Combination Of Diluent Research Articles

Diluent modified weakly solvating electrolyte for fast-charging high-voltage lithium metal batteries

Weakly solvating electrolyte (WSE) demonstrates superior compatibility with lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs). However, its application in fast-charging high-voltage LMBs is challenging. Here, we propose a diluent modified WSE for fast-charging high-voltage LMBs, which is formed by adding diluent of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE) into the tetrahydropyran (THP) based WSE. A relatively loose solvation structure is formed due to the formation of weak hydrogen bond between TTE and THP, which accelerates the de-solvation kinetics of Li+. Besides, more anions are involved in solvation structure in the presence of TTE, yielding inorganic-rich interphases with improved stability. Li (30 µm)||LiNi0.5 Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (4.1 mAh/cm2) batteries with the TTE modified WSE retain over 64 % capacity retention after 175 cycles under high rate of 3 C and high-voltage of 4.5 V, much better than that with pure THP based WSE. This work points out that the combination of diluent with weakly solvating solvent is a promising approach to develop high performance electrolytes for fast-charging high-voltage LMBs.

Method-Related Impacts on Campylobacter coli Recovery From Sampling Materials And Meat

Abstract A defined Campylobacter coli (C. coli) suspension was inoculated on sterile sampling materials (cotton bud, polyester bud, cellulose sponge) and pieces of lamb meat. Various combinations of diluents (phosphate buffer saline ± Tween®80) and sampling methods (direct homogenization, simulating the excision method for meat, and swabbing) were investigated for the recovery (detachment) of C. coli cells from the inoculated samples. The obtained C. coli bacteria, as quantified by real-time PCR with respect to the dilution factors and the initial inoculum, were used for the calculation of the recovery (%) per sampling material and method. Regarding artificially inoculated sampling materials, the lowest recovery was observed for cotton buds (2.8%) and the highest for cellulose sponge (28.9%), and the differences between the obtained results were statistically significant (P < 0.05). As regards lamb meat, the lowest recovery was observed for swabbing with cotton buds (3.2%) and the highest for direct homogenization (10.7%). The results indicate an overall low rate of bacterial recovery from contaminated samples, with cellulose sponges and polyester buds being significantly superior to cotton buds, and direct homogenization of meat with diluent better than swabbing. The type of sampling materials and methods applied for the quantification of C. coli entails a key impact on determining the actual contamination of the examined samples.

Reactive extraction of cis,cis-muconic acid from aqueous solution using phosphorus-bonded extractants, tri-n-octylphosphineoxide and tri-n-butyl phosphate: Equilibrium and thermodynamic study

• The muconic acid extraction by TOPO and TBP have been done firstly in the literature. • Different solvents used to solve TOPO and TBP. • Kinetic studies of the extraction mucconic acid was studied firstly in the literature. cis,cis- Muconic acid falls under the category of carboxylic acids and finds application mostly in biodegradable polymers, agrochemicals, and the food industry. Owing to the high thermal reactivity based upon the two-terminal carboxylic groups present in their structure, the chemical industry has widely used carboxylic acids. The major obstacle encountered during the production of carboxylic acids is their recovery from aqueous solutions and fermentation media. Therefore, the recovery of HccMA by reactive extraction as a particular product capture method, using tri- n -octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and tri- n -butyl phosphate (TBP) in organic diluents such as 1-butanol, isoamyl alcohol, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), diisobutyl ketone, isobutanol, n -hexane, dimethyl glutarate, ethyl propionate, and diethyl carbonate (DEC) was executed in this study. This method was experimentally conducted to explore the most proper extractant and diluent combination. Extraction experiments were also conducted with pure diluents alone to examine the extractant effect on the extraction system. The important extraction parameters like distribution coefficient ( K D ), extraction efficiency ( E %), loading ratio ( Z ), dimerization constant ( D ), partition coefficient ( P ), and complexation constant ( K E 11 ) were determined. Mass action law model interpreted the obtained results. For HccMA/TOPO extraction system, the maximum extraction efficiency was found 93.19% in the presence of n -hexane as a diluent. For HccMA/TBP extraction system, the maximum extraction efficiency was found 90.37% in the presence of ethyl propionate as a diluent. Thermodynamic studies at variable temperatures were also carried out to estimate ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG of the process. To investigate the feasibility of designing a counter-current liquid–liquid extraction column, the number of theoretical stages (NTS) were assessed by theodified Kremser equation and found between 3 and 5 to et the desired extraction efficiency.

