Combination Of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Research Articles

Enhancing the Antibacterial Effect of Erythrosine-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy with Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid

This study evaluated the additive impact of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) on erythrosine-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) against <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> (<i>S. mutans</i>) biofilm by measuring colony-forming units and applying confocal laser scanning microscopy. Fifty-six bovine incisors, free from dental caries or structural defects, were utilized in this study. Dentin specimens were created by cutting with a low-speed diamond disk under a continuous flow of water, resulting in dimensions of 6.0 mm × 3.0 mm × 2.0 mm. The specimens were categorized into 4 groups: Control, EDTA, PDT, and EDTA + PDT. <i>S. mutans</i> ATCC 25175 was employed to establish biofilm on the dentin specimens. A 17% EDTA solution was applied for 1 min. For PDT, erythrosine served as the photosensitizer. Finally, a light-emitting diode source (385 - 515 nm) was employed in this study. The PDT group exhibited a significantly lower bacterial count than both the control and EDTA groups (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The EDTA + PDT group demonstrated a significantly reduced bacterial count compared to the other 3 groups (<i>p</i> < 0.001). This study demonstrated that EDTA enhances the antimicrobial efficacy of PDT on S. mutans biofilm. Even at a low concentration of photosensitizer, the combination of EDTA and PDT yields a significant antibacterial effect.

Detergent-Based Decellularization for Anisotropic Cardiac-Specific Extracellular Matrix Scaffold Generation.

Cell-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) has become increasingly popular in tissue engineering applications due to its ability to provide tailored signals for desirable cellular responses. Anisotropic cardiac-specific ECM scaffold decellularized from human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiac fibroblasts (hiPSC-CFs) mimics the native cardiac microenvironment and provides essential biochemical and signaling cues to hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of two detergent-based decellularization methods: (1) a combination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate (EDTA + SDS) and (2) a combination of sodium deoxycholate and deoxyribonuclease (SD + DNase), in preserving the composition and bioactive substances within the aligned ECM scaffold while maximumly removing cellular components. The decellularization effects were evaluated by characterizing the ECM morphology, quantifying key structural biomacromolecules, and measuring preserved growth factors. Results showed that both treatments met the standard of cell removal (less than 50 ng/mg ECM dry weight) and substantially preserved major ECM biomacromolecules and growth factors. The EDTA + SDS treatment was more time-efficient and has been determined to be a more efficient method for generating an anisotropic ECM scaffold from aligned hiPSC-CFs. Moreover, this cardiac-specific ECM has demonstrated effectiveness in supporting the alignment of hiPSC-CMs and their expression of mature structural and functional proteins in in vitro cultures, which is crucial for cardiac tissue engineering.

Effect of nisin, EDTA, and abuse temperature on the growth of Salmonella Typhimurium in liquid whole egg during refrigerated storage

Salmonella spp. can be present in pasteurized liquid egg products because of its heat resistance or post-processing contamination, thereby representing a food safety risk. The effect of 1000 IU nisin/ml plus 20 mM disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), two refrigerated temperatures (7 °C and 10 °C), and two inoculation levels (103 and 105 cfu/ml) were studied in the growth of S. Typhimurium in pasteurized liquid whole egg (LWE). Two mathematical models were used to fit the microbial curves. Physicochemical characteristics of LWE, such as pH and color, were assessed for 31 days at the two storage temperatures, and no significant changes (p < 0.05) were observed for most of the samples. Results showed the significant impact of temperature on microbial growth. Samples kept at 7 °C showed the decay of microbial cells during storage; meanwhile, the effect at 10 °C was shown as fast growth. The combination of nisin plus EDTA and 7 °C accelerated the decay of microbial cells during the storage showing a synergistic effect. The Weibull model described the decline of cells during the shelf-life. Meanwhile, the logistic model fitted the growth of Salmonella in LWE at 10 °C. Adding these additives to LWE, combined with the correct temperature during pasteurization and adequate conditions during the cold chain, can minimize the food safety risk related to Salmonella.

