Coloured Progressive Matrices Research Articles

A Study of Intelligence in Jordan Assessed by the Coloured Progressive Matrices

We report the results of a new study of intelligence in Jordan for 5- to 11-year-olds assessed by the Coloured Progressive Matrices, a test of non-verbal reasoning. It gives a British-scaled IQ of 84.5. The result is in line with those of earlier studies using Raven’s Progressive Matrices in Jordan.

The Working Memory as Predictor of Performance in Arithmetic of Brazilian Students

Abstract Working memory (WM) is a predictor of school learning. This study aimed to investigate the predictive power of verbal and non-verbal working memory (WM) on students’ performance in arithmetic. 126 children between 6 and 11 years old participated in the research. The instruments were: School Performance Test, Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices, Corsi Block-tapping Test, and Digits Subtest. The results showed strong and positive correlations of school performance with fluid intelligence r = 0.64, with verbal WM and non-verbal WM, both with r = 0.51 (p < 0.001). After multiple linear regression, it was found that the performance in visuospatial WM was a strong predictor for arithmetic, an effect not found for reading. The regression showed that WM explains 38% of the variance for arithmetic. It is concluded that WM has an expressive contribution to school performance, being more specific the contributions of visuospatial WM for arithmetic.

The influence of fluoride in drinking water on the incidence of fluorosis and intelligence of elementary school students in Palu City

ObjectiveThis research aims to know the influence of fluoride in drinking water towards Fluorosis and the Intelligence Level of Elementary School Students in Palu City. MethodThis cross-sectional study was performed through descriptive analysis on 100 students aged 6–12 years old selected by stratified random sampling from two different areas with different levels of fluoride in drinking water in Palu City. The samples were collected from two different elementary schools which were SDN 2 Talise and SDN Inpres 1 Birobuli. The examination was performed by a dentist using Dean's Fluorosis Index and philology, who measured students’ IQ using Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices. ResultsHigh level of F in drinking water affects the fluorosis status of students (p=0.001), in which among 40 students (40%) who experienced fluorosis, 38 (38%) of them are from the area whose F level is high. The high level of F also affected the children's IQ, obtaining a p-value of 0.001, showing that there were no students with low IQ found in the area with low F level. For the status of Fluorosis and IQ, p=0.001 was obtained. Among the 60 students who did not experience fluorosis, 96.6% of them had a high IQ level. ConclusionThe recent research found that fluorosis was found more often in the area of which F level was high, where the IQ level of the students was found to be lower compared to the students who loved in the area with low F level.

Клинический случай человека с синдромом саванта из Турции: когнитивные функции и календарный расчет

The current study is the first detailed report on a savant case in Turkey. We collected data from a 25-year-old-male savant on attention span, short-term memory, working memory, autobiographical memory, overall intelligence, reading speed, text interpretation, and advanced calendar calculation. Data collection tools included the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (4th edition), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, Stanford-Binet 5 Working Memory Test and Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices for assessing general intellectual functioning; the Verbal Short-Term Memory Test for assessing memory assessment; d2 for assessing attention; a structured reading text; family interview protocols; and an individual interview protocol. The savant has a composite intellectual level of 85 and was recently diagnosed with pervasive developmental disorder when he was 25 years old. He evidenced limited attention span but excellent short-term memory, working memory, autobiographical memory and calendar calculation.

Combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and skin conductance to detect localized neural response to psychological stress: a pilot study.

This preliminary study aims at investigating the neural correlates of the stress response, intended as an emotional and cognitive response, through the description of the activation of the autonomic nervous system in a problem-solving task and central functional data; in particular, we recorded skin conductance level (SCL) and response (SCR) and observed the correlation with fMRI data. The results obtained from 6 healthy subjects, 3 males and 3 females, aged between 18 and 45 (average = 27, SD = 7.08) who voluntarily offered to participate in the study were examined. They were previously subjected to a brief clinical psychological assessment (MMPI-2) and then to a psychophysiological evaluation. The real experiment consisted in subjecting the participants to an adapted version of the Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices 47 (CPM 47) test to evaluate some consequences on brain activity of attention, orientation, reflex and response to stress during fMRI data acquisition and SCL-SCR recording. SCR changes were found to be related to the activity of different brain regions such as bilateral precentral gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus, bilateral superior frontal gyri and left anterior cingulate suggesting a specific relationship between attentive processing and autonomic arousal. The association of SC measurement with neuroimaging allows to highlight the interaction between emotional and cognitive processes: although preliminary, these results partially confirm what previously found in literature on the neural correlates of psychological stress and underline the interaction between cognitive function and autonomic arousal system during a stressful problem-solving task.

