Combat Drug Abuse Research Articles

English

This study investigates drug abuse and its impact on Bangladesh and aims to identify the family-related and social reasons for being addicted, and the causes and effects of drug abuse. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in assessing the causes and consequence of its impact in Bangladesh using purposeful sampling for sample collection, involving recent graduates from different public and private university, civil servants, and civil society members. Findings revealed that drug abuse is multidimensional, and should be addressed accordingly. Many of the addicts view the rehabilitation procedures and costs introduced by the Narcotics Department as high and cumbersome. Many people, especially the youths are eager to get rid of drugs, but unfortunately can hardly find any way out. The addicts, while talking with the investigators, sought treatment to wipe out the negative effects of the drugs. Thus, the government should involve both the family and society which are the two most effective institutions to prevent drug addiction within the drug policy covering both the preventive and curative issues. These two institutions side by side with the government and nongovernmental efforts can play vital role in drug demand reduction, and preventing drug abuse in the country. Also, urgent major policy and institutional reforms involving all the concerned bodies is needed for effective response to combat drug abuse in the country. Key words: Drug abuse, narcotics control, elevated risk, impact, Bangladesh.

DUKUNGAN PEMERINTAH DALAM MENCEGAH PENYALAHGUNAAN NARKOBA DI KOTA SURABAYA

Drugs are a serious problem that need to be solved together. Based on the data from City Narcotics Agency (BNNK) the number of drug abusers in Surabaya is increased. The city of Surabayahas issued local law (Perwali) Number 65 of 2014 about policies and strategies for the area in the field of prevention, Combating Drug Abuse and Illicit Drugs (P4GN). The regulation has been in accordancewith the healthy public policy. The aim of this study is to determine the government’s support in preventing drug abuse. The special purpose is to determine the achievement of the target, implementationconstraints, prevention, and the responsiveness of the community. The research methods was qualitative approach. Collecting the data through in-depth interviews, documentation, and observation. Informants from SKPD that is related to the prevention of drug abusers, employee from BNN Surabaya, and a third resident of drug abusers in Surabaya had selected by purposive sampling. The results in phase to the target is not in accordance with the Perwali, because it still has obstacles ie outreach to street children, and the commitment in activities. The government’s efforts in implementing prevention programs of drug abusers were in conformity with Perwali, including socialization, curriculum integration on antidrug, TOT, the establishment of peer counselor, and the establishment of the youth anti-drug cadre. Responsiveness of people have started going well. People have the awareness and courage to report drug abuse related to BNN city of Surabaya to be rehabilitated.Keywords: government suport, drug prevention, Surabaya

Wastewater-based assessment of regional and temporal consumption patterns of illicit drugs and therapeutic opioids in Croatia

A comprehensive study of spatial and temporal consumption patterns of the selected illicit drugs (heroin, cocaine, amphetamine, MDMA, methamphetamine, cannabis) and therapeutic opioids (codeine, methadone) has been performed in six Croatian cities by applying wastewater-based epidemiology. The investigated cities (Bjelovar, Vinkovci, Varazdin, Karlovac, Zadar and Zagreb) varied widely in the population size (27,000–688,000 inhabitants) as well as in the number of registered drug consumers included in compulsory and voluntary medical treatment and rehabilitation programs (30–513 persons/100,000 inhabitants of age 15–64). The most consumed illicit drugs were cannabis (10–70doses/day/1000 inhabitants), heroin (<0.2–10doses/day/1000 inhabitants) and cocaine (0.2–8.7doses/day/1000 inhabitants), while the consumption of amphetamine-type drugs was much lower (<0.01–4.4doses/day/1000 inhabitants). Enhanced consumption of illegal drugs was generally associated with larger urban centers (Zagreb and Zadar) however comparatively high consumption rate of cocaine, MDMA and methadone was determined in some smaller cities as well. The overall average dose number of 3 major illegal stimulants (cocaine, MDMA, amphetamine) was rather similar to the number of corresponding heroin doses, which is in disagreement with a comparatively much higher proportion of heroin users in the total number of registered drug users in Croatia. Furthermore, the illicit drug consumption pattern in the large continental city (Zagreb) was characterized by a significant enhancement of the consumption of all stimulants during the weekend, which could not be confirmed neither for the coastal city of Zadar nor for the remaining small continental cities. On the other hand, the city of Zadar exhibited a significant increase of stimulant drug usage during summer vacation period, as a result of pronounced seasonal changes of the population composition and lifestyle in coastal tourist centers. The obtained results represent a valuable complementary data source for the optimisation and implementation of strategies to combat drug abuse in Croatia.

