Color Identity Research Articles

Trace-fiber color discrimination by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: a tool for the analysis of dyes extracted from submillimeter nylon fibers.

The application of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to trace-fiber color analysis is explored using acidic dyes commonly employed to color nylon-based fibers, as well as extracts from dyed nylon fibers. Qualitative information about constituent dyes and quantitative information about the relative amounts of those dyes present on a single fiber become readily available using this technique. Sample requirements for establishing the color identity of different samples (i.e., comparative trace-fiber analysis) are shown to be submillimeter. Absolute verification of dye mixture identity (beyond the comparison of molecular weights derived from ESI-MS) can be obtained by expanding the technique to include tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). For dyes of unknown origin, the ESI-MS/MS analyses may offer insights into the chemical structure of the compound-information not available from chromatographic techniques alone. This research demonstrates that ESI-MS is viable as a sensitive technique for distinguishing dye constituents extracted from a minute amount of trace-fiber evidence. A protocol is suggested to establish/refute the proposition that two fibers--one of which is available in minute quantity only--are of the same origin.

Racial Identity, the Apartheid State, and the Limits of Political Mobilization and Democratic Reform in South Africa: The Case of the University of the Western

In this article I examine how a so-called "bush" college designated under Apartheid for the education of Coloured (mixed-race) students contributed to the radicalization of South Africa's Western Cape region. The creation of the University of the Western Cape (UWC) was part of an Apartheid divide and rule strategy to inhibit the development of political alliances between mixed-race and indigenous African peoples. However, in 1982, UWC rejected the use of Apartheid classifications for selecting entrants, thereby establishing the country's first non-racial, open admissions policy. UWC paid a price for its principled efforts, as the Apartheid regime slashed state subsidies and engaged the institution in a protracted legal and ideological struggle over the right to determine its own educational policies. Viewing UWC's transformation as microcosm of the country's negotiated settlement to end Apartheid, the article concludes with a critical discussion of Coloured identity and the limits of democratic reform in post-Apartheid South Africa.

Fuzzy color-image retrieval

In this paper, we propose for the first time an application of fuzzy relations in fuzzy set theory to the measure of color identity, where a membership function is used as a measure of the similarity, and a fuzzy-match of two colors is defined by the α-cut fuzzy relation. Besides, a fuzzy-search process of color histograms is developed for the first time to save from massive unnecessary calculations. Experimental results in the application to color-image retrieval confirm the advantages of our approach in both accuracy and efficiency of the color-image retrieval, as predicted in our theoretical analysis.

Framing the Abortion Debarte: Organizational Resources, Media Strategies, and Movement-Countermovement Dynamics

This study examines how ideologically opposed social movement organizations, the National Organization for Women (NOW) and Concerned Women for America (CWA), get media coverage during critical moments of the abortion debate. I analyze how organizational structure and identitate or constrain a social movement organization's ability to get mainstream media coverage. Specifically, I use the social movement framing literature to analyze how the organizations strategically construct media frames and packages in response to opposition, the tactics they use to get media coverage, and the relative success of each organization's efforts in mass media outlets. The analysis suggests that an organization's media strategy matters, but that organizational structure and organizational identity color these strategies.

Visual memory for random block patterns defined by luminance and color contrast

We studied the ability of human subjects to memorize the visual information in computer-generated random block patterns defined either by luminance contrast, by color contrast, or by both. Memory performance declines rapidly with increasing inter-stimulus interval, showing a half-life of approximately 3 s. We further show that memory performance declines with eccentricity approximately as a Gaussian function of position. Memory decay functions did not depend on whether the patterns were defined by luminance or color contrast. Changing both luminance and color components of block patterns in conjunction did not improve performance suggesting a single memory mechanism is used to store luminance and color derived pattern information. Our results further suggest that color identity (hue, saturation) and pattern information extracted from color- or luminance-contrast are stored independently of each other.

‘The Aboriginal version of Ken Done …’. Banal Aboriginal identities in Australia

ABSTRACT Histories of representation of Blackness are quite distinct in Australia and in America. Indigenous Australian identities have been consistently ‘fatal’, in Baudrillard's use of that term. So, while Black American representation includes intensely banal images of middle-class, materialistic individuals, such histories are largely absent in the Australian context. This implies that the few such representations which do occur — and particularly those of everyday game shows such as Sale of the Century and Family Feud — are particularly important for presenting a trivial, unexciting version of Aboriginality. This also clarifies the distinction between American and Australian versions of Blackness, and suggests that the latter set of representations might be more usefully viewed in relation to Native American rather than Black American images. The status of indigeneity might prove to be more relevant to Australian Aboriginal representation than the previously favoured identity of skin colour (Blackness).