Сравнение уровня сформированности тормозного контроля, рабочей памяти и невербального интеллекта у детей 5–7 лет, обучающихся по разным образовательным программам

Executive functions are cognitive functions that guide behavior change, and, therefore, enable a child to acquire knowledge and learn new skills. They include inhibition and working memory. However, there is no data on how particular educational programme impacts the formation of inhibitory processes, the level of working memory and non-verbal intelligence in 5–7 year olds. This gap in research prompted the study. The paper presents the results of a study that focuses on the level of inhibitory control, working memory and non-verbal intelligence in children aged 5–7 (72 people) studying on various educational programmes. To analyse the impact of an educational programme on executive functions, a comparative analysis of the level of inhibitory control and working memory was carried out. Working memory was assessed using the methodology developed by (O. M. Razumnikova and M. A. Savinykh); the level of inhibitory processes in the go/go and go/no-go reaction was assessed using the ReBos software (E. G. Vergunov); IQ was assessed using Raven Colored Progressive Matrices; family data were collected using a questionnaire for parents. The research included children from three kindergartens from Saint Petersburg that follow one of the programmes: Montessori programme (34 children aged 5.7 ± 07); From Birth to School programme ed. N. E. Veraksa and others (19 children aged 6.2 ± 0.7); a specialised programme by D. Paute (19 children aged 5.9 ± 0.6). The study did not reveal a correlation between an educational programme and the level of working memory and IQ. The results indicate a tendency towards better inhibitory control for the Montessori programne, which, however, requires additional verification due to the high level of variance in the results.

Foundational Study on the Simple Detection of Impairment Resulting in Dangerous Driving in Patients with Higher Brain Dysfunction.

ABSTRACTObjectives:We performed a survey of medical records to reveal the cognitive deficits behind dangerous driving in patients with higher brain dysfunction.Methods:Thirty-four patients with higher brain dysfunction were included in this study. Patients’ basic characteristics, neuropsychological test results, scores on two types of driving aptitude tests, and accident/near miss data from a driving simulator were extracted from medical records. We conducted χ2 tests for independence between comprehensive driving aptitude scores and “traffic accidents” / “being prohibited from driving as defined by the number of traffic accidents and near misses.” Backward logistic regression analysis was carried out to assess correlations of “traffic accidents” and “being prohibited from driving as defined by the number of traffic accidents and near misses” with neuropsychological test scores.Results:No significant correlation was observed between the comprehensive driving aptitude score and “traffic accidents” / “being prohibited from driving as defined by the number of traffic accidents and near misses.” The score on the Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices test was the only factor identified as a significant predictor of “being prohibited from driving as defined by the number of traffic accidents and near misses.”Conclusions:The results of this study suggest that it is important to focus on the decline in problem-solving ability as a predictor of “being prohibited from driving as defined by the number of traffic accidents and near misses.”

DIET QUALITY AND COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE OF FISHERMEN’S CHILDREN IN SELECTED REGION OF TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Fishermen’s children are vulnerable to food insecurity as well as undernourishment which may influence their cognitive performance. Nevertheless, there is a deficiency in terms of pertinent studies that have been done in Malaysia with regards to their diet quality and cognitive performance. Thus, this cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the diet quality and cognitive performance among 7 to 11 years-old fishermen’s children in Terengganu. A total of 95 respondents were selected and their dietary intake was attained through two days of 24 hr dietary recall and later analyzed using Nutritionist Pro application. The diet quality of the respondents was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) while the cognitive performance was determined through 36-items of Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices. Results have shown that the respondents’ mean total HEI score was 50.41 ± 5.26 out of 100 points indicating poor diet quality. The level of cognitive performance is below average. Unfortunately, no significant association was found between the total HEI score and cognitive performance of the respondents (p=0.16). In the future, more studies need to be carried out on the relationship between diet quality and cognitive performance among these respondents for better understanding.