Development of high-volume steel slag as cementitious material by ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid induced accelerated carbonation

Steel slag, a by-product of primary steel production, is produced in large quantities and is primarily used as landfill or aggregate. Due to its high reactivity with CO2, steel slag can form calcium carbonate at room temperature and pressure, making it an ideal material for CO2 capture in the development of sustainable construction materials. Due to the transport properties of CO2 and carbonation kinetics, carbonation of steel slag is frequently carried out using pure gas under high pressure. In this study, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-induced accelerated carbonation was used to produce cement paste mixes consisting of up to 100% steel slag powder. Combination of cement and EDTA with steel slag proved to be effective in accelerating the carbonation reaction. EDTA increased the leaching of Ca from the steel slag, thereby enhancing the carbonation reaction, which was more obvious in longer durations (up to 28 days). The optimum cement paste mix (80% steel slag and 20% cement, with 0.1 mol/L EDTA solution) achieved maximum compressive strength of 14 MPa and CO2 uptake of 8.7% after 28 days of accelerated carbonation. Results demonstrated that the use of high-volume steel slag as a cementitious material has great potential in non-structural building applications.

Stabilization of Heavy Metals in Fly Ash and Its Effect on Strength

This study investigated the effect of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) as stabilization agents to immobilize various heavy metals to enhance the use of fly ash without any environmental concern. The effect for the application of stabilization agents on the strength on fly ash is also studied. First, the various dosages of TSP (0–8%) or EDTA (0–2%) were applied to Class C and F fly ash to identify the appropriate dosages of these two stabilization agents using Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) tests. Thereafter, the two fly ashes were mixed with the determined dosages (i.e., 6% TSP and 1% EDTA) to assess the impact on time-depended leaching and the strength of the hardened fly ash. The column leaching tests disclosed that TSP immobilized well for all the heavy metals except As and EDTA also immobilized quite well for all the heavy metals except Hg and Pb for Class C fly Ash. The combined usage of EDTA and TSP showed mutually supplementary effects: EDTA responded well to some metals and TSP responded well to others. In addition, combination of the two agents further enhanced the stabilization of Cd, Cr, Zn, and As. For Class C fly ash, adding either EDTA or TSP decreased the compressive strength of 28 days cured specimens by 38%. The combination of both TSP and EDTA decreased the strength by 36%. For Class F fly ash, EDTA did not noticeably affect the compressive strength of the cured specimen, but TSP increased the strength significantly.

Synergistic effect of TONS504-mediated photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy and additives widely contained in ophthalmic solutions: benzalkonium chloride and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.

TONS504 (C51H58N8O5I2), a chlorine derivative, effectively generates singlet oxygen by light activation and exhibits photodynamic antimicrobial effects (PAEs) on various pathogens. However, this photosensitizer has some limitations: a high tendency to self-aggregate and a relatively weak PAE for Gram-negative bacteria compared with Gram-positive bacteria. To overcome these limitations, the present study investigated the synergistic effects of the PAE of TONS504 and two additives commonly contained in ophthalmic solutions: benzalkonium chloride (BAC) or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were exposed to TONS504 and/or each additive. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy was performed with light irradiation centered at a wavelength of 665nm with a total light energy of 30J/cm2. Following incubation, the number of colonies formed was counted. Additionally, we examined the inhibitory effects of the additives on TONS504 self-aggregation by observing its absorption spectrum. Consequently, the PAEs of TONS504 on S. aureus were enhanced by both additives, and BAC displayed stronger synergistic effects on the bacteria than EDTA. By contrast, only EDTA increased the PAE on P. aeruginosa. The peak of the TONS504 absorption spectrum shifted to a longer wave length and the absorbance increased in the presence of BAC, suggesting that BAC inhibited the self-aggregation of the photosensitizer. In conclusion, the combination of BAC or EDTA and TONS504-mediated photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy exhibits a synergistic antimicrobial effect on S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The optimal additive to enhance the PAE may differ between bacterial strains.

Efficiency of heterogeneous chelating agents on the phytoremediation potential and growth of Sasa argenteostriata (Regel) E.G. Camus on Pb-contaminated soil

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is one of the most effective chelating agents for enhancing lead (Pb) accumulation in various plant organs. However, it has a higher risk of causing secondary pollution than other chelating agents. To reduce such environmental risks and increase remediation efficiency, EDTA can be combined with degradable chelating agents for use in phytoremediation, but there are few reports on the combination of EDTA and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA). This study evaluated the effects of combined EDTA and NTA application at different concentrations (900, 1200, or 1500 mg/kg) and with different methods (1 application or 3 applications) on dwarf bamboo (Sasa argenteostriata (Regel) E.G. Camus) growth and phytoremediation efficiency and on the soil environment in pot experiments with Pb-contaminated soil. Applying EDTA and NTA together resulted in lower soil water-soluble Pb concentrations than applying EDTA alone and therefore resulted in lower environmental risk. The increased availability of soil Pb produced a stress response in the dwarf bamboo plants, which increased their biomass significantly. Moreover, under the chelating treatments, the soil Pb availability increased, which promoted Pb translocation in plants. The Pb content in the aerial parts of the dwarf bamboo increased significantly in all treatments (translocation factors increased by 300~1500% compared with that in CK). The Pb content increase in the aerial parts caused high proline accumulation in dwarf bamboo leaves, to alleviate Pb toxicity. Maximum Pb accumulation was observed in the EN1500 treatment, which was significantly higher than that in the other treatments except the EN900 treatment. This study elucidates the choice of remediation techniques and the physiological characteristics of the plants used in such studies. In conclusion, the EN900 treatment resulted in the lowest environmental risk, greatest biomass production, and highest phytoremediation efficiency of all treatments, indicating that it has great potential for application in phytoremediation with dwarf bamboo in Pb-contaminated soil.

