Set Of Columns Research Articles

A new approach to the excess problem of Hadamard matrices

In this paper, we give a new technique to find families of Hadamard matrices with maximum excess. In particular, we find regular or biregular Hadamard matrices with maximum excess by negating some rows and columns of known Hadamard matrices obtained from quadratic residues of finite fields. More precisely, we show that if either (2m+1) 2 +2 or m 2 +(m+1) 2 is a prime power, then there exists a biregular Hadamard matrix of order n=(2m+1) 2 +3 with maximum excess. Furthermore, we give a sufficient condition for Hadamard matrices obtained from quadratic residues being transformed to regular ones in terms of four-class translation association schemes on finite fields. The core part of this paper is how to find “switching” sets of rows and columns.

АППРОКСИМАЦИЯ МАТРИЦЫ С ПОЛОЖИТЕЛЬНЫМИ ЭЛЕМЕНТАМИ МАТРИЦЕЙ ЕДИНИЧНОГО РАНГА

Most of the modern mathematical methods for solving problems of science, technology, and economics require the solution of linear problems of large dimension. To reduce the computational complexity, a special structure of matrices corresponding to these problems is used. Block-low-rank matrices represent the approximation with good accuracy of dense matrices in a low-parametric format. Blocks of small rank are represented as a product of matrices of smaller sizes. This allows you to significantly save computer memory. Approximate factorization methods for block-low-rank matrices can be used for approximate solution and preconditioning of systems with dense matrices in aero-, hydro- and electrodynamics problems, as well as in applied statistics and logistics. To build low-parametric representations of matrices based on small-rank approximations of individual blocks, algebraic methods are widely used. In this paper we consider an effective method for approximating blocks of a matrix with positive elements by a single rank matrix, i.e. in the form of a product of a column per line. The solution of the problem is sought among the admissible representations that minimize the average modulus of the logarithms of the ratio of an approximate representation of an element to the exact value. The approximating problem is reduced to the problem of linear programming, for which the dual problem is the task of building a circulation of the minimum value in a complete bipartite graph with the throughputs of all arcs equal to one. To solve this problem, we propose an algorithm that has a computational complexity of at most of O(| I |·| J |·log(| I |·| J |)), where I is the set of rows in the block, and J is the set of columns to the block

A New Gas Chromatography Method for Continuous Monitoring of Non-Methane Hydrocarbons as an Analogy of Volatile Organic Compounds in Flue Gas

A new on-line method of monitoring the total non-hydrocarbons (TNMHC) from the flue or waste gas of stationary sources, which significantly improves upon the current method commonly used in both Taiwan and China, is described. The major problem with the current method is that higher-boiling-point compounds in the waste gas saturate porous materials within the molecular-sieve column used to immobilize TNMHC and elute methane, which sabotages the fixability of TNMHC and leads to false methane and TNMHC readings during continuous monitoring. Our new method effectively circumvents this issue by incorporating a dual-column and back-flush design, rendering it a true gas chromatography (GC) method. Applying this GC method, light hydrocarbons, such as methane, ethane, and propane, can be fully separated by the dual column set. After methane enters the analytical column, a reverse carrier flow immediately back-flushes the pre-column while keeping the analytical column flowing forward by a second flow of the carrier gas for eluting methane. The field application, particularly upon repeated analyses of flue gas laden with complex and elevated levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), has shown that self-cleaning by back-flush is necessary when operating at a constant oven temperature.

On monomial linearisation and supercharacters of pattern subgroups

Column closed pattern subgroups $U$ of the finite upper unitriangular groups $U_n(q)$ are defined as sets of matrices in $U_n(q)$ having zeros in a prescribed set of columns besides the diagonal ones. We explain Jedlitschkys construction of monomial linearisation in his thesis and apply this to $\mathbb~C~U$ yielding a generalisation of Yans coadjoint cluster representations. Then we give a complete classification of the resulting supercharacters, by describing the resulting orbits and determining the Hom-spaces between orbit modules.

