Color Plots Research Articles

Rapid screening of pottery lipid residue profile via comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography.

Pottery lipid residue analysis has been extensively practiced worldwide as an important part of archaeometry studies, but in some cases, the complexity of archaeological residue cannot be fully revealed by one-dimensional gas chromatography (1D GC) separation. Although the development of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) has offered another way to achieve better separation and higher resolution, GCxGC separation has rarely been applied to pottery residue analysis. Clearly, GCxGC separation needs to be explored to examine and scrutinize the complexity of pottery lipid residue profile as well as rapid data treatment workflow. We analyzed pottery residue via comprehensive gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCxGC/MS), through which a thorough understanding and deeper insight into their constituent complexity were obtained. The merits of GCxGC/MS separation were illustrated by a structured layout of different series of compounds on a 2D contour plot, with a detailed examination of the distributions of linear and branched fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) congeners, dimethyl esters (DIMEs) congeners and ω-(o-alkylphenyl)alkanoic acids (APAA) congeners with similar structures. The results showed that 2D analysis increased the number of chemical signatures, especially those at a trace level, which can be favorable for fingerprinting and identification. Additionally, the ordered group featured layout in the 2D profile leads to easy and quick location and identification of compound series as well as individual compounds, together with the use of high-quality mass spectra, facilitating a more rapid and reliable identification workflow. The improved characterization of aquatic biomarkers such as APAAs provides a more detailed discussion of ancient aquatic culinary and dietary practices. The complexity of isomerism and the number of congener patterns within pottery residues are illustrated for the first time, and 2D separation is beneficial for the analysis of pottery residues as well as other complex archaeological residues in cultural heritage and archaeological research. The 2D analysis built a visualized color plot with a structured layout of different compound series that simplified the analysis workflow, in which the archaeologist can visually compare the complexity of the sherd residue not attainable in the 1D analysis workflow. The improvement in sensitivity also enables the detection of trace-level compounds, which, in some cases, constitute key information in ancient diet studies.

X-ray emission from hot gas and XRBs in the NGC 5846 galaxy

Abstract This article presents X-ray emission characteristics of the brightest member of a G50 galaxy group NGC 5846 based on analysis of high resolution of 30 ks and 90 ks Chandra X-ray data. X-ray imaging analysis revealed the presence of 90 discrete X-ray point sources, spectral study of which depicted that the majority of them are LMXBs with a neutron star accretor. Among 90, only one source exhibits an X-ray luminosity greater than 1 0 39 erg s − 1 1{0}^{39}\hspace{0.33em}{\rm{erg}}\hspace{0.33em}{{\rm{s}}}^{-1} , exceeding the Eddington limit for a canonical mass of a neutron star and occupies a position in the hard region of the X-ray color–color plot. The cumulative X-ray luminosity function plot for all resolved XRBs exhibits a knee at L X = 6.6 × 1 0 38 erg s − 1 {L}_{X}=6.6\times \hspace{0.33em}1{0}^{38}\hspace{0.33em}{\rm{erg}}\hspace{0.33em}{{\rm{s}}}^{-1} , corresponding to the Eddington limit of 2.8 solar mass neutron star. The most dominant source of the observed X-ray luminosity of NGC 5846 happens to be the diffusely distributed plasma, making its contribution up to 85% of its total value, while the contribution from resolved and unresolved point sources is up to 15%. The surface brightness distribution of the X-ray emitting gas in this galaxy exhibit structures in the form of discontinuities due to the presence of a pair of cold fronts at ∼ 20 \sim 20 kpc. The presence of these cold fronts were confirmed in the azimuthally averaged surface brightness profile and sectorial temperature profiles and may have formed due to minor mergers. The larger values of emission line flux density ratio log([N II]H α \alpha ) and floor in the entropy profile of the plasma collectively point toward a nonthermal ionization source of gas heating like a low-level AGN activity.

The Comparison of Accuracy of Post Space Digital Impressions Made by Three Different Intraoral Scanners: An In Vitro Study.

