Color Zones Research Articles

Collaborative Study of a Proposed Method for the Determination of Primary and Subsidiary Dye Components of D&C Red No. 21 (Tetrabromofluorescein)

Abstract The method proposed by Hanig and Koch, This Journal, 46, 1010 (1963), was studied collaboratively. Recoveries of total dye ranged from 90.45 to 106.32%. The method will be studied further to obtain cleaner and more sharply defined color zones and to see whether fluorescence can be minimized.

Shape of the red and green color zone gradients.

Color sensitivity at the boundaries of the red and green zones along the 270° meridian was explored by a cumulative frequency-of-seeing method. The green zone was found to fall in a narrower range and to end closer to the fovea than the red zone. Significant variations of peripheral sensitivity to red were found with all observers. For both red and green, the greatest number of irregularities were found in those curves which extended well into the periphery.

Study of Anionic and Cationic Surfactants in a Hydrophilic Ointment Base II. The Effect of the Surfactant and Its Concentration on Medicament Release

Five hydrophilic ointment bases prepared with one cationic and four anionic surfactants were studied for their medicament release characteristics using three in vitro methods: (a) a radioactive isotope, (b) a bacteriological, and (c) a physico-chemical method. A modified physicochemical method has been developed to increase the sensitivity and the speed of the color zones produced per unit time. A comparative discussion of the three in vitro methods has been presented. The ointment sample prepared with two per cent of the anionic surfactant, sodium lauryl ether sulfate, produced the most satisfactory hydrophilic ointment, based on both physical properties and medicament release. Increasing the concentration of surfactant retarded the release of medicaments in all of the ointment bases studied with all three in vitro methods. Excellent correlation of results between the three in vitro methods was obtained.

Nature of the limit of the color zone in perimetry.

Blue and yellow outer color zones on the lower vertical meridian were measured in a Goldmann spherical projection perimeter using three different techniques and four observers.The limits of the color zones are not smooth but show irregular peaks and dips and do not have sharp cutoffs in sensitivity. The peaks and dips are reliable for any given observer, although they do not correspond between observers.The method of constant stimuli, the method of limits, and the clinical one-directional technique were compared. The method of constant stimuli is the most reliable method and it gives the most information about the shape and size of the color gradient.

The “Growth Spectrum”: A simplified chart for assessment of growth

Summary The Growth Spectrum, a new chart which simplifies the assessment of growth and development and the prediction of adult physical dimensions, has been described. This chart visually emphasizes different patterns of growth by utilizing several colored weight and height zones. The Growth Spectrum enables the physician to define the child's individual physique and to determine whether his rate of growth conforms to the developmental pattern of his specific physique. This technique simplifies record-keeping by eliminating the need for maintaining and filing an individual growth chart for each child.

On Mineralogical Constitution of Used Chrome-Magnesite Brick by Heavy-Liquid Separation Method

A sample of brick was removed from a front wall of a 40-ton basic open-hearth furnace after 114 heat services. This brick was divided into four coloured layer zones, and then these zones were separated to chrome-bearing spinet grain and silicate matrix portions by heavy liquid method. Mineralogical constitution of these spinels and matrices were calculated from the results of these chemical analysis. Density, porosity and thermal expansion ratio were determined at each zone. The results obtained are summarized as follows;On the chrome-bearing spinel grain; (a) Excess (about 6 mol %) of iron oxide is present in the spinel at the hottest zone, whereas excess (2-7 mol %) of magnesia is present in the spinel at the lower temperature zones. (b) Spinel at the hottest zone is rich in magnetite and ferruginous spinel. (c) The amount of MgO⋅Al2O3 decreases markedly at the hottest zone to 7 mol % from 45 mol % at the inner zone.On the silicate matrix; (a) The amount of matrix increases to a maximum at the region behind the hottest working face, and reaches to about 30% of weight of the original brick. (b) It was determined that the matrix at the hottest zone consists of augite. This conclusion is agreed with our previous report by optical test. (c) The matrix at the lower temperature zone consists of forsterite mainly, in which a little fayalite is dissolved. (d) A little (about 3-5 mol %) MgO⋅Al2O3 is dissolved in the matrix.

