Colored Matrices Research Articles

Neuropsychological Assessment in the Distinction Between Biomarker Defined Frontal-Variant of Alzheimer's Disease and Behavioral-Variant of Frontotemporal Dementia.

Frontal-variant of Alzheimer's disease (fvAD) was purposed for patients with AD pathology that, despite the typical amnestic presentation, show early and progressive deterioration of behavior and executive functions, closely resembling the behavioral-variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). This leads to a challenging differential diagnosis where neuropsychological evaluation and in vivo pathological evidence are essential. To evaluate the contribution of a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment (NP) battery in distinguishing between fvAD-dementia and bvFTD supported by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers. We included 40 patients with a baseline NP profile with prominent early executive and/or behavioral dysfunction, who meet both diagnosis of bvFTD and fvAD-dementia, according to international criteria. All patients underwent comprehensive NP assessment and CSF-AD biomarker evaluation. Neuropsychological domains as well as clinical and sociodemographic features, and APOE genotype were compared between groups. 21 patients (52.5%) met the biological criteria for AD (decreased Aβ42 together with increased T-tau or P-tau in CSF) and were therefore classified as fvAD (mean age was 64.57, with 47.6% female). There were no differences between groups regarding age/age-at-onset, gender, or educational level. Regarding neuropsychological profile, performances in language and memory functions were equivalent in both groups. Significant differences were found in visuo-constructional abilities (p = 0.004), Trail Making Test A (p < 0.001), and Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices (p = 0.019), with fvAD patients showing worst performances. In patients with an early prominent frontal profile, a higher impairment in attention and visuo-spatial functions, signaling additional right hemisphere fronto-parietal dysfunction, point towards a diagnosis of fvAD-dementia and may be useful in clinical practice.

Handedness in low-birthweight children: Insights in lateralization.

Low-birthweight (LBW) children (n = 96) weighing less than 2.5 kg at birth and normal birthweight (NBW) children (n = 96) from Delhi, India, between the ages of 5 and 12 years were assessed for intelligence with Ravens Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM), their handedness and hand proficiency for unimanual and bimanual performance. The objective was to know if there is a relation between birthweight and the development of handedness. Compared with NBW children, the LBW group had lower percentile scores for the RCPM. The LBW children were less lateralized than the NBW children in the hand preference test. The LBW children were faster than the NBW for sorting objects with each hand separately, but they were slower in the bimanual envelope task. This indicates a delay in interhemispheric transfer and the development of the corpus callosum that connects the cerebral hemispheres to enable bimanual coordination. In the absence of more direct evidence, hand skill was used as an index of the extent of lateralized control for performance. Findings indicate a relation between birthweight and lateralization in children tested for hand preference.

Компьютерное моделирование процесса формирования изображений в гиперспектральной системе на базе интерферометра Фабри-Перо

The article deals with the issues of computer simulation of the processes of spectral image formation in a hyperspectral system based on the Fabry-Perot interferometer, designed to work in the visible spectrum. A mathematical model of a hyperspectral system and its main variable parameters for evaluating the obtained characteristics of spectral selectivity are considered. A block diagram illustrating the simulation process is given. The results of computer simulation are presented. The characteristics of spectral selectivity obtained by computer simulation are given, depending on the air-gap distance between the mirror plates of the Fabry-Perot interferometer at a fixed angle of incidence of the radiant flux. The possibility of singlechannel and three-channel registration of spectral responses of the interferometer corresponding to RGB channels of a standard color matrix photodetector is shown. The variants of the structural schemes of the hyperspectral system are analyzed based on the existing compromises between the sensitivity of the system, its spectral selectivity, speed, accuracy, resolution, and complexity of implementation.