Application of a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor in Removal of Ciprofloxacin From Real Hospital Effluent: Effect of Operational Conditions

The presence of pharmaceutical wastewater containing antibiotic compound is one of the new problems relating to the environmental pollution. Antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP), widely used in medical treatments, can induce antibiotic resistance in low concentrations in the ecosystem and aqueous solutions. In this study, CIP was removed using moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) from real hospital-derived wastewater. This study was carried out at Beasat hospital in Hamadan, Iran. CIP (100 mL) was applied in 2 sets of plexiglass tubular columns as MBBR. Microorganisms were grown on the suspended carriers. To achieve this purpose, polyethylene kaldnes (K1) was chosen as reactor bed in 500 m2 /m3 specific area. The effect of operating parameters such as mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) (100, 1000, 3000 mg/L), hydraulic retention time (HRT) (8, 12, 24 hours), and support media with carrier K1 (30%, 50%, 70%) were evaluated. According to the results, the yield of CIP removal at 30%, 50%, and 70% of K1, reaction of 24 hours at MLSS 3000 mg/L was obtained 50.5%, 68.9%, and 97.6% respectively. In the same conditions, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was achieved 26.78%, 30.49%, and 80.07%, respectively. Results indicated that the MBBR process can be used as an effective approach for removing CIP and COD from hospital effluent. Moreover, these data suggested that the K1 carrier could be useful in terms of mineralization and efficiency. Furthermore, development of biofilm in MBBR was mostly affected by K1.

HiPiler: Visual Exploration of Large Genome Interaction Matrices with Interactive Small Multiples.

This paper presents an interactive visualization interface-HiPiler-for the exploration and visualization of regions-of-interest in large genome interaction matrices. Genome interaction matrices approximate the physical distance of pairs of regions on the genome to each other and can contain up to 3 million rows and columns with many sparse regions. Regions of interest (ROIs) can be defined, e.g., by sets of adjacent rows and columns, or by specific visual patterns in the matrix. However, traditional matrix aggregation or pan-and-zoom interfaces fail in supporting search, inspection, and comparison of ROIs in such large matrices. In HiPiler, ROIs are first-class objects, represented as thumbnail-like "snippets". Snippets can be interactively explored and grouped or laid out automatically in scatterplots, or through dimension reduction methods. Snippets are linked to the entire navigable genome interaction matrix through brushing and linking. The design of HiPiler is based on a series of semi-structured interviews with 10 domain experts involved in the analysis and interpretation of genome interaction matrices. We describe six exploration tasks that are crucial for analysis of interaction matrices and demonstrate how HiPiler supports these tasks. We report on a user study with a series of data exploration sessions with domain experts to assess the usability of HiPiler as well as to demonstrate respective findings in the data.

Analytical advanced techniques in the molecular-level characterization of Brazilian crude oils

The study focused on the analytical characterization at the molecular level of twenty-five Brazilian oils by applying two analytical advanced techniques: comprehensive bidimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) and negative-ion electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI(−)-FT-ICR MS), using crude oil samples directly with minimal sample preparation and without any fractionation steps. First, individual compounds present in the classes were detected, identified and semi-quantified using a polar/non-polar column set, which has proved to be more effective in separating compounds. Later, the ESI(−)-FT-ICR MS was optimized for crude oil analysis and characterization of the less volatile polar compounds (oxygen-, nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds). Many classes were identified via GC×GC-TOFMS, such as n-alkanes, branched alkanes, alkyl-monocyclic alkanes, alkyl-bicyclic alkanes, saturated polycyclic, alkyl-benzenes, alkyl-naphthalenes, alkyl-phenanthrenes, alkyl-chrysene, alkyl-indanes, alkyl-tetrahydro-naphthalenes, pyrenes, fluorenes and sulfur compounds. The high chromatographic resolution power of GC×GC-TOFMS (for volatile compounds) with the high dynamic m/z range of FT-ICR MS allowed the chemical characterization of the crude oils with the identification of polar, volatile and nonvolatile compound classes. ESI(−)-FT-ICR MS data suggest that many heteroatomic compounds were detected, with m/z values ranging from 200 to 800, resulting in percentages of assignable peaks higher than 75% (composed of O3, N2, O2, NO2, O and N heteroatom classes). All assignable signals showed ultrahigh resolution and accuracy mass. Detailed information on the composition of these oils is very important for predicting the physical and chemical characteristics of the crude oil (e.g., total acid number) and its products using small sample amounts, and offers new possibilities for crude oil fingerprinting.