De norrbottniska sulfidlerornas svartfärgning och Östersjöns utvecklingshistoria

Abstract In the coast district of Norrbotten, Northern Sweden, at the Bothnian Bay, the clays generally have a high sulphide content (> 1 % S) and black colour. Different colour zones can be distinguished in the black clays. Through pollen and diatom analysis these zones have been correlated with the late Quaternary development of the Baltic thus: 1. Even black or greyish black clay. Latter part of the Litorina period. 2. Thin black layers in a stratified clay (fig. 1). Litorina maximum. 3. Black clay. Beginning of the Litorina period. 4. Black stripes or layers in a homogenous clay. Ancylus period and the very end of the Yoldia period.

Utilization of Cores for Geochemical Study of Natural Gas Deposits

In Japan, since several years ago, methane gas deposits have been progressively explored and exploited. The gas in these deposits occurs free geologically from petroleum, and is, in most cases, dissolved in formation water. under hydrostatic pressure which approximately corresponds to depth. To understand the genetic process and present phase of these deposits, much geochemical study has been conducted as well as geological survey. As a result of that, a close relationship between gas potentiality and some chemical components of gas and also accompanying water has been determined.Recently the writers and their associate developed a special method of geochemical survey of core and applied the method to 14 gas wells shown in Table 1. In this paper the writers describe briefly the method and the results of tests with special reference to the bearing of such survey on the problems of formational process of the deposits.Among various analyses of geochemical core survey, chemical analysis of interstitial water in core is most frequently made at present. As is shown in Fig. 1, the routine is as follows:A. fresh mudstone core is sampled; the interstitial water is extracted through dilution; and such chemical compositions of the water as Cl', pH, excess base, KMnO4 consumption, NH4+, etc., are analysed by titration or colorimetric method. Although the differences in the way of treating cores and conditions of extraction cause considerable variation in measured values of these compositions (See, Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5), the routine procedures give almost satisfactory results with little variation.The writers applied the method to some gas wells and structure borings in the Southern-Kanto gas field, which covers Tokyo and its vicinity (Fig. 6). They found four types of variation of chemical characteristics of sediments, (which they call chemofacies, ) with increase in depth. The four types are graphically shown in Fig. 8. The relationship of each of these types to the sedimentary basin and also to the gas deposit is illustrated in Fig. 7.Although chloride in interstitial water has genetically no relation to methane, in the gas deposits of the Tertirry marine sediments, it is well observed that chloride concentration has a positive correlation to gas potentiality through the secondary destruction phenomenon of gas deposit. Ammonium concentration in cores may not only be used as a measure for the secondary destruction phenomenon, but may also have genetic relation to methane. Thus, ammonium is regarded as a more essential component than chlorine. Between gas deposit and zone of meteoric water, there is usually a remarkable water zone of brown color with low chlorinity and much humic matter, HCO3' and KMnO4 consumption.In the Niigata gas field, paleontological study shows that depositional environment changed from marine to brackish water during late Pliocene to Quaternary. Geochemical data for an exploration well drilled in the field is presented in Table 2. The fact that the upper part of the sediments has considerably high potentiality in spite of its low salinity, may suggest the presence of secondary-formed gas.In conclusion the writers stress that the geochemical survey of cores including interstitial water analysis is very important to understand the present phase of gas deposit in its formationdestruction series and is an indispensable means to reveal the genetic process of the deposit.

Study of Silica Brick from a Glass Tank Crown

Silica brick after service in the crown of a glass tank were carefully examined for alteration. Test specimens were selected by color zones and other evidence of change. The results show appreciable absorption of soda, which lowers the refractoriness of the brick but also promotes growth of large crystals of tridymite or cristo balite. A tentative explanation of “rat‐holing” is given and a means of reducing the attack is suggested.