Improving colour computations in MadGraph5_aMC@NLO and exploring a 1/N_c expansion

In this paper, we present an extension of MadGraph5_aMC@NLO which is able to evaluate tree-level QCD matrix-elements up to 2rightarrow 6 (one more particle than before). To achieve this, we implemented Berends–Giele-like recursion, and re-implemented the way colour is computed such that we can now expand the colour matrix in powers of 1/N_c and truncate this expansion to a chosen order. For high multiplicity samples, even without truncating the colour matrix, the new implementation offers a speed gain compared to the previous MadGraph5_aMC@NLO code.

Discrimination of two species (Androctonus crassicauda and Leiurus abdullahbayrami; Buthidae Scorpions) by MALDI-TOF- MS-based PCA

Teh venoms of teh scorpions Androctonus crassicauda and Leuris abdullahbayrami, scorpion species each of teh two members of teh Buthidae family, were analyzed by MALDI–TOFMS in a mass range between 1 and 50 kDa. Interspecies differentiation was evaluated over peptide and protein molecules in dis mass range. Teh similarities and differences between two different scorpion species were revealed wif teh TEMPprincipal component analysis study, which was conducted wif spectral patterns including peptide and protein profiles. Teh similarity rate of teh LAB-123 and teh LAB460 scorpion venoms of teh same species was found as 66% while teh similarity rates of venoms of teh ACR species to teh LAB species ranged from zero to 37%. It was demonstrated dat scorpion venoms belonging to two different species from teh Buthadia family can be differentiated wif teh halp of dendrogram and gel profile, CCI color matrix, 3D or 2D-scattering profile, spectral mass loading data formed by peptide and protein spectral patterns of eleven scorpion venoms. It is anticipated dat dis approach, which was used for teh first time wif teh application of MALDI-TOFMS-based PCA analysis for teh differentiation of scorpion venoms, will be useful in differentiating venoms wif different spectral patterns.

Predictive factors associated with outcome in patients six months after mild to moderate aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: Focus on neuropsychological tests conducted one month after the event

ObjectiveThe study aimed to investigate predictive factors associated with outcome six months after mild to moderate aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). MethodsWe divided 136 patients (51 men and 85 women) after SAH (Hunt & Kosnik [H&K] grade I to III) into groups with good and poor outcome according to scores on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at six months after SAH onset: good outcome (mRS score, 0–1; n = 105) and poor outcome (mRS score, 2–6; n = 31). At admission, we assessed age, sex, H&K grade, and Fisher grade, and one month after aneurysmal SAH, we evaluated aneurysm location, treatment modality (coil embolization, clipping, or no surgical treatment), proportion of patients who underwent shunt placement, proportion of patients with delayed cerebral ischemia, and scores on neuropsychological tests (Mini-Mental State Examination, Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices, Kana-hiroi Test, Trail Making Test, and Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test, immediate recall). ResultsH&K grade was associated with outcome (χ2 = 6.220, P = 0.005), and a significantly higher proportion of the good outcome group had an H&K grade II (P = 0.025). The good outcome group had significantly better scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination (U = 1251, P = 0.045), Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices (U = 1224, P = 0.036), and Trail Making Test parts A (U = 1238, P = 0.043) and B (U = 1247, P = 0.048). However, we found no significant intergroup differences in the other patient demographic and disease characteristics, including age, treatment modality, and delayed cerebral ischemia, or in the other neuropsychological assessments. Binary logistic regression analysis identified H&K grade I and II as predictive factors associated with good outcome. ConclusionBesides severity at admission as indicated by H&K grade, neuropsychological tests explicitly performed one month after mild to moderate aneurysmal SAH may help nursing staff to predict patient outcome, including possible symptoms after discharge.

