Column Layout Research Articles

Plant Pathology (4th edn)

It is nearly 10 years since the third edition of this venerable book appeared. The most obvious difference to the many students and plant pathologists familiar with this standard text is the increased size. Although 300 g heavier, the larger page size and improved design of the fourth edition means there are 20% fewer pages. The two column layout in a more appealing typeface is a marked improvement on the third edition and the 16 colour plates a welcome addition. These are grouped in the centre of the book and are of a high quality, but it is pity they lack captions. The instruction of ‘see page X’ does little to assist the browsing reader. The book is copiously illustrated with the hallmark Agrios diagrams and disease cycles, and has many black and white photographs. The quality of the black and white photographs remains variable whilst some of the diagrams lack the tonal ranges seen in the third edition. The arrangement of chapters is the same as the third edition with the notable exception of an expanded introduction and the removal of the final part on application of biotechnology in plant pathology. Agrios notes that special efforts have been made to incorporate the latest developments in taxonomy, classification and nomenclature of plant pathogens and new information on diseases themselves. It is curious to note that the Dictionary of the Fungi is not included in the selected references on page 260 (nor did it appear in the third edition). Similarly, thre is no reference to the seminal texts by Ainsworth on the history of mycology or plant pathology in the expanded introduction to the fourth edition. Agrios has made an admirable effort to show the wider relevance and importance of plant pathology yet the emphasis throughout the book is on the USA. This is slighly disappointing given that the general appeal of the book (and presumably sales) extends far beyond. Sections dealing with fundamental principles and features of plant pathogens are well explained and discussed but it is a missed opportunity not to have expanded the coverage to more plant diseases of tropical countries. There is a short section on the international centres for agricultural research, where considerable amounts of research on plant diseases have been carried out, and a table highlighting major plant diseases, but tropical coverage of the book remains limited. This is slightly at variance with the ‘worldwide’ readership sought by the Agrios promotion on Academic Press's homepage (www.apnet.com). The book mainly addresses diseases of managed plants; those used for agriculture and forestry. I could find no mention of the study of disease in wild populations of plants. Wild relatives of crop plants are a particularly important source of resistant material; plant domestication is threatened by movement of co-evolved pathogens from natural populations, whilst the role of pathogens in determining the diversity of tropical rain forests is becoming more apparent. Interest in all these areas is increasing and some discussion of these topics would have been useful. Plant pathologists also have a role to play in the debate about plant biodiversity and conservation. The book has two groups of users: the undergraduate or postgraduate student learning about plant pathology generally or discovering that there is a relevance to plant pathogens beyond the narrow confines of a molecular biology lab; it is also a handy reference for scientists who have wandered away from the bench and need a single reference containing up-to-date facts. It is difficult, minor caveats apart, to fault the endeavour and vision that has driven a single author to produce such a comprehensive book. There are concerns about an emphasis on the USA, but this should not detract from the overall utility of this well-presented book. More general texts are sorely needed to counter the burgeoning publication of proceedings, workshops and narrow-interest books, many of which use plant pathogens as an excuse to do laboratory science. Agrios remains an outstanding textbook and one you can with confidence recommend to students — or sneak a look at to refresh a tired brain. One question remains: Who will continue the task for the fifth edition?

Minimum stiffness of bracing for multi-column framed structures

A method that determines the minimum stiffness of baracing to achieve non-sway buckling conditions at a given story level of a multi-column elastic frame is proposed. Condensed equations that evaluate the required minimum stiffness of the lateral and torsional bracing are derived using the classical stability functions. The proposed method is applicable to elastic framed structures with rigid, semirigid, and simple connections. It is shown that the minimum stiffness of the bracing required by a multi-column system depends on: 1) the plan layout of the columns; 2) the variation in height and cross sectional properties among the columns; 3) the applied axial load pattern on the columns; 4) the lack of symmetry in the loading pattern, column layout, column sizes and heights that cause torsion-sway and its effects on the flexural bucking capacity; and 5) the flexural and torsional end restrains of the columns. The proposed method is limited to elastic framed structures with columns of doubly symmetrical cross section with their principal axes parallel to the global axes. However, it can be applied to inelastic structures when the nonlinear behavior is concentrated at the end connections. The effects of axial deformations in beams and columns are neglected. Three examples are presented in detail to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Survey of reader preferences concerning the format of NASA langley-authored technical reports

The US government technical report is a primary means by which the results of federally funded research and development are transferred to the US aerospace industry. However, little is known about this information product in terms of its actual use, importance, and value in the transfer of federally funded RD (b) components used to determine if a report would be read: (c) those components that could be deleted; (d) the placement of such components as the symbols list; (e) the desirability of a table of contents; (f) the format of reference citations; (g) column layout and right margin treatment; and (h) writing style in terms of person and voice. Mail (self-reported) surveys were used to collect the data. The response rates for report producers was 68% and for users was 62%

Screen Design for Boolean Operators

Three studies from a text search usability program are reported. A logging study revealed the most frequent kinds of searches carried out by users. A laboratory study compared three user interface design alternatives accomodating these searches. A column layout with the logical operators AND, OR, and NOT as column headings, and which assumed parentheses by the spatial positioning of the search term, was significantly faster than the other two designs, and was also preferred by a majority of the subjects. An interview study indicated that users need a verification step prior to search submittal, and a thesaurus linked to the search term fields. There is a discussion of the limitation of each screen design and an evaluation of the methodologies used.

Computer modelling of field emission gun scanning electron microscope columns

Some computer programs are described which enable the performance of 2-, 3- and 4-magnetic lens (scanning) electron microscope columns to be modelled. The case of a 3-lens field emission SEM with a magnetic gun lens is explicitly considered; this case is extended to a 4-lens STEM with an objective lens working at fixed demagnification. The usefulness of these programs for optimizing the details of the column layout and for predicting performance is illustrated. The trajectory displacement (or transverse Boersch) effect is included and is predicted to affect the performance of practical columns containing one or more crossovers.

A Microcomputer Geologic Well Data Management System: ABSTRACT

A well data management system, geoGRAM, is used to store historical well data and current data from geologic studies of the Rocky Mountain area. The program is a state-of-the-art data-base management system with the ease of use required by the geologist with limited computer experience. It allows the geologist to design map data files to suit the geology of the local or regional study area. Well record formats can handle information on 48 zones and, depending on disk capacity, store from 1 to more than 30,000 wells in each file. User-defined defaults for formation names and other data allow data to be entered mostly from the numeric keypad. Data stored is that normally gleaned from scout tickets, test reports, and well log analysis. The program automatically calculates el vations and potentiometric surfaces and any user-selected thicknesses and ratios. It allows data input in both metric and traditional units, and output in units the user selects. Access to stored data and report writing are as simple as data entry. The file access method allows rapid on-screen viewing of records either by random access to individual well records or by thumbing through the file using a single keystroke. Well records may be shown on the screen singly or displayed side by side for data comparison on a 132-column screen. Printouts are provided with single-well cards holding up to 48 lines of data with graphics showing well location, API well symbol, and user-selected symbols to indicate producing zones. Multiwell listing on either printer or CRT screen is also provided. Report design including data selection, column layout and headings is accomplished entirely by menu selection. In addition to the file data output to the CRT screen and the 2 hardcopy printout methods, file data may also be transferred to mainframe computers for graphics or other special processing by modem, disk, or tape using IMB 3740 protocol. End_of_Article - Last_Page 484------------

Design of Flat Plates with Irregular Column Layout

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