ROLE MODEL KEBIJAKAN PEMBERANTASAN PENYALAHGUNAAN NARKOTIKA DI KOTA PEKANBARU

Circulation and abuse of drugs in Pekanbaru city show significant improvement. Theefforts made by the National Narcotics Agency (BNN) in the field of prevention,empowerment, and the eradication has not been able to minimize the number of narcoticabuse in the city of Pekanbaru.Based on data from the Drug Investigation Division PoliceDirectorate Riau and Resta Pekanbaru, cases of drug abuse in Pekanbaru city in 2011 therewere 72 cases with 94 suspects, in 2012 there were 79 cases with 115 suspects, and in 2013as of October there were 102 cases with 129 suspects. Formulation of the problem in thisresearch ishow to role model appropriate policies in combating drug abuse in Pekanbaru city,so the purpose of this research is to find a role model of appropriate policies in combatingdrug abuse in the city of Pekanbaru and to the terms of role models of successfulimplementation of policies to eradicate drug abuse in the city of Pekanbaru.This research is aqualitative research with deskriptive method. This research was donethrough observation,in-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussion and documentation.Techniques of data analysis done by data reduction, organizing the data, and interpretation ofdata. The results of this research show that the efforts made by BNN Pekanbaru city ofprevention, empowerment, and eradication have not been able to minimize of drug abusecases in Pekanbaru city, although the value of the BNN gains of Pekanbaru city average in2012 is 107,5% and in 2013 is 118,34%. So as to minimize the abuse of drugs offered a rolemodel policies based on local wisdom that is returned to the Malay identity by means ofstrengthening traditional values of Malay culture and religious values.Keywords: Rolemodels, narcotics, policy, eradication

Community Sewage Sensors towards Evaluation of Drug Use Trends: Detection of Cocaine in Wastewater with DNA-Directed Immobilization Aptamer Sensors.

Illicit drug use has a global concern and effective monitoring and interventions are highly required to combat drug abuse. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is an innovative and cost-effective approach to evaluate community-wide drug use trends, compared to traditional population surveys. Here we report for the first time, a novel quantitative community sewage sensor (namely DNA-directed immobilization of aptamer sensors, DDIAS) for rapid and cost-effective estimation of cocaine use trends via WBE. Thiolated single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) probe was hybridized with aptamer ssDNA in solution, followed by co-immobilization with 6-mercapto-hexane onto the gold electrodes to control the surface density to effectively bind with cocaine. DDIAS was optimized to detect cocaine at as low as 10 nM with a dynamic range from 10 nM to 5 μM, which were further employed for the quantification of cocaine in wastewater samples collected from a wastewater treatment plant in seven consecutive days. The concentration pattern of the sampling week is comparable with that from mass spectrometry. Our results demonstrate that the developed DDIAS can be used as community sewage sensors for rapid and cost-effective evaluation of drug use trends, and potentially implemented as a powerful tool for on-site and real-time monitoring of wastewater by un-skilled personnel.

INTELKAM UNIT ROLE IN COMBATING NARCOTICS ABUSE IN BOGOR BY DECREE NO NATIONAL POLICE SKEP / 37 / I / 2005 (Studies In Bogor City Police)

ABSTRACT In the Decree of the Chief of Police No. Pol Skep / 37 / I / 2005 dated January 31, 2005 on Guidelines for Environmental Security Intelligence at the Indonesian Police, stated that security intelligence is intelligence that is implemented in carrying out the principal task of the police to bring internal security. Implementation of the activities and operations of security intelligence is to early prevention, early detection and implementation of early warning in accordance with the vision and mission of the security intelligence. Throughout 2014 the number of drug cases occurring among drug cases increased from 108 cases to 168 cases or by 55.6 percent.The objectives to be achieved in this thesis are: 1) To determine and analyze the role of Unit Intelkam in combating drug abuse in the city of Bogor by the Decree of the Chief of Police No. Skep / 37 / I / 2005. 2) To know and analyze the obstacles encountered Intelkam Force in combating drug abuse in the city of Bogor, and 3) To know and analyze the efforts made Intelkam Unit in overcoming obstacles to overcome combating abuse of narcotics in the city of Bogor. The method used normative juridical research method that is conceived as the norm of law, rules, principles or dogmas.The study concluded that the role of Bogor City Police Intelkam has shown good performance in dealing with drug abuse in the region combating the city of Bogor this is done in order to get results and optimum efficiency in the process of investigating criminal cases by way of supervision open or closed in preventing abuse of the use of narcotics.