Development of a validated high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of Lurasidone in pharmaceuticals

A new, rapid and simple HPLC method for determination of Lurasidone in its tablets has been developed and validated. Lurasidone and internal standard (Chlorpromazine) was separated on a Zorbax XDB C8 column (4.6 x 50 mm, 3.5 μm particle size) set at 40°C and quantified by ultraviolet detection at 230 nm. The mobile phase was phosphate buffer (pH:3, 20 mM): acetonitrile: methanol (55:10:35, v/v/v) with a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. Retention times of Chlorpromazine and Lurasidone was 4.73 and 6.89 minutes, respectively. The method was found linear over the concentration range of 0.5-50 μg/mL Lurasidone. Limit of detection and quantification values for Lurasidone was 0.1295 and 0.4317 μg/mL, respectively. The intra- and inter day precisions were less than 2% and the mean recoveries were 100.32%, which indicated that the method was precise and accurate. All other validation parameters were found within acceptable limits. The validated method has been successfully applied for determination of Lurasidone in its tablets. Keywords:

Human odor and forensics. Optimization of a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography method based on orthogonality: How not to choose between criteria

The use of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry would be a real asset for the forensic profiling of human hand odor. This paper focuses on the optimization of a comprehensive gas chromatography method using a synthetic mixture of 80 compounds representative of human hand odor composition. In order to rank the candidate column sets, instead of using a unique criterion, we used a chemometric tool called desirability which is based on Derringer functions and enables to consider several criteria simultaneously and hence to get the best compromise. Nine criteria including six orthogonality criteria were used to evaluate the quality and the efficiency of the separation. The desirability analysis lead to a straightforward ranking and an accurate overview of the results in two situations, with an objective of routine analysis and without. In both cases, the DB-1MS×DB-1701 set was found to be best suited for the separation of the considered mixture, however with different gradients.

Implications of phase ratio for maximizing peak capacity in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry

The relationship between the phase ratio, β, of the primary (1D) and secondary (2D) separation dimensions of comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) gas chromatography (GC×GC) separations, and the implications of β on realization of maximal 2D peak capacity, nc,2D, are examined. A GC×GC chromatographic system with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, TOFMS, was otherwise held constant for the separation of a multi-component test mixture spanning a range of chemical functionalities, while only the β of the two analytical columns were changed, 1β for 1D and 2β for 2D. Six column sets were studied using common, commercially available β values. The β ratio, βR=1β/2β, is defined as a quantitative metric to facilitate this study. It is demonstrated that βR plays a key role in maximizing nc,2D. Overall, βR substantially affected nc,2D by influencing retention factors on the 2D column, 2k, and thereby changing the modulation period, PM, necessary for proper 2D column separations. The necessary changes to PM modify the modulation ratio, MR, which affects the 1D column peak widths and 1nc due to the impact of undersampling. Through changes to 1β, the range of 2k can be controlled, with subsequent effects to both 2nc and 1nc. These effects were opposite in direction, such that improvements to 2nc may result in declines in 1nc. It is observed that due to the pseudo-isothermal nature of the 2D separation, there are diminishing returns to extending the 2nc at the cost of 1nc. In this particular study, column set 3 (1D: 20m length, 250μm i.d., 0.25μm film; 2D: 2m, 180μm i.d., 0.2μm film; βR=1.11) with a PM of 3s provided the highest theoretical nc,2D of ∼8200, though this was at a relatively low MR of ∼1.8. Column set 2 (1D: 20m length, 250μm i.d., 0.5μm film; 2D: 2m, 180μm i.d., 0.2μm film; βR=0.56) with a PM of 1.5s provided a high theoretical nc,2D of ∼5800, at a much higher MR of ∼3.7. Though column set 2 had a lesser total peak capacity than column set 3, its higher MR suggests that by improving the 1D column efficiency (i.e., narrowing the 1D column peak widths) to improve 1nc, can result in an increased theoretical nc,2D.

