Coloured Glass Bottles Research Articles

A Study of Physico-Chemical Properties in the Sombrero and Orashi Rivers in the Niger Delta

This study evaluates the physico-chemical parameters in parts of the Sombrero and Orashi Rivers (Agba-Ndele and Ikiri) in the Niger Delta over three months (June to August 2024). Parameters were obtain from the down, mid and up stream, and determined based on standard oceanographic methods PHA, 2004. The surface water samples were collected at a depth of above 15-20cm dark coloured glass bottles measuring 250ml, were used for DO/BOD and water collected were also used for general purpose analysis. The results indicate that Agba-Ndele River exhibited higher turbidity (2.43–2.04 NTU), total suspended solids (3.41–4.12 mg/l), and biological oxygen demand (0.7–3.7 mg/l), alongside lower dissolved oxygen (3.3–7.07 mg/l) levels. In contrast, the Ikiri River displayed lower turbidity (0.80–1.86 NTU), total suspended solids (1.60–3.88 mg/l), and biological oxygen demand (1.5–2.1 mg/l), with higher dissolved oxygen levels (6.3–6.22 mg/l). Chemical oxygen demand ranged from 0.873–5.06 mg/l for Agba-Ndele and 0.813–4.42 mg/l for Ikiri. Both rivers had alkaline pH values (8.43–9.98), with electrical conductivity measuring 12.36–14.20 µs for Agba-Ndele and 4.56–12.99 µs for Ikiri. The result further showed that Nutrient analysis indicated phosphate levels of 5.582–6.740 mg/l for Agba-Ndele and 5.083–7.011 mg/l for Ikiri, while nitrate concentrations were 0.950–2.927 mg/l for Agba-Ndele and 1.373–3.469 mg/l for Ikiri. The findings indicate that both rivers face distinct water quality challenges, showing signs of stress from industrial activities, agricultural runoff, urbanization, and other anthropogenic activities. This research underscores the need for targeted water quality management strategies to safeguard these vital ecosystems and support community health and resilience in the Niger Delta.

Flint glass bottles cause white wine aroma identity degradation

Due to marketing recommendations, white wines are often bottled in flint glass to improve aesthetics and showcase wine color. Although this practice is known to cause a wine fault, the influence of light on the fruity and flowery aromatic profile of wine is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes to the white wine volatilome under typical supermarket shelf conditions, using 1,052 bottles of 24 white wines. After only 7 d of shelf life in flint glass bottles, a dramatic loss in terpenes (10 to 30%) and norisoprenoids (30 to 70%) was recorded, whereas colored glass bottles did not evidence such behavior even after 50 d, and darkness preserved the wine's fruity and flowery aromatic integrity. We also proposed an alternative mechanism for the insurgence of the lightstrike off-odor, which takes the varietal aroma loss into account. In light of this understanding of the flint glass negative impact on white wine aroma identity and sensorial character, this packaging should be strongly discouraged. The same findings should be valid for a wide range of several daily consumed foodstuff where transparent packaging is used.

Detection of explosive materials and their precursors through translucent commercial bottles using spatially offset Raman spectroscopy using excitation wavelength in visible range

The detection and analysis of hazardous materials through opaque barriers is important for law enforcement agencies. Conventional Raman spectroscopy provides fingerprint signatures of materials but lacks the ability to detect materials through opaque containers. Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) overcomes the limitation of conventional Raman spectroscopy and allows the detection of materials through most commercial bottles and packaging materials. Moreover, SORS has the potential to detect hazardous materials through colored glass bottles, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles, Teflon layers, etc., which is required in the screening of commercial packaging at airports and other vital facilities. SORS was investigated in the visible range with a 532-nm excitation source for the detection of urea and sodium nitrate through commercial packaging, i.e., a white HDPE bottle with a thickness of 1 mm. The effects of the spatial offset and integration time on the Raman spectra of the contents and container were evaluated. The trend of the change in the relative contributions from the contents and container was studied by varying the offset and integration time. P-nitrobenzoic acid was detected through the colored bottles in the study of reduction of fluorescence in the SORS effect.