Effects of epoxy, hardener, and diluent types on the hardened state properties of epoxy mortars

Three epoxy resins and three types of glycidylether-based reactive diluents were used together in epoxy mortars. Six different amine-based hardeners, four aliphatic and two cycloaliphatic, were used in the mixtures. Test results showed that a hardener with higher functionality results in mortars with higher strength. The combination of diluent and hardener was found to affect both the compressive and flexural strengths of the mortars. The adhesion strengths of the mortars (to a sand-blasted concrete surface) were obtained by pull-off test. It was found that lactic and acetic acids have different levels of destruction in the epoxy mortars.

묵납자루(Acheilognathus signifer) 정자의 냉동보존

This study aimed to find an optimal diluent and cryoprotective agent (CPA) during cryopreservation of common Korean bitterling Acheilognathus signifier sperm. The bitterling is an endangered species in Korea, and this study will enable conservation and further technical development of artificial seed production. We tested the effects of cryopreservation and toxicity by the type of diluent and CPA. The optimal combination of diluent and CPA for cryopreservation was 300 mM glucose+10% methanol, resulting in a survival rate and sperm activity index (SAI) of <TEX>$96.3{\pm}1.5%$</TEX>, and <TEX>$3.0{\pm}0.0$</TEX> respectively, and no significant difference compared to fresh sperm. The survival rate and SAI of post-thawed sperm was <TEX>$9.7{\pm}1.5%$</TEX>, <TEX>$0.8{\pm}0.3$</TEX> respectively, which was significantly higher than had been achieved with other diluents and CPAs.

DESIGN, IN VITRO EVALUATION AND IN VIVO STUDIES OF NOVEL DELAYED RELEASE TABLETS OF PANTOPRAZOLE

In an effort to reduce production costs, a simple, direct compression delayed release formulation consisting of pantoprazole was investigated. Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor belongs to group of benzimidazole. It is very efficient for the treatment of gastric and duodenum ulcers. Even in solid state pantoprazole is sensitive to heat, humidity, light and especially to substances containing an acidic group. For such types of drugs, enteric coating added to the formulation tends to avoid the stomach's acidic exposure, delivering them instead to a basic pH environment where they do not degrade, and give their desired action. Subcoating is desirable to protect the enteric coating. Opadry and Acryl-EZE systems have been utilized for subcoating and enteric coating respectively. Delayed-release tablets with good physical, mechanical and technological properties were obtained with use of different combinations of diluents, binders, superdisintegrants and lubricants. A comparative kinetic study of the present tablets and commercial tablets was established. The value for the similarity factor (f2 = 71.6) suggested that the dissolution profile of the present two delayed-release oral dosage forms are similar. Hixon–Crowell (erosion) kinetic profiles were achieved

A highly efficient solvent system containing functionalized diglycolamides and an ionic liquid for americium recovery from radioactive wastes

Three room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), viz. C(4)mim(+)·PF(6)(-), C(6)mim(+)·PF(6)(-) and C(8)mim(+)·PF(6)(-), were evaluated as diluents for the extraction of Am(III) by N,N,N',N'-tetraoctyl diglycolamide (TODGA). At 3 M HNO(3), the D(Am)-values by 0.01 M TODGA were found to be 102, 34 and 74 for C(4)mim(+)·PF(6)(-), C(6)mim(+)·PF(6)(-) and C(8)mim(+)·PF(6)(-), respectively. The extraction of Am(III) decreased with increasing feed acidity for all three diluents, indicating an ion exchange mechanism for the extraction. The stoichiometry of the extracted species suggested that two TODGA molecules were associated with Am(III) during the extraction for all three RTILs and the conditional extraction constants have been determined. The D(M)-values for different metal ions followed the order: 75 (Am(III)) > 30.7 (Pu(IV)) > 3.9 (Np(IV)) > 1.19 (Pu(VI)) > 0.52 (U(VI)) > 0.12 (Cs(I)) > 0.024 (Sr(II)). The distribution behaviour of Am(III) was also studied with a recently synthesized calix[4]arene-4DGA (C4DGA) extractant dissolved in C(8)mim(+)·PF(6)(-). Using this extractant diluent combination, the D(Am)-value was 194 at 3 M HNO(3) using 5 × 10(-5) M C4DGA, suggesting a very high distribution coefficient at very low extractant concentrations. The stoichiometry of the extracted species containing Am was found to be 1:2 (M:L) in C(8)mim(+)·PF(6)(-). The thermodynamics of the extraction was also studied for both extractants in C(8)mim(+)·PF(6)(-). The use of RTILs gives rise to significantly improved extraction properties than the commonly used n-dodecane and an unusual increase in separation factor values was seen for the first time which can lead to selective separation of Am from wastes containing a mixture of U, Pu and Am.