Relationship between cognitive abilities and manual coordination and balance in preschool children

<p>Background: The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between cognitive abilities and manual coordination and balance in preschool children. Methods: The sample consisted of 41 preschool children aged 6.4±0.8 on average, of both sexes (30 boys and 11 girls). On top of their regular preschool activities, the children attended a school of sports for preschool children - multisport activities and exercises, twice a week. The sample of measuring instruments comprised 4 motor tests (One-leg stand test, Mann’s test, Finger to nose, Front raises) and 2 cognitive tests (Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices, Cognitive Assessment System). Data was analyzed by applying Linear and Binary logistic regression analysis. Results: Based on the results of the research, one may conclude that there is a statistically significant relation between cognitive abilities and manual coordination in the tested sample of preschool children. The defined predictor system, which consisted of cognitive tests, showed a significant relationship with the hand coordination test, which was assessed by the Finger to Nose test with the eyes closed. A significant contribution to the established relation was given by the G factor estimated by Raven's colored progressive matrices. Conclusions: Physical activities contribute to the development of motor skills and thus to the development of some cognitive abilities in children, which is of great importance for their further development.</p>

The twelve months’ follow‐up, second version, after an intervention using a rehabilitation program of physical and cognitive rec‐xercise (REPCREC) for the elderly with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

AbstractBackgroundWhether our rehabilitation program of physical and cognitive Rec‐Xercise (REPCREC) for the elderly with MCI can bring any difference in cognition and QOL.MethodSubjects are sixty‐nine cases, out of 73 enrolled individuals for more than three years, have undergone our evaluation and intervention program (REPCREC). The subjects have been divided into four groups; group A has taken the cognitive REPCREC, group B physical REPCREC, group C both cognitive and physical REPCREC and group D control. The design of this study is a non‐randomized controlled trial. Three intervention groups have received the each session once per week up to 12 times. Before and after the intervention, and, three, six and twelve months after the intervention, we have evaluated the following items: physical function, Geriatric Depression Scale, POMS2, Visual analog scale (VAS‐1: healthy life, VAS‐2: satisfaction), neuropsychological tests [MMSE, RBMT, TMT, Ravenʼs Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM), Rey‐Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF), story retention, coding and Miyake's paired verbal associate learning test (MPVALT)]. A one‐day booster program has been provided at the time of evaluation. For statistical analysis, Fisher's exact test and Kruscal‐Wallis test for the baseline data, and linear mixed model (LMM) analysis and Friedman’s test for the prolonged effect of REPCREC have been performed.ResultsThe median age 79.0 years old, median MMSE score 28.0 points, the number of each group is A 22, B 22, C 25, and D 7cases. At the baseline, no difference between groups. LMM analysis revealed the significant difference in RCPM, ROCF (recall), MPVALT (non‐related), MPVALT (related), coding and VAS‐2 (respectively p=0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.001, 0.011 and 0.006). Friedman's test showed significant difference in RCPM of group A (p=0.046) and C (p=0.042), ROCF (recall) group C (p=0.022), VAS‐2 of group A (p=0.013) and C (p=0.011), MPVALT (non‐related) of group A (p=0.007), MPVALT (related) of group A (p=0.016) and C (p=0.048).ConclusionsThe program REPCREC showed the prolonged effects on non‐verbal intelligence, visuospatial abilities, memory, attention, planning, working memory etc. [(RCPM), ROCF (recall), MPVALT] in group A and C comparing with control in the elderly with MCI.