Assessment of Drug-Related Public Expenditures in Croatia

Literature suggests that drug abuse is one of the major health and social problems in today's society. Croatia is no exception in this respect, although it belongs among the European countries with medium drug use prevalence. Consequently, the importance of evaluating public drug policy is growing. Public expenditures on combating drug problems are recognised as a very useful indicator of government efforts in this regard. This paper contains the results of the first research on drug-related public expenditures conducted in Croatia for the period between 2009 and 2012. Total drug-related public expenditures, including both labelled and unlabelled expenditures, are estimated and expenditures analysed according to the purpose for which these expenditures are intended. The estimation of drug-related public expenditures is based on data collected by means of a survey conducted among principal stakeholders in the field of combating drug abuse in Croatia. Also, the paper analyses expenditures according to the functional classification so as to gain an insight into more detailed purposes for which these expenditures are intended. The results show that the largest part of total public expenditures relates to the public function of public order and safety, while smaller drug-related expenditures are used for health, social protection and education.

The Structure of Public Spending on Drug Policy in Croatia: What are the Priorities?

The national policy responses to the rising drug problem are effectuated by financing a large set of activities aimed at combating drug abuse. This paper provides an analysis of drug-related public expenditures in Croatia. We have examined the expenditures of public sector institutions in Croatia in the period from 2009 to 2012. Our main research goal was to identify the total drug-related public expenditures including the unlabelled ones, and to develop the method of estimating and allocating unlabelled expenditures by the type of drug policy program. The estimated total expenditures according to Reuter's drug program division are allocated into prevention, treatment and social reintegration, harm reduction, and law enforcement. The results indicate which types of drug policy programs public authorities in Croatia are really committed to in the sense that those programs absorb the largest proportions of total drug policy expenditures. The methodology applied could contribute to the development of the international methodological standards in this field. The findings are discussed in terms of future monitoring of public expenditures and policy recommendations, in order to facilitate better design programs and activities carried out by policy makers in fighting drug abuse in Croatia.

Combating the prescription painkiller epidemic: a national prescription drug reporting program.

Prescription painkiller abuse is the fastest growing drug problem in the United States. In the past year, approximately one out of twenty Americans reported misuse or abuse of prescription painkillers. Several factors contribute to the prescription painkiller epidemic. Drug abusers use various methods--such as doctor shopping, paying with cash, and filling prescriptions in different states--to avoid detection and obtain prescription painkillers for illegitimate uses. A few rogue physicians and pharmacists, lured by substantial profits, enable drug abusers by illegally prescribing or supplying controlled substances. Even ethical physicians rarely have adequate training to recognize and address prescription drug abuse, and as a result, prescribe painkillers to patients who are not using them for legitimate medical purposes. Similarly, although the majority of pharmacies have taken steps to combat drug abuse and reduce prescription painkiller dispensing, under current reporting systems, pharmacists lack visibility into several important indicators of drug abuse. As a result, even the most vigilant pharmacists find it extremely difficult to identify and detect drug abuse with certainty. While state governments have established prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) to crack down on prescription drug abuse, these programs have proven to be inadequate. The programs currently suffer from inadequate data collection, ineffective utilization of data, insufficient interstate data sharing, and constraints on sharing data with law enforcement and state agencies. By contrast, third-party prescription payment systems run by pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) or health insurers have been effective in detecting prescription drug abuse. This paper suggests that a national prescription drug reporting program building on existing PBM networks could be significantly more effective than existing state PDMPs in detecting prescription drug abuse.