The present study aims to assess and compare the accuracy of post-space impressions captured by three different intraoral scanners (IOS) using various canal diameters. Three extracted natural maxillary central incisors were selected and prepared for a 1 mm wide margin and a 3 mm ferrule. All steps required for the endodontic procedure were performed, and the post space was prepared using post drills. The post length was kept constant at 12 mm, whereas the width was varied (Group 1: 1.4 mm, Group 2: 1.6 mm, and Group 3: 1.8 mm). Three IOSs (Trios3, iTero2, and Medit i700) were used to acquire a digital impression of the prepared post space. Each tooth was scanned 10 times by each scanner. So, in the end, 90 digital images were recorded, and the STL files were stored. GC Pattern resin was used to fabricate resin post and core patterns, which were scanned using an extraoral scanner (EOS). The STL file obtained was used as the reference file. To evaluate the trueness of the tested IOSs, each three-dimensional scan from an IOS was superimposed on the reference scan with the help of the Medit Design software 2.1.4. The software generates color plots and gives numerical values as deviations in the Root mean square (RMS) for the variance between the two superimposed scans. The data collected was tabulated for statistical analysis. One Way ANOVA was used to test the significance difference between three different IOSs, followed by Bonferroni Post-hoc test pairwise test to identify the differences between every two different IOS. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The mean deviation for trueness in post space impression values recorded by the Medit i700 was highest among groups 1, 2, and 3 [0.825 (±0.071), 0.673 (±0.042) and 0.516 (±0.039), respectively], followed by iTero2 [0.738 (±0.081), 0.569 (±0.043) and 0.470 (±0.037), respectively] and Trios3 [0.714 (±0.062), 0.530 (±0.040) and 0.418 (±0.024), respectively]. Significant differences were found between the groups for all three IOSs (Trios3: p-value < 0.0001; iTero2: p-value < 0.0001; Medit i700: p-value < 0.0001). Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that Trios3 IOS has higher accuracy (as it exhibited minimal deviation for trueness) in recording post space, followed by iTero2 and Mediti700 IOS. As the diameter of the post space is increased, the accuracy of recording by IOS increases. For all the tested IOSs (except for Trios3 and iTero2, when used to record post space with 1.8 mm canal diameter), the deviations in trueness were higher than the clinically acceptable limits. Thus, IOSs should be used cautiously when recording impressions of post spaces.

Non-equilibrium excited-state fractionally quantized Hall effects observed via current bias spectroscopy

Studies of fractional quantum Hall effects (FQHE) across various two-dimensional electronic systems (2DES) have helped to establish the equilibrium FQHE many-body ground states with fractionally charged excitations and composite particles in condensed matter. Then, the question arises whether an FQHE system driven to non-equilibrium can approach a different stationary state from the known equilibrium FQHE states. To investigate this question, we examine FQHE over filling factors, ν, 2 ≥ ν ≥ 1 under non-equilibrium finite bias conditions realized with a supplementary dc-current bias, IDC, in high mobility GaAs/AlGaAs devices. Here, we show that all observable canonical equilibrium FQHE resistance minima at ∣IDC∣ = 0 undergo bimodal splitting vs. IDC, yielding branch-pairs and diamond shapes in color plots of the diagonal resistance, as canonical FQHE are replaced, with increasing IDC, by excited-state fractionally quantized Hall effects at branch intersections. A tunneling model serves to interpret the results.

P20 Characterizing monoamine signalling in human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes

Abstract Introduction and aims Our mental health depends upon a fine balance of monoamines in the brain. Interestingly, there is ample evidence indicating that mental health disorders such as stress or anxiety have an impact on skin condition and appearance. For example, stress induces neurogenic inflammation, which in turn leads to mast cell degranulation in the skin and increases local histamine levels. This increased histamine within the skin exacerbates skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis, while impacting the skin barrier. In this study, we first sought to investigate monoamine signalling in both skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts, with a specific focus on histamine and serotonin modulation. Next, we investigated mechanisms of release via pharmacological intervention to block corresponding receptors, informed by using single-cell RNA sequencing from existing datasets. Methods We adapted a powerful electrochemical technique, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) to codetect monoamine signalling in real-time in vitro. Employing the advanced capabilities of our artificial neural network models, we analysed extensive FSCV colour plot data in real-time to establish neurotransmitter release patterns and understand their characteristics. Results Our Results show that both keratinocytes and fibroblasts are capable of releasing serotonin and histamine without external intervention. After administering diphenhydramine, an H1 receptor inhibitor, to the cells, we observed a rise in the frequency and amplitude of both serotonin and histamine signalling compared with the cells that received no treatment. However, bafilomycin, a vacuolar H+ ATPase inhibitor, reduced the signalling frequency significantly. This suggests a potential autoregulation mechanism and interdependency between the two monoamines. Conclusions Overall, using analytical Methods, our work shows that skin-resident fibroblasts and keratinocytes can release monoamines including serotonin and histamine. This finding provides an opportunity to examine interventions that facilitate serotonin release, to decrease histamine levels, and improve the skin function and general mental wellbeing.