A non-perturbative effect in deep inelastic scattering

The HERA data at large Q 2 and small- x investigate large distances on the light-cone. At such large distances the scattered quarks can maintain their colour identity, i.e. they remain colour non-singlets and confined, by polarizing the vacuum as they transfer energy to it. We calculate the probability for the creation of quark-antiquark pairs from the polarized QCD vacuum and their contribution to the structure function.

DIFFERENTIAL VOCALIZATION IN BUDGERIGARS: TOWARDS AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF NAMING

In Experiment 1, 3 budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) were trained with food reinforcement to make low- or high-frequency calls in response to different color stimuli, C1 and C2 (a color-naming task), using a gradual response-differentiation procedure and an automatic call-recognition system. Thus, a call within a certain frequency band was reinforced in the presence of C1 ("C1 call"), and a call within a different band was reinforced in the presence of C2 ("C2 call"). In Experiment 2, all 3 budgerigars were trained in a form-to-color matching-to-sample task, alternating trial by trial with either the color-naming task (2 birds) or an identity color matching-to-sample task (1 bird). Sample stimuli for the new matching-to-sample task were forms (F1 or F2) and comparisons were the same two colors (C1 and C2). Given Sample F1 or F2, birds had to make a call to produce Comparison Pair C1 and C2. With F1 as the sample, a peck on C1 was reinforced; with F2 as the sample, a peck on C2 was reinforced. Although no particular call was specified in the presence of F1 and F2, 2 birds made the C1 call in the presence of F1 and the C2 call in the presence of F2. In Experiment 3, the bird that failed to match form and color calls in Experiment 2 and another bird were first trained in a color-to-form matching-to-sample task: C1 to F3 and C2 to F4. In this task, to produce the comparison pair of forms, a high call (or low for the other bird) was required in the presence of C1, and a low call (or high) was required in the presence of C2. Both birds were then trained with an identity matching-to-sample task in which sample and comparison stimuli were the same two forms, F3 and F4. Trials on the identity task alternated with the color-to-form trials. Although no particular call was required in the presence of Samples F3 and F4, both birds came to make the C1 call in the presence of F3 and the C2 call in the presence of F4. Our technique promises to be useful for the study of emergent vocal relations in budgerigars and other animals.

Coloured Identity and the Politics of Coloured Education: The Origin of the Teachers' League of South Africa

The Teachers' League of South Africa (the TLSA) was inaugurated in Cape Town in June 1913 as the first professional association expressly for Coloured teachers. 1 To the League's founders and to Cape society as a whole it appeared self-evident that Coloureds would want to form their own organizations and promote their own group interest. With hindsight, however, it is clear that the reasons for the establishment of the League were neither as manifest nor as uncomplicated as contemporaries assumed. The League was a product of deep-rooted historical forces and complex social currents that had been transforming Southern African society during the previous decades. Why then, did the desire for a racially exclusive Coloured teachers' organization arise in South Africa at that time? The answer to this question ultimately lies in the emergence of a Coloured identity within the racially stratified Cape society during the nineteenth century and the concomitant development of a separatist political strategy among Coloureds.

On the theory of compound colours, and the relations of the colours of the spectrum

On the theory of compound colours, and the relations of the colours of the spectrum

Age differences in letter and color matching: selective attention or internal noise?

We tested healthy young and older adults on a letter-matching task that varied letter identity and letter color (Experiment 1) and on a color matching task that varied letter color and letter identity (Experiment 2). The goal of this investigation was to empirically disentangle the theoretical concepts of internal noise and selective attention. The results from Experiment 1 indicated that both young and older adults exhibited "fast-same" effects for reaction time and "false-different" effects for errors, and older adults exhibited a relatively larger "false-different" effect. However, letter color did not affect performance. The data from Experiment 2 indicated that older adults, compared with young adults, evidenced greater interference from "different-similar" letter pairs than "different-dissimilar" letter pairs even though the task was color matching. These data suggest that older adults evidenced greater levels of internal noise, and that this factor may modulate age differences in selective attention.