Rapid, in situ detection of cocaine residues based on paper spray ionization coupled with ion mobility spectrometry

In this paper, a novel approach based on paper spray ionization coupled with ion mobility spectrometry (PSI-IMS) was developed for rapid, in situ detection of cocaine residues in liquid samples and on various surfaces (e.g. glass, marble, skin, wood, fingernails), without tedious sample pretreatment. The obvious advantages of PSI are its low cost, easy operation and simple configuration without using nebulizing gas or discharge gas. Compared with mass spectrometry, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) takes advantage of its low cost, easy operation, and simple configuration without requiring a vacuum system. Therefore, IMS is a more congruous detection method for PSI in the case of rapid, in situ analysis. For the analysis of cocaine residues in liquid samples, dynamic responses from 5 μg mL(-1) to 200 μg mL(-1) with a linear coefficient (R(2)) of 0.992 were obtained. In this case, the limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 2 μg mL(-1) as signal to noise (S/N) was 3 with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 6.5% for 11 measurements (n = 11). Cocaine residues on various surfaces such as metal, glass, marble, wood, skin, and fingernails were also directly analyzed before wiping the surfaces with a piece of paper. The LOD was calculated to be as low as 5 ng (S/N = 3, RSD = 6.3%, n = 11). This demonstrates the capability of the PSI-IMS method for direct detection of cocaine residues at scenes of cocaine administration. Our results show that PSI-IMS is a simple, sensitive, rapid and economical method for in situ detection of this illicit drug, which could help governments to combat drug abuse.

Combatting the Prescription Painkiller Epidemic: A National Prescription Drug Reporting Program

Prescription painkiller abuse is the fastest growing drug problem in the United States. Approximately, 1 out of every 20 twenty Americans reported misuse or abuse of prescription painkillers in the past year. Several factors contribute to the prescription painkiller epidemic. Drug abusers use various methods — such as doctor shopping, paying with cash, and filling prescriptions in different states — to avoid detection and obtain prescription painkillers for illegitimate uses. A few rogue physicians and pharmacists, lured by substantial profits, enable drug abusers by illegally prescribing or supplying controlled substances. Even ethical physicians rarely have adequate training to recognize and address prescription drug abuse, and as a result, prescribe painkillers to patients that are not using them for legitimate medical purposes. Similarly, although the majority of pharmacies have taken steps to combat drug abuse and reduce prescription painkiller dispensing, under current reporting systems, pharmacists lack visibility into several important indicators of drug abuse. As a result, vigilant pharmacists find it extremely difficult to identify and detect drug abuse with certainty. While state governments have established prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) to crack down on prescription drug abuse, these programs have proven to be inadequate. The programs currently suffer from inadequate data collection, ineffective utilization of data, insufficient inter-state data sharing, and constraints on sharing data with law enforcement and state agencies. By contrast, third-party prescription payment systems run by pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) or health insurers have been effective in detecting prescription drug abuse. This paper suggests that a national prescription drug reporting program building on existing PBM networks could be significantly more effective than existing state PDMPs in detecting prescription drug abuse.

Buprenorphine

Buprenorphine

P01-55 - The management of relapse in an outpatient program for heroin user by administration of naltrexone

IntroductionThe Counseling Center for Combating Drug Abuse offers an outpatient drug psychotherapeutic program, on an individual basis. Naltrexone is prescribed to selected heroin addicted users as part of this program.ObjectivesRelapse is one of the most challenging problems.AimsDetection of factors which engage in the therapeutic process and hinder successful therapy leads to a better design of the therapeutic plan.MethodsAdministration of naltrexone aims at retention in therapy and avoidance of relapse. The program's design focuses on the right selection of users, and the therapist's suitability. Family or people in the user's environment engage actively in the observation of ingestion. Naltrexone administration continues for several months after stabilization and at least until user changes his attitude towards drug use. Relapse is considered as a stage of the withdrawal procedure. Manipulation focuses on user's rehabilitation in therapy. Therapist, user and family concentrate on factors which fostered relapse (parallel drug use, association with active users, co-morbidity, personal and family difficulties), and set new goals.ResultsDevelopment of a therapeutic alliance between therapist and addicted patient is one of the stronger predictors of treatment retention and success. Effective manipulation of the factors which foster relapse may lead to successful therapy.ConclusionsRelapse must be seen not as a failure, but as a demanding stage of the procedure. Goal readjustment, and focusing on previously unresolved problems, may lead to an ultimate successful therapeutic outcome, and develop trust in naltrexone programs which are considered as particularly effective in open withdrawal programs.