Recovery of acetic acid from an aqueous pyrolysis oil phase by reactive extraction using tri- n-octylamine

The application of reactive extraction to isolate organic acids, particularly acetic acid, from the aqueous stream of phase splitted pyrolysis oil using a long chain aliphatic tertiary amine is reported. Acetic acid recovery was optimized by selecting the proper amine and diluent combination and adjustment of the process conditions. The best results were obtained with tri- n-octylamine (TOA) in 2-ethyl-hexanol (40 wt%) with 84% acetic acid recovery at equilibrium conditions (room temperature). Other organic acids present in the feed (formic acid and glycolic acid) were also co-extracted (92% and 69% extraction efficiencies), as well as relatively non-polar compounds like substituted phenolics and ketones. The continuous reactive extraction process was successfully demonstrated in a centrifugal contactor separator (CCS) device, and acetic acid recoveries of 51% and 71% were obtained in a single CCS device and a two stage cross currently operated cascade, respectively.

Stability of norepinephrine solutions in normal saline and 5% dextrose in water.

Most previous stability studies for norepinephrine have reported the percentage of drug remaining in IV solutions after only 24 h. No previously published study has evaluated the effect of light on the stability of this drug. To evaluate the stability of norepinephrine (64 mg/L) in either normal saline (NS; 0.9% sodium chloride) or 5% dextrose in water (D5W) with storage at either 4°C or room temperature (23°C) in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags exposed to or protected from normal room lighting for 2 months. Thirty-two PVC bags were prepared, each containing norepinephrine at 64 mg/L; half of the bags had normal saline as the diluent and the other half had D5W. The bags were stored at either 4°C or room temperature (23°C), with protection from or exposure to ambient fluorescent room light. Overall, there were 4 bags for each combination of diluent, temperature, and light condition. The concentration of norepinephrine in each bag was determined by a validated, stability-indicating liquid chromatographic method on study days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 18, 21, 23, 25, 28, 30, 36, 42, and 61. Analysis of variance revealed differences in percentage remaining as a function of study day (p < 0.001) and light conditions (p < 0.001), but not diluent (p = 0.06) or storage temperature (p > 0.99). Solutions of norepinephrine 64 mg/L in NS or D5W can be stored in PVC bags at 4°C for up to 61 days with protection from light. This expiry date allows for up to 24 h storage at 23°C. Solutions that are not protected from light will retain only 90% of the initial concentration after storage for 39 days at 4°C. This storage period could include up to 24 h at room temperature, without protection from light.

Influence of modified Tyrode's media on motility of cold-stored stallion spermatozoa

Summary Two experiments were conducted to determine if the nonelectrolyte components of a modified Tyrode's media could be eliminated without affecting the percentage of stallion spermatozoa which recovered motility after storage at 5°C. In the first experiment, diluents tested included the traditional 2.4% skim milk-5% glucose extender frequently used in the industry or that same extender supplemented at a 65:35 (vol/vol) basis with either the modified high-potassium Tyrode's media (MT) or that same media minus lactate and pyruvate (MT-LP), bovine serum albumin (MT-BSA) or lactate, pyruvate and bovine serum albumin (MT-BSA,LP). Three ejaculates were collected from each of 4 stallions. For each ejaculate and test diluent combination, two aliquots of semen were cooled in a static cooling device. One aliquot was diluted and cooled after the seminal plasma was removed by centrifugation and the second aliquot was diluted and cooled without removing the seminal plasma. The percentage of motile sperm was higher (P In the second experiment, all aliquots were centrifuged to remove seminal plasma prior to resuspension in one of four test diluents which consisted of MT-BSA and SKMG with and without the HEPES buffer (MT-BSA+HEPES, MT-BSA-HEPES, SKMG+HEPES and SKMG-HEPES). Exclusion of HEPES buffer from the Tyrode's media was not detrimental to the recovery of motile spermatozoa (P