The Sons of Ham: Slavery and the Making of Coloured Identity

The Sons of Ham: Slavery and the Making of Coloured Identity

Coloured Dilemmas - Between the Wire and the Wall: a History of South African ‘Coloured’ Politics. By Gavin Lewis. Cape Town and Johannesburg: David Philip; New York: St Martin's Press, 1987. Pp. x + 339. R. 23.85. - Making Race: the Politics and Economics of Coloured Identity in South Africa. By Ian Goldin. London and New York: Longman, 1988. Pp.

Coloured Dilemmas - Between the Wire and the Wall: a History of South African ‘Coloured’ Politics. By Gavin Lewis. Cape Town and Johannesburg: David Philip; New York: St Martin's Press, 1987. Pp. x + 339. R. 23.85. - Making Race: the Politics and Economics of Coloured Identity in South Africa. By Ian Goldin. London and New York: Longman, 1988. Pp. xxx + 295. £12.00 (paperback). - Volume 30 Issue 2

Making Race: The Politics and Economics of Coloured Identity in South Africa

Making Race: The Politics and Economics of Coloured Identity in South Africa

Identity, self‐esteem and evaluation of colour and ethnicity in young children in Jamaica and London

Identity, self‐esteem and evaluation of colour and ethnicity in young children in Jamaica and London

Color Identification and Nomenclature: A History

This article may be incomplete and it may have omissions, but the author has tried his best to research past and present and to describe briefly some of the more important collections of colors assembled to establish graphic records of color identities and color names.

Negative encoding in a language retarded group

Deaf children were presented with a pair of colours comprising a constantly presented option and an occasionally presented option, and were trained always to choose the latter. They were then required to transmit the solution of the problem to a naive subject, under the conditions that they knew that the receiver had the constant, wrong colour and one other colour which altered between trials, but without knowing the identity of the other colour. Because he could only identify the wrong choice, the best solution for the transmitter was to instruct the decoder not to choose the constantly presented colour. The choices made by naive receivers were no better than for subjects who lacked instructions from transmitters who had previously learned not to choose the constant colour. Only experienced receivers, those who had previously acted as transmitters, showed facilitation after repeated trials. A message analysis revealed that negative items were not used. It was concluded that negative forms were not fully integrated into the productive system of these children, and that the primacy of positives previously evident in comprehension has now been demonstrated in production.

Binocular Rivalry and Stereoscopic Depth Perception

An investigation was made of stimulus factors causing retinal rivalry or allowing stereoscopic depth perception, given a requisite positional disparity. It is shown that similar colour information can be “filtered” out from both eyes; that stereopsis is not incompatible with rivalry and suppression of one aspect of the stimulus, and that the strongest cue for perception of stereoscopic depth is intensity difference at the boundaries of the figures in the same direction at each eye. Identity of colour can also act as a cue for stereopsis. The brightness of different monocular figures seen in the stereoscope in different combinations was estimated by a matching technique, and it is suggested that the perceived brightness is a compromise between the monocular brightness difference between figure and ground seen in relation to the binocular fused background, and the mean brightness of the figures. The results are discussed in terms of neurophysiological “on,” “off” and continuous response fibres.

Inquiry Into the Identity of the Green Colour From the Spine of the Sea Pike

Inquiry Into the Identity of the Green Colour From the Spine of the Sea Pike

III. The estimation of high temperatures by the method of colour identity

Synopsis 1. 1. Preliminary experiments are described on the method of “colour identity” adapted to the estimation of the temperature of incandescent substances such as metal or carbon radiating in the open; by this method the “true” temperature of certain bodies as distinct from their “black body” temperatures can be arrived at with a very fair degree of accuracy. 2. 2. By the colour-identity method the total luminous radiation (white light) from a black body is made identical in colour with that from the incandescent metal under examination by adjusting the temperature of the black body until there is colour identity in the field of a Lummer-Brodhun photometer. 3. 3. Comparisons are made of the results so obtained with those obtained by other methods, and the colour-identity method is shown to give the correct result for melting platinum. 4. 4. Formulae are deduced, based on the fundamental theories of energy radiation and the sensitivity of the eye, connecting the temperature of carbon and tungsten filam...