A simple approach to start Mamyshev oscillator at 1030 nm utilizing a saturable absorber mirror

We demonstrate a simple method to start Yb fiber Mamyshev oscillator by adding a saturable absorber mirror (SAM) in an optical path at a bandpass filter reflection. At first, to achieve the starting of Mamyshev oscillator using SAM, by injecting a seed pulse from outside the cavity, an output coupling, a transmitted central wavelength between offset bandpass filters, and a pump LD power are explored to start the Mamyshev oscillator. Then, preserving the above-mentioned three parameters in the cavity, we exchange a fiber-cabled mounted SAM for the seed pulse output FC/APC connector. After that, the Mamyshev oscillator immediately started by turning on the pump LD. To understand the starting dynamics of this approach, we capture the pulse resolved spectrum in an initial stage of the pulse formation of Mamyshev oscillator by time-stretch spectroscopy. Before starting Mamyshev oscillator, a signature of the Q-switch pulse is observed in the 2D color plot imaging of the pulse-resolved single-shot spectrum. When a strong amplified spontaneous emission is input to SAM, a Q-switch pulse is created, and then this Q-switch pulse circulates in the cavity. This Q-switching pulse plays a role in the seed pulse to start the Mamyshev oscillating. We believe this simple approach is one of the efficient techniques for starting the Mamyshev oscillator.

ACCURACY EVALUATION OF AUTOMATIC SEGMENTATION IN BIOMEDICAL IMAGES: 3D SPATIAL MAPPING OF SEGMENTATION ERRORS

Currently implemented accuracy metrics in open-source libraries for segmentation by supervised machine learning are typically one-dimensional scores [1]. While extremely relevant to evaluate applicability in clinics, anatomical location of segmentation errors is often neglected.This study aims to include the three-dimensional (3D) spatial information in the development of a novel framework for segmentation accuracy evaluation and comparison between different methods.Predicted and ground truth (manually segmented) segmentation masks are meshed into 3D surfaces. A template mesh of the same anatomical structure is then registered to all ground truth 3D surfaces. This ensures all surface points on the ground truth meshes to be in the same anatomically homologous order. Next, point-wise surface deviations between the registered ground truth mesh and the meshed segmentation prediction are calculated and allow for color plotting of point-wise descriptive statistics. Statistical parametric mapping includes point-wise false discovery rate (FDR) adjusted p-values (also referred to as q-values).The framework reads volumetric image data containing the segmentation masks of both ground truth and segmentation prediction. 3D color plots containing descriptive statistics (mean absolute value, maximal value,…) on point-wise segmentation errors are rendered. As an example, we compared segmentation results of nnUNet [2], UNet++ [3] and UNETR [4] by visualizing the mean absolute error (surface deviation from ground truth) as a color plot on the 3D model of bone and cartilage of the mean distal femur.A novel framework to evaluate segmentation accuracy is presented. Output includes anatomical information on the segmentation errors, as well as point-wise comparative statistics on different segmentation algorithms. Clearly, this allows for a better informed decision-making process when selecting the best algorithm for a specific clinical application.

Analysis of the Effect of Thread Depth in Four Different Thread Designs on the Stress Distribution at the Implant-bone Interface Using Finite Element Analysis – A Comparative Three-Dimensional In vitro Study

ABSTRACT Statement of Problem: Treatment with dental implants owes much of its success to the development and maintenance of an osseointegrated bone-implant interface. The development of this interface is influenced by various factors, of which implant thread design plays a dominant role. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of thread depth in four different thread designs on the stress distribution at the implant-bone interface using three-dimensional finite element analysis. Materials and Methods: Four implant models with different thread shapes, namely V thread, square thread, buttress thread, and reverse buttress thread with an uniform thread depth of 0.4 mm were designed. These models were then placed in the mandibular first molar region. Force of 100 N was applied axially and at 45°angle to the implant. Von Mises stress was measured at the implant – Bone interface area and compared for the different designs. Results: The color plots obtained were studied and the maximum Von Mises stress was noted and tabulated for each condition. Stress distribution in the finite element models comes in the numerical values and in color coding. Maximum values of Von Mises stress are denoted by red color and minimum value by blue color. In between, the values are represented by bluish green, green, greenish yellow, and yellowish red in the ascending order of stress distribution. Conclusion: Thread design plays an important role in stress distribution in implant and bone. Varying Von Mises stress is seen at the cortical bone-implant and cancellous bone-implant interface. Clinical Implication: Successful osseointegration is necessary for implant success and thread design plays a very important role in osseointegration. Therefore, the selection of implants with proper thread design contributes greatly to the success of an implant-retained prosthesis.