Evaluation of diluents and media for enumerating Zygosaccharomyces rouxii in blueberry syrup

Combinations of diluents and enumeration media were evaluated for their efficacy in enumerating Zygosaccharomyces rouxii in blueberry syrup ( a w 0.818, 0.870 and 0.921). Diluents consisted of deionized water containing 0.1% peptone, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50% glucose, 50% glucose plus 0.05% Tween 80, and 12%, 18%, 26% or 35% glycerol, all calculated on a w w basis. Enumeration media were dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol (DRBC) agar, tryptone glucose yeast extract (TGY) agar, dichloran 18% glycerol (DG18) agar, plate count agar containing 52% sucrose (PCA52S) and malt extract yeast extract 50% glucose (MY50G) agar. Two test strains of Z. rouxii grown in blueberry syrup for 7 or 14 days responded similarly to diluent/enumeration medium combinations. The use of 0.1% peptone diluent or DRBC agar in combination with other enumeration media or diluents was inferior for recovering Z. rouxii. As the a w of the blueberry syrup decreased, the sensitivity of Z. rouxii to diluent containing decreased concentrations of glucose increased. The use of glycerol as a solute in diluent did not result in a similar trend, indicating that the protective effect of glycerol against osmotic stress to Z. rouxii cells is greater than that of glucose at high a w and that cells adapted to low a w in blueberry syrup are more sensitive to high a w in diluents. The addition of 0.05% Tween 80 to 50% glucose diluent did not influence performance. Overall, diluents containing 50% glucose ( a w 0.898), 18% glycerol ( a w 0.956) or 26% glycerol (0.934), in combination with TGY agar ( a w 0.982), resulted in the highest recovery of Z. rouxii from blueberry syrup at a w 0.818 to 0.921.

Comparison of combinations of diluents and media for enumerating Zygosaccharomyces rouxii in intermediate water activity foods

Combinations of five diluents (0.1% peptone, 40 and 50% glucose, and 18 and 26% glycerol) and three enumeration media (tryptone glucose yeast extract, dichloran 18% glycerol and malt extract yeast extract 50% glucose (MY50G) agars) were evaluated for recovering a xerotolerant yeast, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, from foods with intermediate water activity (a w ). Combinations of 40% (a w 0.936) or 50% (a w 0.898) glucose diluent and MY50G agar (a w 0.890) were superior in recovering highest populations. The type of solute in the diluent, as well as a reduced a w , influences efficiency of recovering viable cells

Survival of pseudorabies virus in the presence of selected diluents and fomites

Summary Because of the importance of environmental survival of pseudorabies virus to proposals to eradicate the virus from swine in the United States, survival of the virus was studied in various diluents and on combinations of diluents and solid fomites at 25 C. Suspensions of the virus in phosphate-buffered saline and saline G solutions remained infectious for at least 10 days. Infectivity of other virus/diluent suspensions decreased to &lt;10 plaque-forming units/ml in 14 days (swine urine), 7 days (well water), 4 days (swine saliva), 2 days (lagoon water and swine nasal washings), and 1 day (swine pit effluent, chlorinated water, and bile). Suspensions of pseudorabies virus in saline G solution and on the solid fomites, whole corn, and steel remained infectious for at least 7 days. Infectivity of other virus/diluent/fomite combinations decreased to &lt;10 plaque-forming units/ml in 7 days. The role of the fomites as vehicles for transmission of infection is discussed.