Effects of different irrigation protocols on dentin surfaces as revealed through quantitative 3D surface texture analysis

The combination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) has been advocated as an effective irrigation methodology to remove organic and inorganic matter in root canal therapy. Yet, it was suggested that both solutions might lead to structural changes of the dentinal wall surface, depending on the order of application which might affect sealer mechanical retention. This study aims to evaluate the effect of different irrigating protocols on dentin surface roughness using quantitative 3D surface texture analysis. Data stems from 150 human root dentin sections, divided into five groups, each prepared according to one of the following protocols: Negative control; 17% EDTA; 17% EDTA followed by 5.25% NaOCl; 5.25% NaOCl; and 5.25% NaOCl followed by 17% EDTA. Each dentin sample was examined for its three-dimensional surface texture using a high-resolution confocal disc-scanning measuring system. EDTA 17% and the combined EDTA 17% with NaOCl 5.25% showed considerably higher roughness properties compared to the control and to NaOCl 5.25% alone. However, the irrigation sequence did not affect the dentin roughness properties. Therefore, mechanical retention is probably not dependent upon the selection of irrigation protocol sequence.

The application of pharmaceutical quality by design concepts to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of a preservative system including desferrioxamine.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of a conventional preservative system containing desferrioxamine mesylate (DFO) and optimize the composition of the system through mathematical models. Different combinations of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium metabisulfite (SM), DFO and methylparaben (MP) were prepared using factorial design of experiments. The systems were added to ascorbic acid (AA) solution and the AA content over time, at room temperature and at 40°C was determined by volumetric assay. The systems were also evaluated for antioxidant activity by a fluorescence-based assay. Antimicrobial activity was assessed by microdilution technique and photometric detection against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensis. A multi-criteria decision approach was adopted to optimize all responses by desirability functions. DFO did not extend the stability of AA over time, but displayed a better ability than EDTA to block the pro-oxidant activity of iron. DFO had a positive interaction with MP in microbial growth inhibition. The mathematical models showed adequate capacity to predict the responses. Statistical optimization aiming to meet the quality specifications of the ascorbic acid solution indicated that the presence of DFO in the composition allows to decrease the concentrations of EDTA, SM and MP. DFO was much more effective than EDTA in preventing iron-catalyzed oxidation. In addition, DFO improved the inhibitory response of most microorganisms tested. The Quality by Design concepts aided in predicting an optimized preservative system with reduced levels of conventional antioxidants and preservatives, suggesting DFO as a candidate for multifunctional excipient.

Retraction Note: Preparation of Decellularized Bovine Tendon Scaffold and Evaluation of Its Interaction with Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Background: Tissue engineering is the science of tissue design and one of the main branches of regenerative medicine that aims to improve and repair tissue injuries. Objectives: This study aimed to decellularize the tissue of bovine Achilles tendon and create a natural 3D scaffold. Then, the interaction of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAd-MSCs) with this 3D scaffold was evaluated for use in tendon injuries. Methods: The bovine Achilles tendon was obtained from a slaughterhouse and decellularized by the combination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Histological and biomechanical tests were used to evaluate the quality of decellularized scaffolds. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were cultured on scaffolds, and cell viability and cell behavior were evaluated by the MTT test and scanning electron microscopy. Results: The results of histological and biomechanical tests showed the complete removal of cells with the preservation of the extracellular matrix. The results of cell culture on scaffolds also showed that optical absorption in scaffolds containing cells increased over time. Conclusions: In general, the decellularized scaffold in this study did not undergo significant structural changes in the tendon tissue. The interaction between hAd-MSCs and the decellularized scaffold revealed that the scaffold was somehow suitable for cell culture. However, it needs to be more investigated for use in the treatment of tendon injuries of the athletes.