Effects of hydrated lime on radionuclides stabilization of Hanford tank residual waste

Chemical stabilization of tank residual waste is part of a Hanford Site tank closure strategy to reduce overall risk levels to human health and the environment. In this study, a set of column leaching experiments using tank C-104 residual waste were conducted to evaluate the leachability of uranium (U) and technetium (Tc) where grout and hydrated lime were applied as chemical stabilizing agents. The experiments were designed to simulate future scenarios where meteoric water infiltrates through the vadose zones into the interior of the tank filled with layers of grout or hydrated lime, and then contacts the residual waste. Effluent concentrations of U and Tc were monitored and compared among three different packing columns (waste only, waste + grout, and waste + grout + hydrated lime). Geochemical modeling of the effluent compositions was conducted to determine saturation indices of uranium solid phases that could control the solubility of uranium. The results indicate that addition of hydrated lime strongly stabilized the uranium through transforming uranium to a highly insoluble calcium uranate (CaUO4) or similar phase, whereas no significant stabilization effect of grout or hydrated lime was observed on Tc leachability. The result implies that hydrated lime could be a great candidate for stabilizing Hanford tank residual wastes where uranium is one of the main concerns.

The colloid hematite particle migration through the unsaturated porous bed at the presence of biosurfactants.

Colloidal particles have an ability to sorb heavy metals, metalloids, and organic compounds (e.g. biosurfactants) present in soil and groundwater. The pH and ionic strength changes may promote release of such particles causing potential contaminant transport. Therefore, it is very important to know how a colloid particle-mineral particle and colloid-mineral-biosurfactant system behaves in the natural environment. They can have negative impact on the environment and human health. This study highlighted the influence of biosurfactants produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the transport of colloidal hematite (α-Fe2O3) through porous bed (materials collected from the Szklary and Zloty Stok solid waste heaps from Lower Silesia, Poland). Experiments were conducted using column set in two variants: colloid solution with porous bed and porous bed with adsorbed biosurfactants, in the ionic strengths of 5×10-4 and 5×10-3M KCl. The zeta potential of mineral materials and colloidal hematite, before and after adsorption of biosurfactant, was determined. Obtained results showed that reduction in ionic strength facilitates colloidal hematite transport through the porous bed. The mobility of colloidal hematite was higher when the rhamnolipid adsorbed on the surface of mineral grain.

On the role of stiff soil deposits on seismic ground shaking in western Liguria, Italy: Evidences from past earthquakes and site response

In this work, we analyze the macroseismic fields of the main historical earthquakes occurred in western Liguria (northwestern Italy) in order to identify possible relations between the isoseismal patterns and the local geological setting. Anomalies in the spatial distribution of macroseismic intensities are often attributed to site effects. We observed that, in the region of study, such anomalies are mainly located in areas characterized by outcropping Pliocene soil deposits, mainly made up of stiff silty and marly clays. To investigate the influence of such deposits on ground response, both horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio measurements and numerical site response analyses were carried out. For all sites analyzed, the spectral ratio curves show marked amplification peaks between 2 and 5Hz. Following such empirical evidence, equivalent linear ground response analyses were performed in order to examine the relation between the measured resonance frequencies and the response of a set of soil columns presenting Pliocene marly-clayey deposits at their top. To this end, a database of geotechnical and geophysical properties, including >50 reference soil profiles, was compiled. This database was used to define alternative numerical models considering three different ranges of thickness of the Pliocene marly-clayey deposits (between 5 and 35m, 30 and 65m, 60 and 105m). Results show marked amplification effects in the ranges 1–3Hz, 2–5Hz, and 3–10Hz depending on the thickness of the investigated soil deposits. These frequency ranges are in agreement with those observed from the experimental measurements, which are therefore proved adequately representative of the resonance frequencies of the Pliocene marly-clayey deposits. Therefore, based on our findings, such deposits can be considered an essential factor in producing the “anomalies” observed in the isoseismal patterns of the macroseismic fields of the historical earthquakes occurred in western Liguria.

Continuous desalting of refolded protein solution improves capturing in ion exchange chromatography: A seamless process.

