because works related to various structural components, construction trades, subsoil types, rebar diameters etc. that necessitate a variety of types and combinations of production factors are merged into a single item. Combined pricing occurs whenever a unit price is to be derived from different cost estimates with respect to the utilization of production factors. This means that bidders intending to develop an activity-based costing model would have to know the type of work or service, the underlying conditions for performing the work, and the associated timeframe (i.e. project start, binding milestones, project end). This paper investigates if combined pricing items meet these requirements whilst putting a particular focus on the relevance of combined pricing to construction management and economics, including construction expert opinions on the chances and risks of this approach. For this purpose, this paper primarily deals with reinforcing works.

Emerging Entrepreneurial Universities in University Reforms: The moderating role of personalities and the social/economic environment

University education, research and other services are increasingly becoming private goods as opposed to the traditional public goods concept. This trend is a highly debated process, and its consequences for universities are unquestionable. One of the consequences may be the diffusion of entrepreneurship in the higher education sector. The aim of the present paper is to highlight some of the characteristics of this process. Starting with the classics of entrepreneurship literature, Schumpeter defined the entrepreneur as somebody who goes against the stream. A new combination of production factors is the soul of entrepreneurship, and of any changes such as university reforms. Earlier research by Clark shed light on the environment of emerging entrepreneurial universities, which happened to be mainly new, relatively small universities. He found five indicators that are components of entrepreneurial universities. Taking this concept as a point of departure, we extended it in two directions. First, we go back to the economics literature and collect several other indicators/statements about entrepreneurship that are also worth considering in higher education. Second, we present a number of successful entrepreneurial cases of large top universities, looking for other indicators. Summarising these indicators in a table, two reforms of the Corvinus University of Budapest and its predecessors are discussed. Both of the reform processes lasted about five years, and there was a gap of approximately 20 years between the two processes. We would expect this to be successful, as a university needs to be reformed every 20 years, but this was not the case. Wecome to the surprising conclusion that, at least in case of the Corvinus University of Budapest, the two reforms in the socialist period were more entrepreneurial than the reforms we are experiencing now in a market economy environment. The explanation for this situation is twofold: the general socioeconomic environment is not really supportive of reform initiatives, and there is a lack of charismatic leadership.

ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТЬ СТРАН ЦВЕ И ЮВЕ В 1990–2015 гг.

The structural transformation of industry in CEE and SEE countries is influenced by several internal and external factors, both general and specific. Problems of production sector rationalization are caused by many reasons, in particular, by the mismatch of demand and supply of long-term capital, the lack of skilled labor and the dissimilarities in the technological level. The institutional harmonization in the frames of integration process and FDI attraction have contributed to formation of diversified and externally oriented production complexes that have significant impact on the industrial macro-, meso- and microstructure. The dependence on foreign economic conjuncture carries certain risks, especially if domestic and foreign enterprises are characterized by disparity in the level of productivity. The leading recipients of FDI eventually become the intermediate tier of production externalization. This fact underlines the necessity of incorporation of local companies in the TNCs’ value chains in order to limit the pace of relocation. The high level of external openness contributes to technological modernization and increases the competitiveness of knowledge-intensive industries. However, in the region under review the national R&D is almost not commercialized, so closer cooperation between the industrial companies using local research and educational potential is needed. Among territorial disparities in industrial development one can mention the predominant role of capital cities and resistant backwardness of periphery areas losing its economic competitiveness. The production shift to economic centers with the best combination of production factors is accompanied by the increase of agglomeration effect of the new growth poles, mainly represented by industrial parks and free trade zones. Entrepreneurial activity in the border regions of the most economically developed countries triggers the further progress of integration processes, in particular, the formation of the first trans-border industrial clusters and complexes.&nbsp

Work cost impact analysis in FTSE MIB companies

The aim of this research is to analyse the cost impact of the work factor of production on the financial statements of Italian companies listed on the FTSE MIB. It emerged a correlation between salary costs and turnover. This is due to the human factor being a highly important input in the company's production process. In addition, a strong correlation emerged between the cost of salaries and wages and actual turnover, since the work factor of production represents a resource of primary significance within the process of production. Finally, a time variable correlation has arisen between the other personnel costs and turnover. Due to the implications of the research, in its decision process, the management has to consider the human element as pivotal to a combination of production factors. The research boundaries should be considered as limitations of the research.