Preparation of Decellularized Bovine Tendon Scaffold and Evaluation of Its Interaction with Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Background: Tissue engineering is the science of tissue design and one of the main branches of regenerative medicine that aims to improve and repair tissue injuries. Objectives: This study aimed to decellularize the tissue of bovine Achilles tendon and create a natural 3D scaffold. Then, the interaction of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAd-MSCs) with this 3D scaffold was evaluated for use in tendon injuries. Methods: The bovine Achilles tendon was obtained from a slaughterhouse and decellularized by the combination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Histological and biomechanical tests were used to evaluate the quality of decellularized scaffolds. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were cultured on scaffolds, and cell viability and cell behavior were evaluated by the MTT test and scanning electron microscopy. Results: The results of histological and biomechanical tests showed the complete removal of cells with the preservation of the extracellular matrix. The results of cell culture on scaffolds also showed that optical absorption in scaffolds containing cells increased over time. Conclusions: In general, the decellularized scaffold in this study did not undergo significant structural changes in the tendon tissue. The interaction between hAd-MSCs and the decellularized scaffold revealed that the scaffold was somehow suitable for cell culture. However, it needs to be more investigated for use in the treatment of tendon injuries of the athletes.

Synergistic antibacterial effect of nisin, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and sulfite on native microflora of fresh white shrimp during ice storage

AbstractThis study aims to investigate the effectiveness of using nisin, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and sulfite alone or in combination in reducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella enterica, and Pseudomonas fluorescens in broth and native microflora on raw Pacific white shrimp during ice storage. Nisin (50 ppm), EDTA (20 mM), alone or in combination were used to test on the growth of V. parahaemolyticus, S. enterica, and P. fluorescens in broth. Nisin (50 ppm), EDTA (20 mM), sodium metabisulfite (1.25 and 0.625%), ice; alone or in combination were used on shrimps during 1°C storage for 10 days. Microbial and chemical changes were analyzed during shrimp storage. First, the combination of nisin and EDTA exhibited antibacterial effects against V. parahaemolyticus, S. enterica, and P. fluorescens in broth. Second, in shrimp preservation, the combination of nisin, EDTA, and sulfite at a low dose of 0.625% exhibited higher antimicrobial activity than did a high dose of sulfite (1.25%). Based on aerobic bacteria counts, psychrotrophic bacteria, and TVB‐N, shrimp treatment with combination of nisin, EDTA, and low‐dose sulfite were still acceptable within 10 days of storage. Based on our findings, nisin and EDTA can be used to reduce uses of sulfite for shrimp preservation in the future.

Targeting Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Sputum of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Patients with a Combinatorial Strategy Having Antibacterial and Anti-Virulence Potential.

In primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) patients, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major opportunistic pathogen, frequently involved in chronic infections of the lower airways. Infections by this bacterial species correlates with a worsening clinical prognosis and recalcitrance to currently available therapeutics. The antimicrobial peptide, lin-SB056-1, in combination with the cation chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), was previously demonstrated to be bactericidal against P. aeruginosa in an artificial sputum medium. The purpose of this study was to validate the anti-P. aeruginosa activity of such a combination in PCD sputum and to evaluate the in vitro anti-virulence effects of EDTA. In combination with EDTA, lin-SB056-1 was able to significantly reduce the load of endogenous P. aeruginosa ex vivo in the sputum of PCD patients. In addition, EDTA markedly reduced the production of relevant bacterial virulence factors (e.g., pyocyanin, proteases, LasA) in vitro by two representative mucoid strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from the sputum of PCD patients. These results indicate that the lin-SB056-1/EDTA combination may exert a dual antimicrobial and anti-virulence action against P. aeruginosa, suggesting a therapeutic potential against chronic airway infections sustained by this bacterium.

Influence of different irrigation protocols on microhardness and flexural strength values of young and aged crown dentin.