An examination of the early literacy skills of five- to six-year-old children who are deaf and hard of hearing

ABSTRACT Children’s early literacy skills (ELS) are closely related to literacy learning and reading comprehension performance. Children who cannot acquire early literacy skills face significant difficulties in doing so in the following years. Although it is widely known that children who are deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) perform less well in early literacy skills than their typically developing peers, there is not enough information about the magnitude of the performance differences and in which skills these occur in Turkish-speaking children who are DHH. In this study, the early literacy skills (language, vocabulary, phonological awareness and letter knowledge) of 30 Turkish-speaking DHH children and 30 with typical development (TD) attending kindergarten were compared. The Coloured Progressive Matrices Test, as well as the Turkish early language development and Turkish expressive and receptive language tests, in addition to the early literacy one, were used to determine the children’s skill levels. The results of the analysis showed that the DHH children performed at significantly lower levels in language, vocabulary and phonological awareness skills than their peers with TD, while there was no major difference between the two groups in letter knowledge. The outcomes also revealed that there were a higher number of significant relationships among the early literacy skills of the DHH children than those with TD. The findings of are further discussed in regard to their contribution to current research and practice relating to the early literacy skills of Turkish-speaking children who are DHH.

Association between Elevated Iodine Intake and IQ among School Children in Portugal.

The goal of this work was to examine whether elevated iodine intake was associated with adverse effects on IQ among school-age children in Portugal. In a representative sample of children from the north of the country, IQ percentiles by age (assessed with Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices) were dichotomized to &lt;50 ("below-average" IQs) and ≥50. Morning urine iodine concentrations, corrected for creatinine, were dichotomized to &lt;250 µg/g and ≥250 µg/g, according to the European Commission/Scientific Committee on Food's tolerable upper level of daily iodine intake for young children. Data were examined with Chi-square tests, logistic regression, and GLM univariate analysis. The sample (N = 1965) was classified as generally iodine-adequate (median urinary iodine concentration = 129 µg/L; median iodine-to-creatinine ratio = 126 µg/g) according to the WHO's criteria. A greater proportion of children in the ≥250 µg/g group had below-average IQs, compared to children with less than 250 µg/g (p = 0.037), despite a sizable (though non-significant) proportion of children in the less-than-250 µg/g group also presenting below-average IQs, at the bottom of the iodine distribution (&lt;50 µg/g). The proportion of below-average IQs increased with increasingly elevated iodine concentrations (p = 0.047). The association remained significant after the adjustment for confounders, with the elevated iodine group showing increased odds of having below-average IQs when compared with the non-elevated iodine group (OR 1.55; 95% CI 1.11-2.17; p = 0.011). Consistently, the former group presented a lower mean IQ than the latter (p = 0.006). High iodine intake was associated with lower IQs even in a population classified as iodine-adequate. These results bear on child cognition and on initiatives involving iodine supplementation.

Iodine Intake and Related Cognitive Function Impairments in Elementary Schoolchildren.

Simple SummaryThis is the first survey to show throughout the application of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children complete form, how the adverse effects of moderate iodine-deficiency negatively impair cognitive function in schoolchildren. The results obtained suggest differences in the cognitive profile of the children with moderate iodine-deficiency, denouncing several changes in specific mental functions which could attaining their full intellectual potential, resulting in a differentiated profile of intellectual development and may have some clinical value. Working memory, in our study seriously compromised in moderate iodine-deficient schoolchildren, is used to process, and store information during complex and demanding activities and it supports many activities that iodine-deficient children usually engage in at school. Given the heavy working memory demands of classroom instructions and daily activities, it is perhaps unsurprising that one of the key characteristics of the schoolchildren with moderate iodine-deficiency is poor educational attainment, thereby; iodine deficiency represents a significant risk factor for poor educational progress. For policy makers and governments, it is imperative to act against this iodine-deficiency epidemiology in the most urgent terms. Cognitive impairments represent huge costs for the region, affecting local productivity, economy, and the region´s development and economic potential.Iodine deficiency, the most common cause of preventable mental impairment worldwide, has been linked to poorer intellectual function in several studies. However, to our knowledge, no studies have been performed in moderate iodine-deficient schoolchildren using the complete form of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III; Portuguese version). The main purpose of this study was to ascertain whether moderate iodine deficiency would affect the cognitive function of schoolchildren (7–11 years old; 3rd and 4th grades). Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices (CPM; Portuguese version) were used for measuring the intelligence quotient (IQ) of the total population (n = 256; median UIC = 66.2 μg/L), and the WISC-III was used to study two selected subgroups: one moderately iodine-deficient (n = 30) and the other with adequate iodine intake (n = 30). WISC-III was shown to be the prime instrument for cognitive function assessment among moderate iodine-deficient schoolchildren; this subgroup had a Full-Scale IQ 15.13 points lower than the adequate iodine intake subgroup, with a magnitude effect of d = 0.7 (p = 0.013). Significant differences were also registered in 6 of the 13 Verbal-Performance IQ subtests. Moderate iodine deficiency has a substantial impact on mental development and cognitive functioning of schoolchildren, with significant impairment in both Performance IQ and Verbal IQ spectrum, adversely impacting their educational performance.