Development of Bio‐analytical Methodology and Physico‐chemical Characterization of Novel Compound RED

ObjectiveThis study was carried out to develop the analytical methodology and limited characterization of the novel compound codenamed RED. The structure of the novel molecule is being withheld to protect the intellectual rights and patent issues involved.IntroductionThe molecule under investigation is a novel molecule that is custom manufactured for research purpose only. It is believed to have anti‐cancer activity and thus is a subject of interest and investigation.MethodThe UV‐Visble absorption spectra of the compound is established. A reverse phase liquid chromatographic method is developed to separate RED from its close structural analogs code named RmBr, RpM and RPh using a Xorbax Eclipse XDB‐C18 as stationary phase. The mobile phase is a combination of acetonitrile and water used in a continuously changing concentration gradient. Standard curve was prepared between concentrations of 0.5–10 mcg/ml with RmBr as internal standard; limit of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) was established. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out. The solubility of the compound in water, water containing 5% DMSO and water containing 5% DMSO and 5% Cremaphor was established by vortexing and ultra‐centrifugation. The stability profile of the compound in water and water containing 5% DMSO and 5% Cremaphor is established in glass and polypropylene container.ResultsWithin the specified range the standard curve yielded a slope of 0.1631 (±0.0045) and an intercept of 0.0035 (±0.0054) and good linearity (R2≥0.999). RED solubilities are found to be 0.34, 0.7 and above 5 mcg/ml in water, 5% DMSO and 5% DMSO+5% Cremaphor ( a commonly used bio‐compatible solubilizing agent) respectively. The compound is found to be stable (≥90% of original content) for more than 7, 9 and 7 days in water, 5% DMSO and 5% DMSO+5% Cremaphor respectively when preserved in room temperature in glass containers. However, the compound Red rapidly degenerates when kept in room temperature in polypropylene bottles. The shelf life (>90% of original) of Red in polypropylene containers in room temperature is less than a day. The stability studies were carried out in both transparent and amber colored glass bottles, the compound was found to stable up to 7 days. The stability is not dependent on light within the time period of investigation.ConclusionThe project is successful in establishing an analytical methodology for RED that is repeatable, robust, accurate and precise in the range. The solubility and stability of the compound in common aqueous solvents have been established. More work is required achieve a complete physico‐chemical characterization of compound.Support or Funding Information*This work has been financially supported by University of Findlay, College of Pharmacy fundsThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Solar powered desalination system using Fresnel lens

The Philippines is surrounded by coastal areas and these areas can be a potential source for potable water. This study aims to design and construct a solar powered desalination system using Fresnel lens. The experimental study was conducted using polluted salt water for the sample and desalination was carried out using the designed system. The desalination system was composed of the solar concentrator, solar still and the condenser system. The Fresnel lens was made of acrylic plastic and was an effective solar concentrator. Solar stills made of dark colored glass bottles were effective in absorbing the solar energy. The condenser system made of polybutylene and polystyrene were effective in condensing the vapor at ambient temperature. The shortest time of vaporization of the salt water was at 293 sec and the optimum angle of position of the lens was 36.42°. The amount of condensate collected was directly proportional to the amount of salt water in the solar still. The highest mean efficiency of the designed set-up was 34.82%. The water produced by the solar powered desalination system using Fresnel lens passed the standards set by WHO (World Health Organization) for drinking water.