Truly continuous biomanufacturing processes enable an uninterrupted feed stream throughout the whole production without the need for holding tanks. We have utilized microporous anion and cation exchangers into which only salts, but not proteins, can penetrate into the pores for desalting of protein solutions, while diafiltration or dilution is usually employed for feed adjustments. Anion exchange and cation exchange chromatography columns were connected in series to remove both anions and cations. To increase operation performance, a continuous process was developed comprised of four columns. Continuous mode was achieved by staggered cycle operation, where one set of columns, consisting of one anion exchange and one cation exchange column, was loaded during the regeneration of the second set. Refolding, desalting and subsequent ion exchange capturing with a scFv as the model protein was demonstrated. The refolding solution was successfully desalted resulting in a consistent conductivity below 0.5 mS/cm from initial values of 10 to 11 mS/cm. With continuous operation process time could be reduced by 39% while productivity was increased to 163% compared to batch operation. Desalting of the protein solution resulted in up to 7-fold higher binding capacities in the subsequent ion exchange capture step with conventional protein binding resins.

Torg’s ratio in normal adult nepalese population

Introduction: Acute cervical trauma occasionally leads to cervical canal stenosis in some individuals in spite of minor trauma. The spinal canal-to-vertebral body ratio (Torg-Pavlov ratio) has been proposed for assessing developmental spinal canal stenosis. It is not affected by magnification, and is measured on lateral plain films of cervical vertebrae. The result of this study may help in better understanding of the Torg’s ratio, which is more reliable than direct measuring of the mid-sagittal diameter of the cervical spinal canal in the diagnosis of cervical spinal stenosis or predicting the prognosis of cervical spinal cord injury. If Torg’s ratio is below normal there is risk of cervical cord injury whereas relatively safe in large Torg’s ratio. Torg’s ratio can be accessed even in rural areas where x-rays are easily available and more economical than MRI and CT scan. It can assess the risk of cord injury during sports and outdoor activities and help individuals’ choose safe carrier in sports or others activities.Methods: In order to ascertain the normal values of the Torg’s ratio in adults Nepalese, hundred sets of cervical vertebral columns of hundred adult Nepalese population of age group 20-40 years were examined. Consecutive patients presenting with history of neck pain with normal x-ray findings or history of trauma without cervical spine injury from Orthopaedic OPD (out patients department) and emergency department of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu from March 2011 to August 2012 were included in the study.Results: There were 48 males and 52 females with age ranging from 20 yrs to 40 yrs with the mean of 30.34±5.36 years. The normal average canal/body ratio of the cervical spine is 0.99 +/- 0.09 in male and 1.01 +/- 0.07 in female. It was observed that the ratio of the antero-posterior diameters of cervical spinal canal and vertebral bodies showed sexual dimorphism.Conclusion: The Torg’s ratio is the same irrespective of gender and height. The result of this study will help in better understanding of the Torg’s ratio, which is more reliable than direct measuring of the mid-sagittal diameter of the cervical spinal canal in the diagnosis of cervical spinal stenosis or predicting the prognosis of cervical spinal cord injury.JSSN 2015; 18 (1), Page: 5-9

Analysis of honeybush tea (Cyclopia spp.) volatiles by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography using a single-stage thermal modulator.

The applicability of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) using a single-stage thermal modulator was explored for the analysis of honeybush tea (Cyclopia spp.) volatile compounds. Headspace solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) was used in combination with GC×GC separation on a non-polar × polar column set with flame ionisation (FID) detection for the analysis of fermented Cyclopia maculata, Cyclopia subternata and Cyclopia genistoides tea infusions of a single harvest season. Method optimisation entailed evaluation of the effects of several experimental parameters on the performance of the modulator, the choice of columns in both dimensions, as well as the HS-SPME extraction fibre. Eighty-four volatile compounds were identified by co-injection of reference standards. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed clear differentiation between the species based on their volatile profiles. Due to the highly reproducible separations obtained using the single-stage thermal modulator, multivariate data analysis was simplified. The results demonstrate both the complexity of honeybush volatile profiles and the potential of GC×GC separation in combination with suitable data analysis techniques for the investigation of the relationship between sensory properties and volatile composition of these products. The developed method therefore offers a fast and inexpensive methodology for the profiling of honeybush tea volatiles. Graphical abstract Surface plot obtained for the GC×GC-FID analysis of honeybush tea volatiles.

A hierarchical screening approach to enantiomeric separation.