Assessment of Fluoride Content in Water and Its Impact on the Intelligence Quotient of School Children Aged 12–13 Years

The preliminary study was undertaken with the aim to assess the effect of fluoride content in water on the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) of school children aged 12-13 years residing in areas that differ with respect to fluoride levels. The IQ was measured using Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices in 90 children, who were life-long residents in three villages (30 children each) of similar population size but differing in the level of fluoride in drinking water. Urinary fluoride concentration was measured using the selective ion electrode technique. One-way ANOVA was used for the statistical analysis of the data. Results: Children who lived in locations with fluoride levels of 1.60, 6.70, or 2.80 parts per million in their drinking water had urinary fluoride concentrations of 1.60, 6.82, or 2.69 parts per million, and IQ scores of 16.77 + 8.24, 19.36 + 9.98, or 21.87 + 7.47, respectively. The results indicated that there was a positive correlation between excess fluoride in drinking water and IQ.

Intelligence and intellectual disability in children-research phases

The article reports on intelligence and intellectual disability, definitions and measurement tools are presented. A research was carried out in order to delimit two groups of preschoolers, with intellect either within the limit of typical development or within the limit of intellectual disability, by applying the Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices test. The results were evaluated using the statistical method, and in the result the groups of children were structured according to the criterion of the level of intelligence development.

Glut1 deficiency syndrome throughout life: clinical phenotypes, intelligence, life achievements and quality of life in familial cases

BackgroundGlut1 deficiency syndrome (Glut1-DS) is a rare metabolic encephalopathy. Familial forms are poorly investigated, and no previous studies have explored aspects of Glut1-DS over the course of life: clinical pictures, intelligence, life achievements, and quality of life in adulthood.Clinical, biochemical and genetic data in a cohort of familial Glut1-DS cases were collected from medical records. Intelligence was assessed using Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices and Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices in adults and children, respectively. An ad hoc interview focusing on life achievements and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire were administered to adult subjects.ResultsThe clinical picture in adults was characterized by paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia (PED) (80%), fatigue (60%), low intelligence (60%), epilepsy (50%), and migraine (50%). However, 20% of the adults had higher-than-average intelligence. Quality of Life (QoL) seemed unrelated to the presence of PED or fatigue in adulthood. An association of potential clinical relevance, albeit not statistically significant, was found between intelligence and QoL. The phenotype of familial Glut1-DS in children was characterized by epilepsy (83.3%), intellectual disability (50%), and PED (33%).ConclusionThe phenotype of familial Glut1-DS shows age-related differences: epilepsy predominates in childhood; PED and fatigue, followed by epilepsy and migraine, characterize the condition in adulthood. Some adults with familial Glut1-DS may lead regular and fulfilling lives, enjoying the same QoL as unaffected individuals. The disorder tends to worsen from generation to generation, with new and more severe symptoms arising within the same family. Epigenetic studies might be useful to assess the phenotypic variability in Glut1-DS.