Relationship between Intelligence and Executive Functions in Preschoolers

The paper raises the problem of the relationship between executive functions and intelligence in preschool period of the development. Based on the discussion about the components of executive functions proposed by different authors, two components (inhibitory control and working memory) were selected for analysis. Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices were chosen for the assessment of the intelligence. We chose this method due to the fact that there are a lot of preschoolers who have speech problems that prevent an adequate assessment of verbal intelligence. The go/go and go/no-go paradigms to evaluate inhibitory control (Vergunov & Nikolaeva, 2009) and a test aimed at evaluating working memory (Razumnikova & Savinykh, 2016) were used. The specificity of the test aimed at the level of inhibitory control assessment was a fractal structure of the sensory flow. Both go/go and go/no-go series included two identical parts, but children did not know about this. Some children, however, showed better results in the second part of the series rather than the first one. This could indicate that children intuitively discovered the structure of the sensory flow and learned to respond more effectively. In go/go series, children were asked to respond to each presented stimulus (circles of different colours). In the go/no-go series, they were forbidden to respond to a target stimulus (red circles). Calculating the mistakes (reactions to the red circles), we could assess the inhibitory control level. To assess a working memory, the subjects were offered three series including the same set of visual stimuli, and the order of the stimuli was changed in each series. The number of recalling stimuli in each series and interference inhibition resulting from the presentation of the same set of stimuli were calculated. The study involved 90 preschoolers (average age 6.5±0.4 years) of normative development, parents of all children signed informed consents, and all children were told about the goals of the study. It was shown that nonverbal intelligence has no correlation with any parameters of the inhibitory control or parameters of working memory in preschool age. Immaturity of the prefrontal cortex at this age was suggested to be the main reason for the lack of such a link. The low levels of both inhibitory control and interference inhibition could not provide a high level of correlation with intelligence. It was proved that nonverbal intelligence is associated with greater performance in the second part of the go/go series. This suggests that the higher the child's intelligence is, the better they are able to navigate the sensory flow.

The Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices in Healthy Children: A Qualitative Approach.

Studies on the structure of intelligence refer to two main theoretical models: the first one considers intelligence as a unitary construct, the second one assumes the involvement of a plurality of factors. Studies using Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM) tasks have often highlighted the involvement of different cognitive abilities and brain structures, but in the clinical setting, RCPM measurement continues to be used as a single score. The current study aimed to analyse the RCPM performance following qualitative clustering, in order to provide an interpretation of the intelligence assessment through a factorial criterion. The RCPM have been administered to a large group of typically developing children between 6 and 11 years of age. The sample was divided into twelve age groups, and the performance of each age group was shown. Three qualitative item clusters were identified through a factorial criterion. Data showed that performance on RCPM may arise from different cognitive abilities, starting from basic attentional skills up to the more complex ones that require perceptual or analogical reasoning. The qualitative parameters could provide more effective diagnostic and treatment suggestions than a single total score in the clinical setting, and may be crucial for focusing on strength and weakness in the intellectual functionality evaluation of children.

English

BACKGROUND India has a large proportion of child and adolescent population. Psychiatric disorders are common among children and adolescents, but they are often underdiagnosed. Family environment influences psychopathology in young children. Identification of risk factors for child psychiatric disorders can lead to early identification of children at risk and facilitation of preventive interventions. METHODS The study was conducted among 103 children attending the Child Guidance Clinic (CGC) in a tertiary care institute in Kerala. A specially prepared proforma was used to obtain the sociodemographic profile and clinical variables. Global Family Environment Scale was used to assess the quality of family environment. ICD 10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders was used for making diagnosis, and Ravens Coloured Progressive Matrices was used for assessing intelligence. RESULTS Emotional disorders were seen more commonly in girls, and in older age group. Children with behavioural disorders were below average in academics and the difference between the groups was statistically significant. No statistically significant difference was found between the groups in socioeconomic status, locality, family type, family history of psychiatric illness, and in family environment. CONCLUSIONS Though there was no statistically significant difference, family history of psychiatric illness and poor and moderately unsatisfactory family environment was observed in a large proportion of children. This finding may have implication in management of childhood psychiatric disorders. KEYWORDS Family Environment, Children, Emotional Disorders, Behavioural Disorders

Effects of the Sumatran forest fires (haze) on cognitive function in Indonesian children

Background: Smoke from the seasonal forest fires that occur on the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan (often referred to as ‘haze’ in South-East Asia) can reach hazardous levels for extended periods of time. This poses severe health risks to tens of millions of people. We aimed to determine if living in a haze affected province is associated with cognitive function in Indonesian children.Methods: We used data from the Indonesian Family and Life Survey (IFLS) that assessed cognitive function by the Ravens Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM). Spatially resolved levels of particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) throughout Indonesia were downloaded from the Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group. We used multilevel mixed linear regression models to estimate associations between haze and annual mean PM2.5 concentrations and cognitive function.Results: There were no differences in RCPM scores for children living in haze provinces compared to children living in non-haze provinces in adjusted models (mean difference=-1.16%, 95%CI=-2.53%, 0.21%) in each survey wave. For children who completed cognitive tests in two successive survey waves, scores on the second RCPM were lower for children who had lived in a haze province all their lives compared to those children who had lived in a non-haze province all their lives (β=-1.50%; 95%CI:-2.94%, -0.07%).Conclusions: Living in a haze province for a prolonged period of time negatively impacted childhood cognitive scores after adjusting for individual factors. These findings may also be relevant for (mainly) women and young children exposed to high levels of household air pollution.

