Colville Indian Research Articles

Considering the Revolution

Considering the Revolution

The Alvin M. and Betty Josephy Library of Western History and Culture

Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce died in exile on the Colville Indian Reservation in Washington State in 1904, after being rebuffed on two trips to Wallowa County, Oregon, to convince the local citizenry to allow him to buy land. He asked to be allowed to live out his days in the “land of winding waters” that held the bones of his father and his people. Denied, he lived out his days on the Colville, befriended by University of Washington professor Edmond Meany, and famously photographed by Meany’s friend, Edward Sheriff Curtis. A few short years after that Wallowa visit, living in a tipi on the Colville Reservation, Chief Joseph—Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt—“died of a broken heart.” The New York Sun announced that “the most famous Indian in America” was gone.

Observed Seat Belt Use on the Colville Indian Reservation in Washington State

In 2016, the Washington (State) Traffic Safety Commission partnered with the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation to conduct an observational seat belt survey to establish a baseline estimate of seat belt use on the reservation. The same method for conducting the Washington State seat belt use estimate was tailored to the Colville Indian Reservation roadway network. Ninety sites on the reservation were randomly selected for observation, with 719 vehicles and 917 front seat occupants observed over a 2-week period in May. The baseline estimate for seat belt use on the Colville Indian Reservation is 64.1% (±7.0%). The seat belt use estimates varied at the four regions on the reservation. Similar to statewide results, nonstate routes had a lower seat belt use rate than state routes, and passenger vehicle pickup trucks had a lower rate than other vehicle types. Given the much lower seat belt use rate on the Colville Indian Reservation as compared with Washington State (64.1% versus 94.6%), effective countermeasures for increasing seat belt usage should be considered by the tribes.

Effects of hypolimnetic oxygen addition on mercury bioaccumulation in Twin Lakes, Washington, USA

Twin Lakes, located on the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Indian Reservation in eastern Washington, USA, include North Twin Lake (NT) and South Twin Lake (ST). The mesotrophic, dimictic lakes are important recreational fishing sites for both warm-water bass and cold-water trout. To improve summertime cold-water habitat for trout in NT, dissolved oxygen (DO) addition to the hypolimnion, using liquid oxygen as an oxygen gas source, started in 2009. This study assessed mercury (Hg) in the water column, zooplankton and fish, and related water quality parameters, in Twin Lakes from 2009 to 2012. Because methylmercury (MeHg) buildup in lake bottom water is commonly associated with hypolimnetic anoxia, hypolimnetic oxygenation was hypothesized to reduce Hg in bottom waters and biota in NT relative to ST. Oxygen addition led to significantly higher DO (mean hypolimnetic DO: 2–8mg/L versus <1mg/L) and lower MeHg (peak mean hypolimnetic MeHg: 0.05–0.2ng/L versus 0.15–0.4ng/L) in North Twin. In North Twin, years with higher DO (2009 and 2011) exhibited lower MeHg in bottom waters and lower total Hg in zooplankton, inferring a positive linkage between oxygen addition and lower bioaccumulation. However, when comparing between the two lakes, Hg levels were significantly higher in zooplankton (total Hg range: 100–200 versus 50–100μg/kg dry weight) and trout (spring 2010 stocking cohort of eastern brook trout mean total Hg: 74.9 versus 49.9μg/kg wet weight) in NT relative to ST. Lower Hg bioaccumulation in ST compared to NT may be related to bloom dilution in chlorophyll-rich bottom waters, a vertical disconnect between the location of zooplankton and MeHg in the water column, and high binding affinity between sulfide and MeHg in bottom waters.

Cross-border conflict resolution: sediment contamination dispute in Lake Roosevelt

A transboundary conflict between Canada and the United States due to slag contamination in Lake Roosevelt is formally studied using the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution. Three key decision makers (DMs) were identified: 1) Teck Cominco, the largest mining, mineral processing and metallurgical company in Canada; 2) the United States Environmental Protection Agency; and 3) the Colville Indian Tribes, whose traditional territories are located in the Lake Roosevelt area. After a careful background investigation, the conflict among these three groups is modeled by identifying three key DMs, potential courses of action for each DM, and the relative preferences of each DM with respect to the states or scenarios that could occur as of May 2006, just before the settlement agreement was signed. Subsequently, a stability analysis is carried out and several strong equilibria or potential solutions to the conflict are identified. The analytical results verify the suitability of the developed analytical model, suggest mutual agreements between the stakeholders as a potential solution for the conflict, and highlight the importance of establishing new or strictly enforcing existing water policies in order to resolve current conflicts and to avoid any future controversies. Le Modèle de Graph pour Résolution de Conflit est utilisé pour examiner formellement un conflit transfrontière entre le Canada et les États-Unis causé par la contamination de crassier au Lac de Roosevelt. Trois décideurs clés sont identifiés : i) Teck Cominco, la plus grande compagnie en exploitation minière, traitement minéral et métallurgie au Canada. ii) L’Agent de Protection Environnementale des Etats-Unis. iii) La tribu indienne de Colville, dont les territoires traditionnels se trouvent dans la zone du lac de Roosevelt. Après une enquête sérieuse du contexte, le conflit parmi ces trois groupes est modelé en distinguant trois décideurs, processus d’action potentiel et les préférences relatives de chacun à l’égard de l’état et le scénario qui pourraient se passer à partir du Mai 2006, juste avant la signature de l’accord de compromis. Par la suite, une analyse de stabilité est réalisée et quelques équilibres forts ou solutions potentielles pour le conflit sont proposés. Les résultats détaillés vérifient la convenance des modèles analytiques développés, suggèrent un agrément mutuel entre les actionnaires comme une solution potentielle pour le conflit et soulignent l’importance de faire des nouvelles lois d’eau ou renforcer strictement celles qui sont existées afin de résoudre les conflits actuels et évider tous les controverses futures.