Norm and Standardization Study for Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test, 5-9 Age Group.

The aim of the present study was to test the Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test for children in the 5-9 age group and to determine the psychometric attributes of this tool. Intelligence is a complex and abstract concept. Therefore, it is not possible to observe or measure directly. However, it helps experts to have an idea about the intelligence levels of people with the evaluation scales used. Nonverbal ability tests are also one of the assessment scale types used for this purpose. The study was conducted based on the general survey model. One district from each socioeconomic development region was selected via random assignment taking as a basis the socioeconomic development listing for the districts. The study was carried out with 753 children from 4 different socioeconomic development regions. Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test, Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-3, Colored Progressive Matrices Test, and Denver II Developmental Screening Test were used for data collection. Cronbach Alpha reliability, test-retest reliability, and parallel form reliability were calculated during Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test reliability analyses. For validity analysis, the level of correlation between Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test and Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-3 and Colored Progressive Matrices Test tests was examined. It was determined that Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test has high reliability with an average reliability coefficient of .88. High correlation was observed between the A and B forms of Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test A (r = 0.93, P < .001) and during the test-retest analyses (0.87, 0.88). A statistically significant difference was determined between the Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test scores and class level and age group, while a statistically significant difference could not be determined based on gender. A high, positive, and statistically significant correlation was determined between Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test and Colored Progressive Matrices Test (r = 0.84, P < .001), whereas a moderate, positive, and statistically significant correlation was determined between Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test and Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-3 (r = 0.52, P < .001). The findings illustrate that Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test is a valid and reliable intelligence test for measuring general intellectual ability and for assessing reasoning skills.

Multi-responsive graphene quantum dots hybrid self-healing structural color hydrogel for information encoding and encryption

Information security plays an important role in the era of big data. Attempts to improve security often require giving them more additional encryption strategies. Herein, a specially designed multi-responsive graphene quantum dots hybrid self-healing structural color hydrogel system was proposed. Firstly, monomers such as N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAM), and dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) were filled into the photonic crystal templates and then photo-cured. After hydrofluoric (HF) etching, the graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and the precursor solution containing dithiothreitol (DTT) and borax were filled into the inverse opal holes. Finally, the hybrid hydrogel integrating quantum dots and photonic crystals was prepared by curing at room temperature. The hybrid hydrogel exhibited excellent pH, temperature, and angle-responsive color-changing characteristics. Besides, it had fluorescent properties under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation and had photothermal conversion ability under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation. Furthermore, the hybrid hydrogel color matrix was prepared by utilizing its excellent quantum dots fluorescent properties, dynamically adjustable structural color, multi-responsive, and self-healing properties. Therefore, the color matrix formed by the hybrid hydrogel had strong information storage capacity and encoding capacity, which could perform various information encryption and decryption modes step-by-step. Furthermore, we developed a simple mini-program for the step-by-step identification and decryption process of the matrix, indicating that it had great practical value in the field of information security.

Analysis of Soil Fertility in Oil Palm Plantation (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) Smallholder Farmers in East Luwuk District, Banggai Regency

One of the factors that influence the production of oil palm plantations is the condition of the land favorable for their growth and development, especially regarding the physical and chemical properties of the soil and the status of soil fertility. The purpose of this study was to determine soil’s physical and chemical properties, as well as its fertility status on smallholder oil palm plantations. Soil sampling was conducted through a descriptive exploratory survey method, involving six sampling points and representing three oil palm ages (11, 16, and 22 years old). The soil chemical and fertility status were analyzed using the National Criteria of Soil Chemical Properties developed by Soil Research Institute and Five Major Soil Chemical Properties approach developed by Soil Research Center. All observed soil exhibited clay textures and varying soil color matrix. The soil had neutral acidity, medium to high base saturation/BS and cation exchange capacity/CEC, moderate P2O5, as well as low organic C and K2O. Soil fertility status on the entire sites were classified as low, which primarily caused by low soil organic C and K contents. In order to improve soil condition favorably for oil palm growth and development, further studies must be conducted using more direct approach, relating the oil palm requirement with current state of soil and land conditions.