Academicism in the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra Mural Painting the Late 19th and Early 21st Centuries

The purpose of the article is to introduce into scientific circulation, to attribute modern compositions of the academic mural painting in the Dormition Cathedral of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, to study their genesis. The research methodology consists in the complex application of historical and cultural analysis, art study, diachronic ones, as well as empirical observation. The scientific novelty of the study. The materials of the survey and proposals for restoration (1998) the compositions of academic mural painting in the Dormition Cathedral of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra of the late 19th – early 20th centuries have been introduced into scientific circulation. The academic mural painting in the Dormition Cathedral, the 21st century, has been introduced into scientific circulation. Its attribution has been performed. The names of the artists have been introduced into scientific circulation and it has been detailed who among them is the author of the project, who painted the holy images and who painted the ornaments. The dating of the compositions in different compartments of the Cathedral and the technique of their performance have been determined. The main thematic and plot lines have been revealed. The thematic, plot, iconographic, decorative, coloristic connections of the modern academic mural painting with the murals of the late 19th – early 20th centuries and with visual records have been studied. The similarities and differences of the academic compositions of 1897–1901 and 2018–2022 have been analysed. The principle of forming the colouring of modern academic murals has been revealed. Conclusions. In the modern decoration of the Dormition Cathedral of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, the Academicism painting (1897–1901) is presented in the apse of the southern nave (diaconicon). In this compartment, authentic fragments of academic compositions have been restored, the painting system has been revived based on archival photos, and some new academic compositions have been introduced to it. Mural paintings have been performed by artists under the supervision of Oleksandr Pashkovskyi in 2018–2019. They also performed new murals in the academic tradition in the altar part of side-altar of the Saint Apostle Andrew the First Called in the southern part of choirs in 2020–2021. In the northern part of the choirs, paintings have been started and then suspended in 2022. In the new murals complex the artists cite in extenso or in part the compositions of the late 19th – early 20th centuries using archival photos. The murals have been performed in mixed techniques: holy images in oil, ornaments in acrylic paints. The composition ‘Glorification of Theotokos’ differs in the techniques; it is painted with oil on canvas. In the modern interpretation, the cited compositions can keep or change the primary location. The colouring of the new murals is formed on the basis of fragments of authentic compositions. A considerable part of the decoration is occupied by stylised ornaments as well as in murals of 1897–1901. The new and primary mural painting combine same academic principles of visual language, iconographic and colour principles, thematic and plot lines. Same general thematic lines are such as Theotokos theme, the theme of the Last Judgment, the Christianization of Ancient Rus, images of the saints of Ancient Rus and saints associated with the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra.&#x0D; Keywords: sacral culture, Orthodoxy, academic painting, mural painting, sacral painting, Ukrainian painting, Dormition Cathedral.

Graphene-based diamond-shaped solar absorber using Fe–SiO2–Fe structure for UV to MIR region

Graphene based solar absorbers are gaining interest because of excellent optical properties of the material. We construct the perfect solar absorber in a diamond shape based on graphene. In this proposed design, the SiO2 substrate layer is sandwiched between the two Fe layers. The graphene layer is also inserted between Fe and SiO2 layers to improve the absorption of the design. The absorption rates can be studied in the four regions starting ultraviolet (UV) to mid-infrared region (MIR) between 0.2 and 3 μm. The total average solar absorption percentage from UV to MIR is 93.53%. The amount of solar absorption is more than 90% with a bandwidth range of 2800 nm. Also, the solar absorption reaches above 95% with a bandwidth of 900 nm and over 97% at an appropriate bandwidth of 930 nm. Solar absorption can be studied by the parameter variations by changing the width and thickness of a Fe ground layer, the thickness of SiO2 substrate and Fe resonator layers, and the chemical potential changes. Moreover, the solar absorption changes in TE and TM by varying the polarization from 0 to 80°. Furthermore, the electric field intensity can be found with the respective color plot in different ranges. Finally, we can compare our proposed diamond-shaped graphene-based solar absorber to the other published works.