Subjective Spectrum of Colour Sensation in Colour Defectives

Twenty-two cases of trichromats as diagnosed by conventional technique were subjected to spectral examination in which their colour sensation in reference to wavelength in the continuous spectrum of incandescent daylight lamp was determined.Of the 22 male cases, one possessed a spectrum consisting of two principal colour zones, “yellow” and “blue”, i. e. dichromic in the terminology of Edridge-Green. Four proved to be tetrachromic with red, yellow, greeri and blue, or red, “orange”, blue and violet. Another four were pentachromic with red, orange, yellow, green and blue (three case), or red, “violet”, yellow, green and blue (one case). Remaining 13 cases were hexachromic with red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet. It was then inferred that all eyes, even the dichromic were able to make out yEllow and blue ift the spectrum.Wave-length range of each discriminated principal colours varied from case to case. Inter-lateral difference was also present, although in a lesser extent A most markei characteristic common to all cases examined was deviation with expansion of the yellow range.In 4 cases among the hexachromic, point of transition between yellow and green was labile, showing fluctuation. In a case apparently normal in colour distribution in the spectrum on the first glance, yellow range expanded toward green, at a partial sacrifice of the latter in a few seconds. Four cases showed the reverse condition. Chromic feature of their spectrum at first was anomalous with an expanded yellow zone. When the gazing was continued a few seco id, the transition point between yellow and green shifted toward yellow side. Anomalous arrangement of the subjective spectrum thus resulted.As for subjective luminosity, 17 eyes out of 44 (22 cases) were reported to have two summit distribution.Twenty-nine eyes of 44 is reportei to have an unsaturated zone in the spectrum. It is generally situated in the neighbourhood of 500±5mμ.Some of the cases here reported, when subjectied to examination with an anomaloscope, showed a typical dichromatic pattern, while they were often found polychromic by direct spectroscopic examination, or more than two principal colour zones were differentiated.

苦味生薬末の毛管分析に依る鑑定

Capillary analysis was utilized for the determination of bitter crude drugs by which the time required was shortened to within four hours whereby capillary images can be prepared and compared. It was found that Radix Gentianae Scabrae, Radix Gentianae, Herba Swertiae, Folium Trifolii fibrini, Herba Amethystanthi and Lignum Picrasmae can be fully distinguished by the tone and width of the colored zone formed in the resin and lower zones. However, those of Rhizoma Coptidis, Cortex Phellodendri and Radix Colombo belong to a similar type that aqueous, as well as alcoholic, digest solution must also be made and images from both digests compared as to the height of the image and tone of the alkaloid color zone by which individual detection would be possible.

THE PRAIRIE AND ASSOCIATED VEGETATION OF SOUTHWESTERN ALBERTA

This is a contribution to an understanding of the floristic composition and ecology of the chief plant communities in the region. Three major grassland types are recognized and correlated with climatic factors, topography, and soil colour zones,— the Bouteloua–Stipa association in the dark brown soil zone, the Festuca–Danthonia association in the black soil zone, and the Agropyron–Stipa–Carex associes in the intermediate shallow black soil zone. Of some 250 species and varieties of vascular plants found in these grassland communities, approximately 125 are regarded as either common or characteristic. Poplar and coniferous vegetation is considered in relation to climate, physical features, and the associated grassland. The limber pine and Douglas fir communities of rocky ridges in the "parkland" are described. Prairie and poplar associations are compared with corresponding vegetational types described for other regions. Brief consideration is given to probable migration routes of certain species, and to current fluctuations and trends in the flora of the region.