The theory of the entrepreneur: from heroic to socialised entrepreneurship

Is the entrepreneur an innovator or simply an economic agent who creates his own job? The response varies according to the historical context. In a context of economic growth, the entrepreneur is for the majority of economists an innovator but in periods of crisis, he is no more a hero. The aim of this paper is not to present an exhaustive analysis of the economic theories of the entrepreneur but, by revisiting the works of a few key economists, to study the evolution of the role of the entrepreneur in the capitalist society. In the history of economic thought, economists have defined the entrepreneur as the economic agent who achieves new combinations of production factors. Thus, he is defined by the innovative action. This entrepreneur is useful to explain phenomena such as economic growth, crisis and technical progress. But in the today’s managerial economy, the entrepreneur has a more pragmatic role, he becomes the saver of capitalism through job creation. In the first part of this article, we present some key approaches of the heroic entrepreneur. In the second part, we point out the place of the entrepreneur in a complex capitalist economy dominated by the state regulatory intervention and the big firms’ expansion strategies.

Investitionszuschüsse nur bei Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen? Schlussfolgerungen aus der Förderung eines Investitionsprojektes über die Gemeinschaftsaufgabe im Land Brandenburg

Abstract The Joint Task “For the Improvement of the Regional Economic Structure” is one of the most important instruments of the German regional policy. This instrument is applied in regions with strong structural problems and aims to reduce unemployment. The instruments institutional framework demands the creation of additional permanent posts. This paper explores that these requirements can provoke inefficient combinations of production factors. The reasons for that problem can be seen in market failures as well as political disappointments. The government of each federal state has an incentive to demand permanent posts as much as possible because public revenue can equal the government expenditures after a relative short time period due to employment and production effects. The institutional framework of the German financial equalization scheme between the federal states contributes to that problem too - the expenditures for subsidization can be balanced by perequations paid by the other federal states.

New indicators for measuring the manifold aspects of technical and economic efficiency of production processes and technologies

The measurement and evaluation of the technical and economic efficiency of a production process and, consequently, of the technologies adopted, are of great importance in establishing the advantage of carrying on the production activity as it has been programmed, or of modifying it. Since productivity analysis, although important, does not wholly represent the many quantitative aspects that affect the economic results that can be achieved with the combination of production factors, a complex method has been conceived and set up, based on indicators that make it possible, with a high degree of precision, to measure the manifold phenomena connected with production activities at both technical and economic levels. Such phenomena refer, at least, to: materials and energy cycle efficiency; process, product, energy cycle environmental efficiency; product absolute and constant quality efficiency; equipment static and dynamic operating efficiency; product mix variability, product volume and input efficiency. The indicators proposed can be elaborated either at the end of the year or periodically during the year, and have been arranged so that they are comparable with similar and different production activities, as can be seen from the three real cases reported. Global technical efficiency varies from 0 to 1200 and the higher the value the more favourable it is; global economic efficiency varies from 1200 to 0 and the lower the value the higher the efficiency.

Productivity measurement in multi-product manufacturing firms: Evaluation and control through sensitivity analysis

The usefulness of available productivity measurement models arises from the fact that they consist of a large number of important production factors. However, in a complex manufacturing situation, such as a multi-stage multi-product production system, monitoring and controlling of all these factors of the productivity model may be difficult and uneconomical. Selection and control of the important factors could be a right step in application of productivity models in the industries. In this paper, the details of the sensitivity analysis of the factors considered in the Ray-Sahu model of productivity measurement for multi-product manufacturing firms have been provided. The proposed methodology, with all its simplicity and reasonable assumptions under a given condition, has been applied in a manufacturing firm producing four products. In particular, the effect of incremental change in the values of three output-related factors and total inputs for each product has been considered. The information obtained through sensitivity analysis determines the possible combinations of production factors with which management would be able to increase the total productivity of each of the products.

Les modèles de simulation comme fonctions de production .

A difficulty for the construction of engineering production functions is to depend of a scarce number of past observations which do not reflect all the catalogue of technological possibilities. An interesting alternative is to use agricultural simulation models — which represent a technical production function in its original sense — with the purpose of establishing the input-output coefficients for the different combinations of production factors.