Mapping Ecological Units in Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems of San Andrés Island (Southwestern Caribbean)

To map ecological units in mesophotic coral ecosystems on the western side of San Andrés Island (Colombia) considering biotic components and geomorphic zonation among 30–140 m deep, 27 video transects were done using an ROV. In total, 14 h of video were recorded and 5742 still images were extracted from them, from which 753 met quality criteria for bottom coverage and organisms’ abundance estimations. These estimates were calculated from images through the Planar-Point Intercept method (PPI) using a 1 m × 0.5 m quadrant gridded 0.1 m × 0.1 m. CLUSTER, SIMPROF, and SIMPER analysis of benthic composition considering depth ranges in the group’s formation were done. The clusters formed were simplified and generalized using a color matrix to support the mapping process. Two geomorphological units were found, the deep reef terrace (30–60 m) and the reef slope (60–357 m), overlapping with five ecological units spanning 268 ha. The units Bioturbed sediments–Calcareous algae, Octocorals–Mixed corals, and Octocorals–Sponges sited on the deep reef terrace have been previously described in the shallow waters of the island, and the units Octocorals–Sponges–Antipatharians and Encrusting Sponges sited on the reef slope are described as new here. These findings contribute to the knowledge of Caribbean mesophotic coral ecosystems and are useful to update the Colombian coral reef atlas.

Translucency parameter and color masking ability of CAD-CAM denture base materials against metal substrates.

To investigate the translucency parameters of traditional, milled, and 3D-printed denture base materials at 3 different thicknesses and the color masking ability of each material against a metallic background between different thicknesses. A traditional heat-polymerizing polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) (H-Lucitone) material was used as the control group. Two milled pre-polymerized resin blocks (M-Lucitone and IvoBase) and five 3D-printed denture base materials (P-Lucitone, Dentca LP, Dentca OP, Formlabs, and Kulzer) were used as experimental groups. A total of 240 samples, (n = 30, per material) were fabricated to a final specimen dimension of 12×12mm and in thicknesses of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0mm (n = 10 per thickness/material) according to themanufacturers' recommendations. The color coordinates (L*, a*, b*) in CIELab color space for all specimens placed against a white, black, and metallic background were measured with a spectrophotometer. The translucency parameters (TP00 ) at each thickness and the color differences between 1mm and 2 mm (dE00M1-2 ) and between 2 mm and 3 mm (dE00M2-3 ) against the metallic background were calculated with the CIEDE2000 color matrix. Comparisons between the groups for differences in TP00 were made using One-way ANOVA separately for each thickness. Comparisons of groups and materials for differences in dE00M1-2 and dE00M2-3 were made using Two-way ANOVA and Fisher's Protected Least Significant Differences (α = 0.05). The TP00 decreased with increasing thickness in all 8 material groups. All 3D-printed materials, except P-Lucitone, had higher TP00 than milled pre-polymerized resin materials (M-Lucitone and IvoBase), and traditional heat-polymerizing PMMA (H-Lucitone) material (P<.001) at all thicknesses. In the 1 mm and 2 mm thickness, heat-polymerizing acrylic resin (H-Lucitone) had the lowest TP00 , and in the 3 mm thickness, milled acrylic resin (M-Lucitone and IVOBase) had had lowest TP00 (p < 0.001). All material groups had significantly lower values of dE00M2-3 than dE00M1-2 (p < 0.001). The color differences dE00M2-3 were significantly lower in H-Lucitone, M-Lucitone, P-Lucitone, and IvoBase groups than in other materials, while the color difference of dE00M1-2 was significantly lower in H-Lucitone, P-Lucitone and Dentca LP than other materials (p < 0.001). The results from this study provide clinicians and dental technicians with information regarding the selection of denture base materials to achieve desired color masking outcomes, according to available prosthetic space. Thicker prostheses significantly improved the color masking abilities of denture acrylic resins against a metallic background. In a thickness of 1 and 2 mm, the heat-polymerizing acrylic resin had a lower translucency parameter and better color masking ability. When the prosthesis thickness reached 3 mm, the milled acrylic resin had a lower translucency parameter and better color masking ability. When compared to the heat-polymerizing resin and milled acrylic resin materials, except for one 3D-printing resin (P-Lucitone), the color masking abilities of the remaining 3D-printing resin materials were low, regardless of prosthesis thickness.