The Impact of Cesarean and Vaginal Delivery on Results of Psychological Cognitive Test in 5 Year Old Children.

Background and objectives: The impact of cesarean and vaginal delivery on cognitive development was analyzed in 5 year old children. Materials and Methods: Two cohorts of 5 year old children born in the years 2013 and 2014 in Karvina (Northern Moravia) and Ceske Budejovice (Southern Bohemia) were studied for their cognitive development related to vaginal (n = 117) and cesarean types of delivery (n = 51). The Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test (BG test) and the Raven Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM test) were used as psychological tests. Results: In the comparison of vaginal delivery vs. cesarean section, the children delivered by cesarean section scored lower and, therefore, achieved poorer performance in cognitive tests compared to those born by vaginal delivery, as shown in the RCPM (p < 0.001) and in the BG test (p < 0.001). When mothers’ education level was considered, the children whose mothers achieved a university degree scored higher in both the RCPM test (p < 0.001) and the BG test (p < 0.01) compared to the children of mothers with lower secondary education. When comparing mothers with a university degree to those with higher secondary education, there was a significant correlation between level of education and score achieved in the RCPM test (p < 0.001), but not in the BG test. Conclusions: According to our findings, the mode of delivery seems to have a significant influence on performance in psychological cognitive tests in 5 year old children in favor of those who were born by vaginal delivery. Since cesarean-born children scored notably below vaginally born children, it appears possible that cesarean delivery may have a convincingly adverse effect on children’s further cognitive development.

A Feasibility Study for Developing a Computerized Adaptive Form of Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices Test for Omani Children Based on the Item Response Theory

The current study investigated the feasibility of developing a computerized adaptive form of Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices test, one of the most important culture-free intelligent tests, using the Item Response Theory. The test consists of 36 items divided into three groups. The data used in the current study were adapted from the study by Kadhim et al. (2008), which included 1042 subjects, aged 5 to 10 from both genders and distributed into 11 Omani governorates. Item Response Theory assumptions were met and then the mirtCAT package was used to evaluate a computerized adaptive form of the test. Raven’s test items were compatible with the three-parameter model which was used to scale the test items. The Maximum Fisher Information method was used to select items in the adaptive form. The full and the adaptive forms were compared to each other across the different simulated conditions in the current study. The results indicated that using 17 items of the adaptive form could accurately estimate the subjects’ abilities without a substantial loss of information. The previous finding is a preliminary indication of the possibility of developing an adaptive form of the colored progressive matrices test that can be used in various assessments that practitioners may need to assess, classify or diagnose children.

Does Dietary Adequacy Reflect the Cognitive Performance of Children? A Study among the Homeless Children in Klang Valley, Malaysia

Introduction: Homeless children are prone to inadequate energy and nutrient intake which may highly influence their cognitive performance. However, few studies have been done in assessing diet adequacy and cognitive performance among homeless children in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study aims to assess the dietary adequacy and cognitive performance of 120 homeless children age 7-12 years living in Klang Valley. The dietary adequacy of these homeless children was assessed through two days of 24 hours of dietary recall. Dietary adequacy achievement was determined by fulfilling at least 50% of Recommended Nutrients Intake (RNI). Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM) test was used to assess their cognitive performance. Results: The homeless children had an adequate intake of energy, iron, zinc, and vitamin B12. Seventy percent of homeless children had a poor cognitive performance. This study shows that there was no association between energy, iron, and vitamin B12 adequacy with cognitive performance, whereas there was a significant (p=0.028) association between zinc adequacy and children’s cognitive performance. Conclusion: These findings provide solid evidence-based for dietary adequacy and cognitive performance of the homeless children in Klang Valley. It is clear from the findings that both dietary intake and cognitive of these children require improvement for a better quality of life in the future. This study suggests that dietary adequacy does not relatively reflect the cognitive performance of these homeless children in Malaysia.