To investigate the effect of different irrigation protocols on microhardness (MH) and flexural strength (FS) values of young and aged crown dentin. In addition to ageing, root canal irrigation might also affect the mechanical properties of coronal dentin walls. One hundred and twenty dentin bars (2mm×2mm×8mm) were obtained from the crowns of extracted, non-caries, human molars of young and older patients (n=60 bars; average patient ages: 16.7 and 65.4, respectively). Subgroups were formed as follows: 2.5%NaOCl(sodium hypochlorite)+5%EDTA(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), 2.5%NaOCl+15%EDTA, 2.5%NaOCl, 5%EDTA, 15%EDTA and Saline. NaOCl and saline were used for 20minutes and EDTA solutions for 1minute. MH values of each sample were measured before and after the irrigation protocols. The same samples were also submitted for FS analysis. The data were statistically analysed. Young samples had lower MH values at pre- and post-treatment compared to aged samples (P<.05). A significant decrease was observed in MH values of aged samples exposed to 2.5%NaOCl and both NaOCl+EDTA combinations (P<.05). FS values of the young saline-treated group were statistically higher than aged ones (P<.05). Both NaOCl+EDTA combinations caused a significant decrease in FS values of young samples compared to saline (P<.05). Ageing has a significant effect on the MH and FS values of crown dentin samples. 5% EDTA solutions revealed similar results to 15%EDTA regarding MH and FS values of crown dentin in both age groups. The NaOCl+EDTA combination had a prominent effect than EDTA alone, on MH values of young-, and FS values of aged dentin samples.

Simultaneous use of low methylesterified citrus pectin and EDTA as antioxidants in linseed/sunflower oil-in-water emulsions

In view of reducing synthetic antioxidants in emulsion-based food products, such as ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), this study aimed to investigate the simultaneous use of low methylesterified citrus pectin and EDTA to inhibit lipid oxidation as a consequence of their capacities to chelate Fe2+. EDTA was found to be more effective in reducing lipid oxidation in oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions compared to pectin, probably due to its higher and stronger Fe2+ binding capacity. Moreover, pectin induced emulsion physical instability by depletion or bridging flocculation for 0.1% (w/v) pectin, and coalescence for 1% (w/v) pectin. A combination of low methylesterified pectin and EDTA in the o/w emulsions revealed a reduction of the antioxidant capacity of the individual compounds. In other words, no cooperative effect between pectin and EDTA to reduce the lipid oxidation was observed in this study. Although the reduction of EDTA concentrations in emulsions seems challenging, it is advised to conduct more fundamental research on pectin-EDTA interactions in model and real food systems.

The effect of Cu-resistant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and EDTA on phytoremediation efficiency of plants in a Cu-contaminated soil.

Remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils is essential for safe agricultural or urban land use, and phytoremediation is among the most effective methods. The success of phytoremediation relies on the size of the plant biomass and bioavailability of the metal for plant uptake. This research was carried out to determine the effect of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) ligand and Cu-resistant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on phytoremediation efficiency of selected plants as well as fractionation and bioavailability of copper (Cu) in a contaminated soil. The test conditions included three plant species (maize: Zea mays L., sunflower: Helianthus annuus L., and pumpkin: Cucurbita pepo L.) and six treatments, comprising two PGPR strains (Pseudomonas cedrina K4 and Stenotrophomonas sp. A22), two PGPR strains with EDTA, EDTA, and control (without PGPR and EDTA). The combination of EDTA and PGPR enhanced the Cu concentration in both shoot and root tissues and increased the plant biomass. The Cu specific uptake was at a maximum level in the shoots of pumpkin plants when treated with the PGPR strain K4 + EDTA (202μgpot-1), and the minimum amount of Cu was recorded for sunflower with no PGPR or EDTA addition (29.6μgpot-1). The result of the PGPR-EDTA treatments showed that the combined application of EDTA and PGPR increased the shoot Cu-specific uptake approximately fourfold in pumpkin. Pumpkin with the highest shoot Cu specific uptake and maize with the highest root Cu specific uptake were the most effective plants in phytoextraction and phytostabilization, respectively. The effectiveness of different PGPR-EDTA treatments in increasing Cu specific uptake by crop plants was assessed by measuring the amount of Cu extracted from the rhizosphere soil adhering to the roots of crop species, by the use of the single extractants Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), H2O, NH4NO3, and NH4OAc. PGPR-EDTA treatments increased the amount of water-extractable Cu from rhizosphere soils more than ten times that of the control. The combined application of the EDTA and PGPR reduced the carbonated Fe and Mn oxide-bound Cu in the contaminated soil, and increased the soluble and exchangeable concentration of Cu. Pumpkin, with high shoot biomass and the highest shoot Cu specific uptake was found to be the most effective field crop in phytoextraction of Cu from the contaminated soil. The results of this pot study demonstrated that the EDTA+PGPR treatment could play an important role in increasing the Cu bioavailability and specific uptake by plants, and thus increasing the phytoremediation efficiency of plants in Cu-contaminated areas.