P03-217 - Therapeutic services for adolescent heroin users in an outpatient psychotherapeutic program

ObjectivesIn the present study we intend to show the effectiveness of therapeutic services provided to adolescent drug users.MethodThe Counseling Center for Combating Drug Abuse offers an outpatient counseling psychotherapeutic program for substance users. For adolescent users the program is adjusted to their needs, which are defined by the substance type, the drug use history, and the adolescent personal, familial, social, and academic level. No medication for withdrawal syndrome or maintenance therapy is administered, while there is psychiatric care in the case of comorbidity. The program's length is individualized, and usually lasts two years. Family is involved in the therapeutic procedure, as it constitutes the basic supportive system for adolescents. Dysfunctional families are helped to resolve their problems. Great emphasis is also given to the peer group. Our goal for the adolescent is to distance himself from friends involved with drug use, to empower the existing relationships with persons who keep off substances, and to be encouraged to make new, healthy relationships.As heroin user usually presents a decline in academic success, or has already stopped school, successful comeback is a critical therapeutic goal.ResultsFrom our data emerges that the effectiveness of therapy depends directly both on the progress in individual level and on the positive changes in the other three levels of intervention (family, friends, school).ConclusionsAn outpatient drug addiction psychotherapeutic program for adolescent users can be effective when it considers user not only as an individual but within his family, school and social environment.

Validating estimates of problematic drug use in England

BackgroundUK Government expenditure on combatting drug abuse is based on estimates of illicit drug users, yet the validity of these estimates is unknown. This study aims to assess the face validity of problematic drug use (PDU) and injecting drug use (IDU) estimates for all English Drug Action Teams (DATs) in 2001. The estimates were derived from a statistical model using the Multiple Indicator Method (MIM).MethodsQuestionnaire study, in which the 149 English Drug Action Teams were asked to evaluate the MIM estimates for their DAT.ResultsThe response rate was 60% and there were no indications of selection bias. Of responding DATs, 64% thought the PDU estimates were about right or did not dispute them, while 27% had estimates that were too low and 9% were too high. The figures for the IDU estimates were 52% (about right), 44% (too low) and 3% (too high).ConclusionThis is the first UK study to determine the validity estimates of problematic and injecting drug misuse. The results of this paper highlight the need to consider criterion and face validity when evaluating estimates of the number of drug users.

Educating high school teachers in applying programs for the prevention of drug abuse

The Counselling Center for Combating Drug Abuse in Ioannina has planned and is currently applying a program on drug abuse prevention for high school students. The main object of this program is to enable students to develop basic skills and personal capabilities to cope with difficulties, expecting in this way to change their attitudes against drug use.These programs are carried out by specialists or alternatively by teachers who have already been entirely educated how to apply prevention programs in a group oriented way. In addition teachers are supervised by a specialist so they can discuss with him both the progress of the program and the difficulties or questions which arise as the program goes on.Although teachers are often regarded as the most suitable to apply such programs because of their close and continuous contact with their students, there are difficulties which some times make the implementation of the program problematic. Such difficulties arise either from insufficient education in the philosophy of prevention programs or from their rigid convictions about educational techniques. If we want teachers to be effective in applying preventive programs they must become familiar with experiential techniques and work in groups.Supervision and examination of their motivations are also of great importance. Teachers who will be educated to apply these programs should be carefully selected in order to be appropriate to learn a new way to teach their students.

Identification and Measurement of Illicit Drugs and Their Metabolites in Urban Wastewater by Liquid Chromatography−Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Residues of illicit drugs and their metabolites that are excreted by humans may flow into and through wastewater treatment plants. The aim of this study was to develop a method for the determination of cocaine, amphetamines, morphine, cannabinoids, methadone, and some of their metabolites in wastewater. Composite 24-h samples from urban treatment plants were enriched with deuterated internal standards before solid-phase extraction. High-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring was used for quantitation. Recoveries were generally higher than 80%, and limits of quantifications were in the low nanograms-per-liter range for untreated and treated wastewater. The overall variability of the method was lower than 10% for untreated and 5% for treated wastewater. The method was applied to wastewater samples coming from two treatment plants in Italy and Switzerland. Quantification ranges were found to be 0.2-1 microg/L for cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, 80-200 ng/L for morphine, 10 ng/L for 6-acetylmorphine, 60-90 ng/L for 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 10-90 ng/L for methadone and its main metabolite 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine, and lower than 20 ng/L for amphetamines. As previously reported for cocaine, this method could be useful to estimate and monitor drug consumption in the population in real time, helping social scientists and authorities to combat drug abuse.