Analysis of pre-ignited improvised incendiary devices using portable Raman

In this work, the use of a portable Raman spectrometer is evaluated for the non-invasive analysis of two types of pre-ignited improvised incendiary devices (IIDs), the classic Molotov cocktails and the chemical ignition Molotov cocktails (CIMCs). The most common ignitable liquids (ILs) used to make classic Molotov cocktails (gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene and ethanol) were measured in seven different clear and colored glass bottles to evaluate if the container features could hamper the Raman measurements. The results showed that the portable Raman spectrometer can be employed to detect ILs in glass bottles without disturbances. Chemical changes on the ILs are produced when they are mixed with acid; therefore, to evaluate the use of the portable Raman spectrometer for the analysis of CIMCs required an investigation of how time and movement influence the measurements. Thus, two different IL–sulfuric acid mixtures commonly used to make CIMCs (gasoline–sulfuric acid and diesel fuel–sulfuric acid) were measured over time under static and motion conditions. In spite of the intense fluorescence encountered in both CIMCs, it was possible to identify the acid and the gasoline for the first hours of the reaction both in the static and motion experiments. Concerning the diesel fuel present in the CIMC, it underwent instantaneous chemical changes under both measurement conditions, showing high fluorescence that impeded its identification. In view of the results achieved, the portable Raman spectrometer can be a useful instrument for the rapid, non-invasive and safe analysis of pre-ignited IIDs.

High performance optical trace oxygen sensors based on NIR-emitting benzoporphyrins covalently coupled to silicone matrixes

New robust optical sensors for measurement of low oxygen concentrations are presented. The simple synthesis of a new Pt(II) and Pd(II)-benzoporphyrin indicator and the subsequent modification via Suzuki-coupling to introduce reactive styrene groups are shown. These indicators have excellent photophysical properties like high brightness, good photostability and NIR emission. A highly mechanically and chemically stable oxygen-permeable silicon rubber matrix was prepared by curing polysiloxane pre-polymers using the catalytic hydrosilylation reaction. The new indicator dyes act as crosslinkers in this reaction and are covalently immobilised into the matrix which prevents aggregation and leaching of the dye. Differently substituted polysiloxane pre-polymers were used in order to fine-tune the sensitivity of the sensor. In contrast to most state-of-the-art oxygen sensors the Stern–Volmer plots are ideally linear in the relevant measurement range which ensures simple (re)calibration. The sensors show very fast response <1 and KSV values between 0.082 and 0.141hPa−1 when using Pt(II)-benzoporphyrin and 0.921hPa−1 when using Pd(II)-benzoporphyrin. To illustrate potential applications of these oxygen sensors, the measurement of oxygen diffusion through cork-sealed colored glass bottles is demonstrated.

Improving the Olive Oil Yield and Quality Through Enzyme-Assisted Mechanical Extraction, Antioxidants and Packaging

The present article investigates the use of different enzymes viz. pectinase, cellulase and pectinase CCM alone or in combinations to enhance olive oil recovery and quality. The enzymatic treatment significantly (P < 0.05) increased the oil yield and clarity of oil without adversely affecting the quality parameters. The combination of pectinase + cellulase (1:1) at 0.05% gave maximum oil recovery (11.0%), clarity (optical density = 0.242) and total phenols (165 mg/kg) compared with untreated samples. The oils showed increase in free fatty acid contents (0.82–2.95%), peroxide value (7.30–16.50 meq/kg), K232 (1.2–2.2), K270 (0.08–0.20) while decrease in iodine value (80.0–78.0) and total phenols (165–139 mg/kg) during 6 months of storage. The overall acceptability scores of oils packed in colored glass bottles with the addition of antioxidant tert-butyl hydroquinone were above 7.50 and placed in the category of “liked very much”. Practical Applications Olive oil is edible, containing essential vitamins, fatty acids and other natural elements of dietetic importance and is known for its anti-ulcer and plasma cholesterol lowering properties. Around ∼24% of the oil is not extractable using the existing oil extraction technologies and this part of oil either remains incorporated into the olive cake or lost in the effluent water. In this research, enzymatic treatments and different packaging materials were successfully used to enhance oil recovery and shelf life. The combination of pectinase + cellulase (1:1) gave maximum oil recovery while storage life enhanced up to 6 months under ambient conditions when oil packed in colored glass bottles with the addition of antioxidant tert-butyl hydroquinone. Therefore, the developed technology will help olive processors to extract more quality oil and also ensure the availability of oil for longer time.