The isomerization of carotenes by chromatographic adsorption

IN an earlier examination of the carotene of butter by the chromatographic adsorption method [Gillam & Heilbron, 1935] it was found that the pigment separated readily into two clearly-defined coloured zones when adsorbed on alumina from light petroleum solution. The colour, location and general appearance of the zones together with the absorption spectra of the separately eluted pigments indicated that, in addition to fl-carotene, appreciable amounts of the oc-isomeride were also present. oc-Carotene has since been independently detected in butter, using magnesium oxide as adsorbent instead of alumina [Strain, 1935]. A comparison ofthe adsorption of butter carotene on each ofthese two adsorbents has since shown that chromatographic analysis on alumina makes the ac-carotene content of butter appear much greater than when magnesium oxide is used. In order to explain these anomalous results we have carried out adsorption experiments on pure f-carotene using, primarily, aluminium oxide as adsorbent. The results show that the process of adsorption itself separates fl-carotene into two zones of pigment having properties exactly comparable with those obtained when gross butter carotene is used. Subsequent experiments have shown that the lower zone contains a new carotenoid pigment having absorption maxima (in the visible) different from those of fl-carotene but identical with those of ac-carotene. It is thus clear that when the carotene fraction of butter is adsorbed on alumina the second pigment is not wholly oc-carotene, as was at first thought, but contains a considerable amount of a new compound. These phenomena have already been reported briefly [Gillam & El Ridi, 1935, 2], but since then, starting with pure fl-carotene, we have prepared the new pigment, which we propose to call pseudo-ac-carotene. The present paper describes its preparation and properties. Table I summarizes these properties in comparison with those of aand fl-carotene examined under the same conditions [cf. also, Kuhn & Brockmann, 1931; Kuhn & Lederer, 1931, 1, 2; Karrer & Walker, 1933; Strain, 1934, 2].

COMPARISON OF USED SILICA BRICK FROM INSULATED AND UNINSULATED BASIC OPEN‐HEARTH ROOFS*

ABSTRACTSamples of silica brick from the roofs of two basic open‐hearth furnaces, one of which had been insulated and the other uninsulated, after a full campaign were compared chemically and petrographically. The uninsulated brick was divided into nine distinct color zones, while the insulated brick showed but three. The three zones of the insulated brick were nearly identical zone for zone with the three inner zones of the uninsulated brick. The zone of weakness which normally occurs in open‐hearth roof brick from uninsulated furnaces did not occur in the brick from the insulated roof. Chemical and petrographic analyses are given.

The coloring of the diamond by radium radiation

1. 1. Diamond is not colored by the penetrating (beta and gamma) radiation from radium salt in glass tubes 0.5 to 1 mm. thick. 2. 2. Diamond is always colored green by direct radiation, either from high-grade radium salts or from the gas, radium emanation. No exceptions were met in more than thirty specimens. 3. 3. The green color is apparently light-permanent, but can be removed by heating to a dull red. 4. 4. Yellow and brown diamonds are also colored green, but are restored by heating to their original colors. In the case of large deep brown stones the color masking by green was not complete. 5. 5. Recutting the crystal after coloring removes the green color. This is possibly a heat effect during cutting, and does not prove that the coloring is merely a surface effect. 6. 6. The depth of penetration of the color zone could not be determined. If it is an alpha-ray effect, it would be limited by the range of alpha rays in diamond, about 0.001 inch. But reflection of green light from the highly polished surface interferes with optical observations. 7. 7. Radiation by emanation is more effective than by salts, owing to the greater absorption of alpha rays by the salt itself. 8. 8. In some cases in emanation, but never in salt, the radiation resulted in the production of “carbon spots” in the interior of the crystal. The black spots are probably a form of carbon, the nature of which was not definitely determined. They can be removed by prolonged heating in a blast flame. 9. 9. The “carbon spots” are undoubtedly beyond the range of alpha rays in the crystals, which suggests that the color may be penetrating also and that both are produced by some form of secondary radiation more penetrating than alpha rays.

The contraction of the color zones in Hysteria and in Neurasthenia.

The contraction of the color zones in Hysteria and in Neurasthenia.