Pain and Politics: DEA, Congress, and the Courts, Oh My!

In this issue, Howard Heit describes a pressing problem that faces two public health crises that are seemingly at odds with each other. Although few would question that combating drug abuse as well as resolving the under treatment of pain justify our attention and resources, helping one need not harm the other. The perfect storm in which these issues are now colliding stems from real public needs and agencies and professionals who are focused, perhaps too narrowly, on each of their individual causes. There are no real bad guys here even though some in law enforcement may see some well-intended physicians as drug dealers and some from the pain community may see the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) leadership as disingenuous and lacking in respect or concern for the collateral victims of their antidrug abuse activities. The reality here is that healthcare workers focus on improving health and, in large part, are not primarily invested in the enforcement of laws to prevent drug abuse. Law enforcement is just the opposite, with primary responsibility in fighting abuse as set forth by the law, with friendly fire being the price of doing business. No wonder we hear the DEA present themselves in the best public light, as the same old physician-friendly agency, while almost simultaneously, their behavior suggests a diametrically different position. It is as though their words and their music go with two different songs. In light of several other governmental initiatives that have challenged the line between health policy and law enforcement, the current state of affairs with the DEA is just one of several examples of a subtle shift in governmental oversight of medicine from agencies responsible for public health to law enforcement. For instance, just last year, Congress gave the DEA …

Postage stamps as a health promotion tool in the Nepalese community

Over the last 15 years the government of Nepal has issued postage stamps as a way of raising awareness of health issues in the general population and especially in remote communities. The topics covered by 8 different stamps are good child health care practices, combating drug abuse, hazards of smoking, prevention of AIDS, prevention of blindness due to cataract, fighting cancer and rehabilitation of disabled people.

Book and Media Reviews

Books review in this article: Book reviews in this column will primarily be of titles focusing completely, or in part, on biological aspects of addiction. However, significant titles of general relevance to the addictions field will also be included, even if they are not “biological”, as will titles of general methodological and clinical relevance, even if they are not on “addictions”. Similar considerations will apply to other media (software, audio tapes and CD's, videos, etc). However, specific “addictions” software applications seem to be relatively uncommon and, as these items are rarely reviewed elsewhere, we will endeavour to include reviews of some of the older programmes that are still useful, as well as new titles that appear. I would appreciate suggestions of any items suitable for review, but especially software and other media of specific relevance to the addictions. Alcohol and the Heart in Perspective. Sensible Drinking Limits Reaffirmed Report of a joint working group Alcohol: Guidelines on Sensible Drinking Towards a Molecular Basis of Alcohol Use and Abuse B. JANSSON, H. JÖRNVALL, U. RYDBERG, L. TERENIUS &amp; B. L. VALLEE (Eds) Treatment Approaches for Alcohol and Drug Dependence: An Introductory Guide T. J. JARVIS, J. TEBBUTT &amp; R. P. MATTICK Buprenorphine: Combatting Drug Abuse with a Unique Opioid ALAN COWAN &amp; JOHN W. LEWIS (Eds) Brain Imaging of Nicotine and Tobacco Smoking E. F. DOMINO (Ed.) Medications Development for the Treatment of Pregnant Addicts and their Infants C. N. CHIANG &amp; L. P. FINNEGAN (Eds) Discovery of Novel Opioid Mechanisms R. S. RAPAKA &amp; H. SORER (Eds) Diagnosis and Severity of Drug Abuse and Drug Dependence J. D. BLAINE, A. MACNEILL HORTON &amp; L. H. TOWLE (Eds) Problems of Drug Dependence 1994 Proceedings of the 56th Annual Scientific Meeting, Vols. 1 &amp; 2 Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse: An Inter‐national Perspective An Introduction to Recombinant DNA in Medicine 2nd Edition ALAN E. H. EMERY &amp; SUE MALCOLM Cell and Molecular Biology D. RICKWOOD &amp; D. PATEL Understanding Genetics: A Molecular Approach N. V. ROTHWELL Gel Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acids—A Practical Approach 2nd Edition D. RICKWOOD &amp; B. D. HANES (Eds) Guide to Libraries and Information Sources in Medicine and Health Care Compiled by PETER DALE Reference Manager Special Edition: The Bibliographic Solution