Non-invasive identification of incoming raw pharmaceutical materials using Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy

A new approach to verification of incoming raw materials through packaging in pharmaceutical manufacturing is proposed and demonstrated. The method is based around Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) and permits a rapid chemical identity analysis of incoming materials to satisfy regulatory requirements but without the need to open the packaging. This dramatically increases the throughput of incoming raw materials into the pharmaceutical manufacturing chain and eliminates the need for a chemically safe sampling environment required for invasive inspection methods. Since the inspection is non-invasive the safety of the operators is ensured and the integrity of inspected material is not compromised by preventing exposure to the ambient atmosphere and cross contamination. The experiments presented here demonstrate the ability to accurately identify common pharmaceutical materials, typically in under 10s acquisition time, through a range of frequently used packaging, including translucent plastic and paper sacks and coloured glass bottles, which can be challenging for conventional Raman spectroscopy as well as other optical spectroscopy methods. With the exception of metallic containers and cardboard drums all the tested packaging materials proved to be amenable to this technique. This demonstrates the viability of this new rapid verification method for non-invasive materials identification in pharmaceutical manufacture.

Effect of Tropical Climatic Conditions on the Stability of Cefaclor Dry Powder for Suspensions

Purpose: Two critical factors that govern the stability of pharmaceutical formulations in the tropics are humidity and temperature. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of moisture sorption at two different storage conditions on Cefaclor dry powder for oral suspension and predict the effect of moisture interaction on the reconstituted formulations Method: Cefaclor dry powder for suspension formulation was taken as a model formulation for this study. Different formulations were manufactured and placed in twelve amber coloured glass bottles for each test condition. One set of bottles was sealed by heat induction technique under vacuum to ensure the integrity of the seal while the other set was without a seal but had a child-resistant cap. Both types of bottles were stored in humidity chambers at 30°C/65%RH or 40°C/75%RH. Weight changes were monitored on a dynamic moisture balance over a period of 3 months. Results: The results were recorded in terms of moisture content, colour, and excipient interaction and their effect on product appearance. The data were analyzed using Students t-test and one way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and differences were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. Conclusions: The study revealed that the product with enhanced packaging and also contained nonwater soluble colourants were more protected against the deleterious effects of moisture and temperature. The findings provide an insight into a possible approach for formulating moisture-sensitive pharmaceutical products, especially dry powder preparations for use in the tropics.Keywords: Dry powder for suspension; Moisture content; Colour; Stability; Moisture migration; Interaction

913 色付き廃ガラスを原料とした発泡化ガラスによる屋上緑化用基盤の開発(GS-3 実機・実物)

913 色付き廃ガラスを原料とした発泡化ガラスによる屋上緑化用基盤の開発(GS-3 実機・実物)

Comparison of non-invasive NIR and Raman spectrometries for determination of alcohol content of spirits

The suitability of non-invasive NIR and Raman spectrometries for determination of % ethanol content has been investigated. Samples of whisky, vodka and sugary alcoholic drinks were analysed in 200 mL (flat) and 700 mL (round) glass bottles. The NIR spectrometer used double transmission measurements and was limited mainly to analysis of the signal produced at about 10,000 cm −1 by water and ethanol in the samples. The Raman measurements, produced using a 785 nm laser, were based on a sharp signal from ethanol at 880 cm −1. A multivariate calibration model, based on a combined PCA–PLS algorithm, was required for analysis by NIR spectrometry, whereas a univariate calibration model was suitable for Raman spectrometry. Both techniques were limited to measurements in clear glass bottles as strong absorption/fluorescence occurred with coloured glass bottles. Bottle-to-bottle variations contributed the largest uncertainty to the measurements obtained for a 20% (v/v) ethanol solution in flat bottles: 2.3% R.S.D. for NIR spectrometry and 2.2% R.S.D. for Raman spectrometry. For 700 mL round bottles, which have stricter manufacturing tolerances on glass thickness, the bottle-to-bottle variability for Raman spectrometry was 1.4% R.S.D. When spirit samples with ethanol concentrations in the range 19.9–61.7% (v/v) were analysed, the precision (average R.S.D.) was 0.4 and 0.5% for NIR (flat bottles) and Raman (round bottles) spectrometries, respectively, and the average accuracy was 2.1 and 2.9%, respectively. When a calibration model constructed from NIR data acquired on 1 day was applied to data sets collected over a 15-day period, the average error was 3.9%.