A Dihydroazulene-Based Photofluorochromic AIE System for Rewritable 4D Information Encryption.

Dynamic patterns based on luminescent materials play an essential role in the digital age. However, it is still challenging to develop highly emissive photofluorochromic materials with dynamic behaviors to store information with multiple characteristics. Here, we report a series of dihydroazulene-based compounds which show typical aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect. Moreover, the photo-switching ability of the dihydroazulene units, undergoing light-induced ring-opening, enables photofluorochromic properties. The photofluorochromism also shows quantitively described responses to time and temperature via a reverse ring-closing process. Ultimately, a rewritable 4D information system, embedded with a quick response code, dot matrix with microstructures, color matrix of fluorescence, and time/temperature-dependent intensity change, is established with dynamic patterns. This work not only develops a dynamic AIE skeleton with photofluorochromic properties but also provides a new strategy for information encryption and cybernetics.

A Dihydroazulene‐Based Photofluorochromic AIE System for Rewritable 4D Information Encryption

AbstractDynamic patterns based on luminescent materials play an essential role in the digital age. However, it is still challenging to develop highly emissive photofluorochromic materials with dynamic behaviors to store information with multiple characteristics. Here, we report a series of dihydroazulene‐based compounds which show typical aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) effect. Moreover, the photo‐switching ability of the dihydroazulene units, undergoing light‐induced ring‐opening, enables photofluorochromic properties. The photofluorochromism also shows quantitively described responses to time and temperature via a reverse ring‐closing process. Ultimately, a rewritable 4D information system, embedded with a quick response code, dot matrix with microstructures, color matrix of fluorescence, and time/temperature‐dependent intensity change, is established with dynamic patterns. This work not only develops a dynamic AIE skeleton with photofluorochromic properties but also provides a new strategy for information encryption and cybernetics.

Bender-Gestalt II Test: Psychometric Properties with Global Scoring System on a Turkish Standardization Sample

ABSTRACT The present study aims to standardize the Bender-Gestalt II Test by exploring its psychometric properties on a Turkish sample between the ages of 4 and 17 years and to obtain its normative values. The standardization sample consisted of 2691 students aged 4.0–17.11 years/months from low, middle, and high socioeconomic statuses, attending preschool, primary, and high school education. The participants were administered the Bender-Gestalt II Test and other tests, including the Gesell Developmental Schedules test, Colored Progressive Matrices Test, Goodenough Draw-a-Man Test, Test of Nonverbal Intelligence, Raven Standard Progressive Matrices Test, and Visual-Aural Digit Span Test-Revised Form, according to their age groups. The results revealed the absolute agreement values of the Copy items to be between .87 and .98. Thereafter, we calculated the test-retest reliability coefficients of the Copy scores to range from .74 to .67 by age groups, while the split-half reliability coefficients for each age group were between .62 and .87. The results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggested its single-factor structure for all age groups. The Copy scores showed significant correlations and predicted the criterion characteristics, which include general cognitive ability, mental development/fine motor skills, short-term memory, and attention. Overall, the present study confirmed that the Bender-Gestalt II Test is a valid, reliable, and standardized measure to evaluate the visual-motor integration ability of those aged 4.0–17.11 years/months.