The use of selected phytochemicals with EDTA against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis single- and dual-species biofilms.

The aim of this study was the development of a novel and effective antibacterial formulation combining selected phytochemical compounds (quercetin, cuminaldehyde, indole-3-carbinol and vanillic acid) with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), an aminopolycarboxylic acid. The antibacterial activity of the combinations was evaluated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis in planktonic and sessile states as single and dual species. The compounds when applied individually demonstrated modest antibacterial activity. Nevertheless, synergy was observed when EDTA was combined with the selected phytochemicals, particularly with cuminaldehyde and indole-3-carbinol. These combinations were evaluated against single- and dual-species biofilms. An inactivation of 100% was obtained for almost all the biofilms, with E.coli biofilms showing the highest resistance. This study allowed the discovery of novel formulations of phytochemical compounds with antibacterial activity against E.coli and S. epidermidis single- and dual-species biofilms at concentrations close to the minimum bactericidal concentration. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The synergistic combinations of EDTA and cuminaldehyde or indole-3-carbinol were effective against single- and dual-species E.coli and S. epidermidis planktonic cells and biofilms. The overall results highlight the role of phytochemical products as a green and sustainable source of antimicrobial potentiators to control bacteria in both planktonic and sessile states.

Investigation of p-chloroaniline formation in the reactions between different endodontic irrigants

The aim of this study was to determine whether p-chloroaniline (PCA) is formed in the reactions of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with final rinse chlorhexidine (CHX), QMix (combination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), CHX and detergent) and EDTA/CHX solutions by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Commercially available 5.25% NaOCl solution was mixed with 2% CHX and QMix in 1:1 (v/v) ratio at room temperature. Furthermore, 2% CHX was associated with 17% EDTA under the same experimental conditions. The obtained solutions were evaluated qualitatively for color changing, precipitate and/or bubble formation and analyzed by TLC chromatography. The association products were investigated by spectroscopic (1H NMR and IR) methods in order to determine whether they contain PCA. It was found that interactions between NaOCl/CHX and CHX/EDTA led to forming of brown and white precipitate. When NaOCl was mixed with QMix, an orange-brown precipitate was formed. PCA was not detected as a product of the reactions between NaOCl and final rinse solutions of CHX, QMix and EDTA/CHX association.

Facile synthesis of urchin‐like gold nanoparticles using binary reducing agent composed of EDTA and hydroquinone

AbstractUrchin‐like gold nanoparticles (U‐AuNPs) were successfully synthesized through a rapid one‐pot seedless growth process. This method was carried out by using the combination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and hydroquinone (HQ) as reducing agents. The effect of order of agents addition to the particle size was investigated. The obtained urchin‐like gold nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized by XRD, TEM and UV‐Vis absorption spectroscopy techniques. From the TEM analysis, it was found with different sizes of urchin‐like gold nanoparticles from 55 to 102 nm.

Effect of several laser systems on removal of smear layer with a variety of irrigation solutions.

To evaluate which laser system is more effective on smear layer removal when distilled water or combination of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) are used as irrigants. Ninety-six human mandibular premolar teeth were used. Standard access cavities were prepared and the root canals were enlarged using ProTaper system to size F4 and divided into two equal groups according to final irrigation solution. In Group 1, distilled water was used, whilst 2.5% NaOCI and 17% EDTA solutions were used in Group 2. Each group was divided into four equal subgroups according to the activation procedure. In Subgroups 1A (Control) and 2A, no activation protocol was applied. In other subgroups, Er:YAG laser using photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS; 1B and 2B), Nd:YAG laser (1C and 2C) and Er,Cr:YSGG laser (1D and 2D) were applied for the activation. Teeth were split longitudinally and subjected to scanning electron microscopy evaluation. Smear layer was scored at 1000× magnification in all thirds. The data were analysed statistically using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test post hoc comparisons. The samples irrigated with distilled water had greater smear layer scores when compared with the combination of NaOCl and EDTA (p < .05). The efficacy of smear layer removal increased when using laser systems (p < .05). Smear layer was removed more effectively in the coronal and middle levels compared to the apical level (p < .05). The sequential use of NaOCl and EDTA is significantly more effective than distilled water in smear layer removal. Regardless of the type of irrigant, laser activated irrigation enhances smear layer removal. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The use of laser systems for activation of NaOCl and EDTA is the most effective method in terms of smear layer removal. Photon-induced photoacoustic streaming technique with Er:YAG laser was the most efficient smear layer removal method regardless of the solution used.