Psychiatrist's Frequent Flying Brings Rewards, Not Points

Psychiatrist's Frequent Flying Brings Rewards, Not Points

Tribal Enrollment Councils: Lessons on Law and Indian Identity

O N THE COLVILLE INDIAN RESERVATION in October 1915, Superintendent J. M. Johnson opened a special council of residents with these words: There have been many councils and you all understand the purpose of this one. Then he described the purpose anyway. One by one, he would summarize the applications of nineteen people who wished to be on the official roll of Colville Reservation Indians. You decide, he told the men in the room, each applicant is a Colville Indian. If the applicant is of Colville blood he should be admitted, provided he has no established rights elsewhere. If the applicant is not of Colville blood or if long disassociated for generations from life among the Indians of the Colville Reservation the question is whether you desire to adopt the applicant into the tribe.1 A council member named Little Alex probably had the superintendent's words in mind when he said, First time when we began this council business us Indians we don't know how to act on this.... Here now we learn and understand what this is for and for this reason we should do just right. Indians at the meeting did seem to

Development of a serum plate agglutination test to detect antibodies to Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale.

sistent with Elaeophora, a diagnosis of elaeophorosis, probably caused by E. schneideri, was made. Blindness, circling, and ataxia as seen in this moose are characteristic clinical signs of infection with E. schneideri in moose from Montana5 and Colorado.4 Histopathologic findings in moose elaeophorosis are similar to those of elk (Cervus elaphus)5 and include regions of cerebrocortical necrosis, intimal proliferation within leptomeningeal arteries, and thrombosis of cerebral vessels. The vasculitis reported in this moose has been described in elk with elaeophorosis.1 Both previous reports of elaeophorosis in moose contained descriptions of nematodes within histologic sections of brain, and nematodes were recovered from the carotid arteries.4,5 Despite examination of numerous brain sections and other tissues, only the nematode within an artery surrounding a mesenteric lymph node was observed; the carotid arteries were not examined grossly. The observation of the larval nematode within a mesenteric vessel is not surprising based on observations in elk with elaeophorosis in which parasites were observed within multiple organ systems. Postmortem migration of nematodes was also thought to occur.1 The cause of the observed eosinophilic dermatitis was not determined and although a localized reaction to circulating Elaeophora microfilariae was considered, no microfilariae were observed on histologic examination. This is the first report of elaeophorosis in a moose from Washington state and the first description of this parasite from the eastern portion of the state. The only previous report of elaeophorosis reported from Washington state was E. schneideri from a black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) from the western portion of the state.2 Although E. schneideri is considered rare in Washington,2 moose may be a sensitive indicator species for the presence of the parasite, especially in areas where the parasite has not been diagnosed previously. Acknowledgements. We thank Dr. Melinda Wilkerson, Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, for assistance with histopathology, Dr. Scott Lyell Gardner, University of Nebraska State Museum, for assistance in examination of the parasite, and Steve Judd, the Colville Indian Tribe, for bringing this moose to our attention.