Effect of pH and type of formulation on the persistence of imidacloprid in water.

Imidacloprid [ 1-[(6-Chloro-3 -Pyridinyl) methyl ]- N-nitro -2- Imidazolidinimine] is a newly introduced broad spectrum systemic insecticide in the Indian subcontinent by M/s. Bayer India Ltd.. This new chloronicotinyl compound is fairly soluble in water as compared to other non-polar insecticides (Kagabu 1997). It is effective against sucking insects, soil insects, termites and some species of chewing insects and is used as seed dressing, soil treatments and foliar treatment in different crop (Tomlin 1994). Some information regarding the fate of imidacloprid in soil are available (Cox et al. 1997; Rouchaud et al. 1994; 1996 ). Photolysis of the insecticide in aqueous solution was reported by Moza et al. (1998). But little is known about its persistence behaviour in water. The objective of the present investigation is to evaluate the effect of pH of water as well as the type of formulations on the persistence behaviour of imidacloprid in aqueous solution. MATERIALS AND METHODS Analytical grade imidacloprid (purity 99%) and its two formulations - Confidor 200 SL and Gaucho 70 WS were obtained from Ms. Bayer India Ltd.. The reagents used were of analytical grade and the solvents were HPLC grade. The buffer solutions (Titrisol of pH - 4.0, 7.0 and 9.0, E. Merck India Ltd.) were added @ 50mL/500mL of water (HPLC grade) and are designated as A, B and C respectively. 100 ml of these buffered solutions were taken in amber colored glass bottles. Contidor 200 SL (0.5 g) was dissolved in 1.0 L of water (100 µg/mL a.i.) and suitably diluted to 1.0 µg/mL of imidacloprid in the final solution. From this stock solution, Confidor 200 SL (imidacloprid) was applied @ 0.078 mg/L a.i. (T1) and 0.155 mg/L a.i. (T2) in different batches of water (A, B, C) in three replicate numbers. Seven such sets were prepared for sampling at 0, 7, 15, 20, 30, 45 and 60 d after application of the pesticide. All the bottles were kept under room temperature (30 ± 5°C). Solution of Gaucho 70 WS (0.5 g/L) was also prepared (350 µg / mL a.i.) in the same manner, diluted to 1.0 µg/mL of imidacloprid and was applied to different sets of water as described above.

Laboratory-Scale System to Process Ultrahigh-Temperature Milk

A laboratory-scale, indirect, ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) system was constructed using stainless steel tubing (6.35 mm) as the barrier between the heating agent and the product. Nitrogen gas under 80 psi pressure propelled milk through the tubing of the system. The milk was preheated in a hot water bath, brought to sterilization temperature in an oil bath, and held at this temperature in a holding tube. After leaving the holding tube, the milk was cooled rapidly in an ice-water bath and aseptically collected in 250-ml amber colored glass bottles in a glove box. The system effectively sterilized milk with carefully controlled temperature and time.

Chemists' Coloured Glass Bottles

Chemists' Coloured Glass Bottles

Chemists' Coloured Glass Bottles

Chemists' Coloured Glass Bottles

Chemists' Coloured Glass Bottles

Chemists' Coloured Glass Bottles

Chemists' coloured glass bottles

Chemists' coloured glass bottles

Chemists' coloured glass bottles

Chemists' coloured glass bottles