The screening of a number of chiral stationary phases (CSPs) with different modifiers in supercritical fluid chromatography to find a chromatographic method for separation of enantiomers can be time-consuming. Computational methods for data analysis were utilized to establish a hierarchical screening strategy, using a dataset of 110 drug-like chiral compounds with diverse structures tested on 15 CSPs with two different modifiers. This dataset was analyzed using a combinatorial algorithm, principal component analysis (PCA), and a correlation matrix. The primary goal was to find a set of eight columns resolving a large number of compounds, but also having complementary enantioselective properties. In addition to the hereby defined hierarchical experimental strategy, quantitative structure enantioselective models (QSERs) were evaluated. The diverse chemical space and relatively limited size of the training set reduced the accuracy of the QSERs. However, including separation factors from other CSPs increased the accuracies of the QSERs substantially. Hence, such combined models can support the experimental strategy in prioritizing the CSPs of the second screening phase, when a compound is not separated by the primary set of columns.

Two-dimensional gas chromatography with electron capture detection for the analysis of atmospheric ozone depleting halocarbons

This study is to develop a GC×GC method with electron capture detection (ECD) to analyze atmospheric halocarbons in the concentration range of parts per trillion by volume (pptv). To enrich atmospheric halocarbons a home-built thermal desorption (TD) device was coupled to the GC×GC-ECD. The technique of flow modulation was adopted using a Deans switch for GC×GC. Several column combinations of first and second dimensions were tested and the column set of DB–5×TG-1301 was found to show the best orthogonality for halocarbons. A series of modulation parameters were tested for their optimal settings. The modulation period (PM) was found to have minimal wrap-around when set at 3s. The modulation ratio (MR) was determined to be 7.82 to ensure reproducible results and maximum sensitivity. The modulation duty cycle (DC) was calculated to be approximately 0.17. Nine halocarbons were separated successfully and seven were calibrated with the use of a certified standard gas mixture. The correlation coefficients (R2) were greater than 0.9972. The reproducibility was better than 1.90% as expressed in relative standard deviation (RSD; N=30) and the detection limits were in the range of pptv for the target halocarbons. A field test by continuous analyzing ambient air with hourly resolution was performed to show the stability of the method as suggested by the homogeneity of certain halocarbons, while also reflecting concentration variation for others when emissions did arise.

Evaluation of the Impact of Na-SO4 Dominated Ionic Strength on Effluent Water Quality in Bench-Scale Vertical Flow Bioreactors Using Spent Mushroom Compost

Passive treatment systems (PTSs) are frequently used to treat mine drainage that contains elevated concentrations of Fe, sulfate, and trace metals. Vertical flow bioreactors (VFBRs), often designed specifically to remove trace metals from mine drainage and retain them in an organic substrate, are a common PTS component. Many factors, including ionic strength, affect the performance of VFBR and their ability to remove trace metals. A paired-comparison study was performed in which two sets of columns were constructed, filled with an organic substrate, and fed synthetic mine water of differing ionic strengths, dominated by Na and sulfate, for 1 year. Elevated ionic strength significantly increased the rate of removal of Cd and Zn, and possibly Pb. Conversely, elevated ionic strength significantly decreased the rate of removal of Ni and Mn and even caused the eventual release of Mn from the substrate.

Investigation of Steel Column–Baseplate Connection Details Incorporating Ductile Anchors

It is widely accepted that the behavior of steel column–baseplate connections will profoundly impact the seismic response of steel buildings and other structures. Previous investigations into moment-frame steel column–baseplate connections have focused on the relationship between global metrics such as connection strength and stiffness to basic design parameters such as anchor arrangement and size, baseplate thickness, and column size. However, there is growing recognition that other details, such as the column setting method, baseplate hole size, anchor material selection, and anchor stretch length may significantly affect connection performance. This paper describes nine full-scale connection tests exploring the effects of such details on strength, rotation capacity, and postyield behavior. A comparison of the present with a prior test program on the basis of physical damage evolution and moment-rotation behavior is undertaken. The baseplate setting arrangement and anchor stretch length were found to have the most pronounced impact on the connection cyclic moment-rotation response. Suggestions for connection details that promote connection robustness, ductility, and strength are presented.