Abstract
O N THE COLVILLE INDIAN RESERVATION in October 1915, Superintendent J. M. Johnson opened a special council of residents with these words: There have been many councils and you all understand the purpose of this one. Then he described the purpose anyway. One by one, he would summarize the applications of nineteen people who wished to be on the official roll of Colville Reservation Indians. You decide, he told the men in the room, each applicant is a Colville Indian. If the applicant is of Colville blood he should be admitted, provided he has no established rights elsewhere. If the applicant is not of Colville blood or if long disassociated for generations from life among the Indians of the Colville Reservation the question is whether you desire to adopt the applicant into the tribe.1 A council member named Little Alex probably had the superintendent's words in mind when he said, First time when we began this council business us Indians we don't know how to act on this.... Here now we learn and understand what this is for and for this reason we should do just right. Indians at the meeting did seem to
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