A Comparative Study of Neuro-cognitive Functioning of Children with and without ADHD on Cognitive Assessment System

Background: Applicability of the PASS model of cognitive deficit in ADHD has been widely discussed and supporting evidence has been gathered on the cognitive assessment system (CAS). Examination of the hypothesis on CAS still remains in infancy in India which further limits the clinical utility of the findings while planning neuro-cognitive interventions. The present study was thus conceived to assess neurocognitive functioning in young children between 6-11 years with a diagnosis of ADHD in comparison with those without ADHD. Method: A cross-sectional research design was adopted. Using purposive sampling, 90 participants were included which consisted of two groups, ADHD (N=45) and Non-ADHD (N=45). Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM) was used for screening IQ while primary outcome measures included CAS, Porteus Mazes Test (PMT), and Children’s Trail Making Test (TMT). Using SPSS 24.0, socio-demographic comparison across two groups on categorical variables was done using chi-square analysis while an independent sample t-test was applied to compare scores on primary outcome measures. Results: Children with ADHD obtained significantly lower mean scores compared to children in the non-ADHD group across all domains of CAS. On PMT, the ADHD group committed a significantly greater number of errors and also took significantly more time to complete the test than the non-ADHD group. No significant group difference was obtained on TMT. Conclusion: Supportive evidence for the PASS model deficit was obtained in the present study. The diagnostic utility study of CAS on larger sample is further warranted to obtain norms for the Indian population. Keywords: Young Children, ADHD, Cognitive Assessment System, executive functioning

Assessment of Food Security, Anthropometric and Cognitive Function among Orang Asli Children in Pahang, Malaysia

Introduction: Forest clearing for agriculture plantations and local community settlements may triggerfood insecurity, which causes poor development, predominantly in Orang Asli children. This cross-sectionalstudy was conducted to determine the relationships between food security and anthropometric and cognitivefunction among Orang Asli children in Temerloh, Pahang. Materials and methods: A total of one hundred andsixty-seven children (ages 7 to 11) from five selected Orang Asli villages (Kampung Sungai Enggang, KampungPenderas, Kampung Pasu, Kampung Lubok Wong, and Kampung Pian) were involved in this study. The foodsecurity index was assessed using the Radimer/Cornell Hunger and Food Insecurity Instrument.Anthropometric indices were based on height-for-age and BMI-for-age Z-scores, while cognitive performancewas tested using Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices (R-CPM). Results: A majority (91.6%) of therespondents reported some kind of food insecurity (12.6% household food insecure, 74.2% individual foodinsecure, and 4.8% child hunger). Rates of stunting, thinness, and overweight/obesity were 25.8%, 16.2%,and 18.0%, respectively. A majority (46.1%) of the children had average cognitive scores, followed by belowaverage (38.3%) and above average (15.6%), respectively. Height-for-age was significantly associated withcognitive function (p=0.008). Among sociodemographic factors, household size (p=0.007) and householdincome (p&lt;0.05) were significantly associated with the food security index, whereas the educational statusof the child was significantly associated with height-for-age (p=0.013) and cognitive function (p=0.003).Conclusion: Food insecurity remains a risk factor for child development impairment in the Orang Aslicommunity. Undernutrition remains a major health concern among respondents; however, no associationwas found between food security index and cognitive function.

Acalculia in Aphasia.

Patients with aphasia can present a type of acalculia referred to as aphasic acalculia. To investigate the correlation and to test regression models for one- and two-digit calculation skills using verbal and nonverbal predictors. We selected an aphasia sample of 119 men and 81 women with a mean age of 57.37years (SD=15.56) and an average level of education of 13.52years (SD=4.08). Spanish versions of the Western Aphasia Battery and Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination, plus a Written Calculation test, were individually administered. The calculation section of the Western Aphasia Battery and the Written Calculation tests were used to pinpoint calculation difficulties. Calculation difficulties were more severe in Global and Mixed non-fluent aphasia; they were very similar in Broca, Conduction, and Amnesic Aphasia. All correlations between the two calculation subtests and the other subtests of the Western Aphasia Battery were statistically significant. Calculation subtests correlated negatively with age and positively with schooling. Sex and time post-onset did not show any correlation with the calculation scores. Education, Reading, Block Design, and Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices were significant predictors of Western Aphasia Battery Calculation. Writing was the only significant predictor of the Written Calculation scores. Nonverbal abilities were predictors of calculation tests, whereas agraphia defects were predictors of the Written Calculation test. Therefore, calculation abilities can be regarded both as written language-dependent and verbal language-independent.