Report on the Sixtieth Annual Meeting

REPORT ON THE SIXTIETH ANNUAL MEETING Spokane, Washington September 10-13, 1997 After 3 years of whining by our California colleagues about the lack of an annual meeting invitation by a “northern institution,” East­ ern Washington University stepped boldly into the breach and hosted the 1997 convocation at the Ridpath Hotel in beautiful downtown Spokane. Although the bright promise of financial support by the university failed to materialize (owing to a severe fiscal crisis—sound familiar?) and APCG members from more southerly latitudes stayed away in droves, the meeting was an experiential—if not financial— success. A grand total of 104 registrants overcame the limitations of time and distance to participate: 59 full registrations, 35 students, and 10 spouse/others. The meeting kicked off on Wednesday night with a reception featuring Washington wines, cheeses, fruits, and vegies, followed by a stirring opening address by Phil Wagner, professor emeritus at Simon Fraser University, whose topic was “Borders” (and not just the ones on the ground...). Thursday was devoted entirely to field work, as EWU geographers and planners spent the day introducing APCG members to the highlights of the Inland Empire. Dick Winchell led an all-day trip to the Colville Indian Reservation and Grand Cou­ lee Dam, while Susan Bradbury and Linda Yeomans burrowed through the urban delights of central Spokane. Dale Stradling’s group explored the geomorphology of Spokane County’s Channelled Scablands , and once again Dale’s powerful description of the prehistoric Lake Missoula Flood caused him to have to deny having been an eyewitness to the events. Bob Quinn and Mike Folsom led two sepa­ rate wetlands excursions, both of which focused on ecological and growth management issues. The field experiences were capped on Thursday night with an outdoor salmon barbeque at Riverfront Park. 187 188 APCG YEARBOOK • VOLUME 60 • 1998 A total of 44 papers were presented— 17 of them by students— during the day on Friday and on Saturday morning, ranging across the entire spectrum of geographical topics. A President’s Plenary Session on “GIS and Cartography” was hosted by President Joan Clemons on Saturday, featuring cartographic luminaries Michael Goodchild, Nick Entrikin, and Stacy Warren. Portland State Univer­ sity geographers also organized a panel on “Teaching Geography in the Changing University,” which was well attended. Other highlights of APCG ’97 included the Womens Network Luncheon, the Depart­ ment Chairs Luncheon, and of course, the Friday night Presidential Banquet. Joan Clemons’ presidential address, “Emerging from Sew­ age and Waste: The Postmodern Landscape,” was a fascinating and beautifully illustrated exploration of topics not ordinarily dealt with right after dinner. While attendance at this year’s meeting was significantly down, owing perhaps more to core-periphery issues than to the attractive­ ness of the host city, some interesting patterns nonetheless emerged. As usual, California led the roster with 35 participants, followed by Oregon and Washington with 22 each. These were followed by Brit­ ish Columbia with seven, Arizona with four, Nevada with two, and Alaska with one. Incidentally, the return of our Canadian colleagues to the APCG fold after a long absence is to be noted. Most major research universities in the APCG turf zone were represented; even the University of Washington managed to send four graduate stu­ dents after being savaged in this report so often over the past decade! (We can only wonder how much closer to Seattle we would have to hold the meeting to get a faculty member...). The mileage award this year was a tie between Roger Pearson of Alaska-Fairbanks and Jim Nemeth of Toledo. While it would be nice to conclude that the 1997 Spokane meet­ ing was a big moneymaker for the APCG, it simply could not happen with such a small attendance, an urban hotel venue, and a lack of host university financial support. Looking on the bright side, a great Annual Meeting Report 189 time was had by all, new friendships were formed and old ones re­ newed, and we all learned something...and that’s what it’s all about. Dan Turbeville Eastern Washington University ...

The Battle over Termination on the Colville Indian Reservation

Suite a la proposition faite aux tribus de Colville par le Congres de mettre fin a la supervision federale (interets economiques), deux mouvements indiens (les « pour » et les « contre ») se sont opposes : les premiers mettaient en avant l'echec auquel ils risquaient de se confronter, les autres affirmaient leur volonte de s'en sortir seuls. Chacun developpa sa propre identite (les modernes face aux traditionnels) mais apres un refus definitif, la solidarite et l'identite ethnique indienne se sont renforcees.

Native American Crime: The Invisible Tragedy

The amount of crime that occurs on Indian reservations in the United States is unknown. Literature exists on arrest data of Indians (Peak 1987), sentencing patterns of Indians (Pommersheim, Frank & Wise 1989), incarceration rates of Indians (Taft 1981), correctional treatment of Indians (French 1980) and racial discrimination against Indians in the juvenile and criminal justice systems (Benjamin & Kim 1979: Lee 1990), but no systematic reporting of crime is available. This is a significant gap in our knowledge, since from the literature we know that Indians are overrepresented in prison populations (Taft 1981; Lee 1991), and have arrest rates that are ten times that of whites (Taft 1981) or twice that of the general population (Peak 1987). Some research has found that Indians are involved less in violent offenses (Peak 1987) while other research shows violent crime to be twice the national rate (Angell 1979; Lee 1988, 1991). This paper will provide information on the crimes reported in 1985 for 155 reservations throughout the United States, the last year such data was collected by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). Comparisons with the 1985 UCR are made for Part One offenses, and limitations of the data are discussed. To provide the reader with a sense of the sort of social problems that exist on reservations, the results of a recent survey of the Colville Indian Reservation in Washington is included. Alcohol, drugs, poverty, unemployment, underemployment, undereducation and substandard living conditions are the norm for many Indian communities, Colville not excepted. Demographic information from the 1980 census and the Bureau of Indian Affairs Labor Force Estimates for 1988 indicate that the Colville reservation is the functional equivalent of a ghetto, the difference being that it is rural, not urban. Crime on the Reservations