Infectivity of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Influence of host-soil diluent combinations on MPN estimates and percentage colonization

Infectivity of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, native to soils from four dissimilar habitats, was assessed by the “most probable number” (MPN) dilution method and by percentage mycorrhizal colonization. Inoculum from each site was tested in various host-soil diluent combinations. MPN estimates, percentage mycorrhizal colonization, intensity of colonization in infected root segments, sporulation, and the extent of extramatrical hyphae formation were greatest when host species and soil diluent most closely matched conditions at the site from which each inoculum was collected. Hence, the MPN method estimated infectivity of propagules best when the host and soil diluent properties permitted expression of all multiple factors conditioning infection processes. MPN estimates were directly proportional to percentage mycorrhizal colonization when the number of infectious propagules were low. regardless of host or soil diluent combination.

Effect of Diluent on the Structure of the Adsorption Layer in Systems of the Type Diluent + Polar Solvent-Silica

Abstract The adsorption behaviour of solvents whose molecules differ in polarity, functional groups and shape and the effect of the less polar diluent was investigated. The surface excess was determined for various combinations of diluents and polar solvents using the modified thin-layer frontal chromatography technique.

The Replacement of Hydrocarbon Diluent With Surfactant and Water for the Production of Heavy, Viscous Crude Oil

Summary Viscous crudes often are produced by means of a low-viscosity hydrocarbon diluent to decrease viscosity of the produced fluid in the tubing and the flowlines. Rod-pump difficulties may result from the slow fall of the rod string caused by high fluid viscosity. The use of a diluent reduces these rod-fall and associated flow problems. Our goal was to replace the diluent completely with a water/surfactant system without increasing the flowline pressures. This was accomplished with a produced water/surfactant mixture, However, in one field we found that using a combination of diluent, surfactant, and water was the most economical way to produce the crude. The crude is dispersed in a water-external system so that the viscosity is decreased appreciably. We initially evaluated different chemicals in the laboratory. Later tests were on individual wells, a 6-well pilot, and finally a I5-well pilot. Economics of the new system are projected to be more favorable than those of using diluent alone. This system can be used not only for heavy crudes but also for waxy crudes that have high pour points and are thus difficult to produce. It allows a lower pumping cost because of reduced viscous drag and can be more economical than some diluent systems. Introduction Our previous work1 described various techniques for reducing the viscosity of waxy crudes that are also applicable to heavy crudes. In addition to the preparation of oil and water emulsions, these techniques included:dilution with lighter oil,preheating with subsequent heating in the line,preheating and insulating, andinjection of water to form a water ring. McAuliffe describes oil-in-water emulsions.2,3 We also have received patents in this area.4–8 The production of heavy, viscous crude at Cat Canyon field near Santa Maria, CA, requires the use of a viscosity reducer that allows the crude to be pumped from the wellbore to storage. Kerosene distillate (KD) has been used for this purpose at Cat Canyon for some time. However, cost and availability of KD at Cat Canyon caused some concern, so we began a research program to find an alternate to the KD mode of production. Our goal was to reduce viscosity of the heavy crude by some way other than dilution with a hydrocarbon solvent. By producing an oil-in-water emulsion, we succeeded in reducing the viscosity of the heavy crude oil from ~3,000 cp at 170 to 200°F to only 50 to 100 cp at these temperatures. We produced the oil-in-water emulsions by mixing the oil with water that contained an emulsifier. Another part of our objective was to produce a reversible oil-in-water emulsion that, after being prepared at the well, would have just enough stability to reach the heater-treater before separating into an oil layer and a water layer. In other words, we wanted to produce an emulsion that was not too stable; otherwise, it could cause problems at the heater-treater. The initial laboratory phase consisted of screening 44 commercial oilfield emulsifier-type chemicals to find a product that would form a low-viscosity. oil-in-water emulsion when used with the viscous Cat Canyon crude. Commercial Surfactant A. which gave the best results in the laboratory, also gave the best results in field tests conducted at Cat Canyon. The commercial product was more economical than KD alone, but we wanted the least expensive product. Therefore, it appeared more economically attractive for us to develop our own emulsifier packages. The work covered in the first part of this paper was conducted in wells at Cat Canyon field, first with commercial oilfield emulsifying-type chemicals and second with emulsifier packages developed in our laboratory.