Chaos classification in forced fermionic instanton solutions by the Generalized Alignment Index (GALI) and the largest Lyapunov exponent

Instantons play an important role in particle physics and cosmology. Fermion-like instanton solutions are obtained in the two-dimensional Thirring model via Heisenberg ansatz. In this study, chaotic behavior of the fermion-like instanton solutions with an external periodic force is investigated. The chaotic behavior is analyzed by performing a comparative numerical study of the time evolution of the largest Lyapunov exponent (LLE) and the Generalized Alignment Index of order 2 (GALI2) method. Diagram of the LLE and GALI2 time (TG) (the time TG needed for the GALI2 to become <10−12) of the system of two nonlinear ordinary differential equations corresponding the forced fermion like instanton solutions with respect to varying the parameters at different time units are plotted comparatively. Moreover, color plots of the LLEs and GALI2 time (TG) of the system in the phase space are analyzed with different initial conditions for different parameters. As a result of these analyzes, the fermionic instanton solutions with an external periodic force are regular, chaotic and weakly chaotic states for some parameters and initial conditions. In addition, using diagram and color plot of the GALI2 time (TG), which is considered as an indicator of the system's chaoticity strength, by adjusting the needed time for the GALI2 to become <10−12 can be an alternative method to the diagram and color plot of the LLE of system with respect to varying the parameters.

Identifying active galactic nuclei via brightness temperature with sub-arcsecond international LOFAR telescope observations

ABSTRACT Identifying active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and isolating their contribution to a galaxy’s energy budget is crucial for studying the co-evolution of AGNs and their host galaxies. Brightness temperature (Tb) measurements from high-resolution radio observations at GHz frequencies are widely used to identify AGNs. Here, we investigate using new sub-arcsecond imaging at 144 MHz with the International LOFAR Telescope to identify AGNs using Tb in the Lockman Hole field. We use ancillary data to validate the 940 AGN identifications, finding 83 percent of sources have AGN classifications from SED fitting and/or photometric identifications, yielding 160 new AGN identifications. Considering the multiwavelength classifications, brightness temperature criteria select over half of radio-excess sources, 32 percent of sources classified as radio-quiet AGNs, and 20 percent of sources classified as star-forming galaxies. Infrared colour–colour plots and comparison with what we would expect to detect based on peak brightness in 6 arcsec LOFAR maps imply that the star-forming galaxies and sources at low flux densities have a mixture of star-formation and AGN activity. We separate the radio emission from star-formation and AGN in unresolved, Tb-identified AGNs with no significant radio excess and find the AGN comprises 0.49 ± 0.16 of the radio luminosity. Overall, the non-radio excess AGNs show evidence for having a variety of different radio emission mechanisms, which can provide different pathways for AGNs and galaxy co-evolution. This validation of AGN identification using brightness temperature at low frequencies opens the possibility for securely selecting AGN samples where ancillary data are inadequate.

Fast screening of Depolymerized Lignin Samples Through 2D-Liquid Chromatography Mapping.

Lignin valorization and particularly its depolymerization into bio‐aromatics, has emerged as an important research topic within green chemistry. However, screening of catalysts and reaction conditions within this field is strongly constrained by the lack of analytical techniques that allow for fast and detailed mapping of the product pools. This analytical gap results from the inherent product pool complexity and the focus of the state‐of‐the‐art on monomers and dimers, overlooking the larger oligomers. In this work, this gap is bridged through the development of a quasi‐orthogonal GPC‐HPLC‐UV/VIS method that is able to separate the bio‐aromatics according to molecular weight (hydrodynamic volume) and polarity. The method is evaluated using model compounds and real lignin depolymerization samples. The resulting color plots provide a powerful graphical tool to rapidly assess differences in reaction selectivity towards monomers and dimers as well as to identify differences in the oligomers.

Evaluating Rotation Periods of M Dwarfs across the Ages

Abstract In this work we examine M dwarf rotation rates at a range of ages to establish benchmarks for M dwarf gyrochronology. This work includes a sample of 713 spectroscopically classified M0–M8 dwarfs with new rotation rates measured from K2 light curves. We analyze data and recover rotation rates for 179 of these objects. We add these to rotation rates for members of clusters with known ages (5–700 Myr), as well as objects assumed to have field ages (≳1 Gyr). We use Gaia DR2 parallax and ( G – G RP ) photometry to create color–magnitude diagrams to compare objects across samples. We use color–period plots to analyze the period distributions across age, as well as incorporate Hα equivalent width and tangential velocity where possible to further comment on age dependence. We find that the age of transition from rapid to slow rotation in clusters, which we define as an elbow in the period–color plots, depends on spectral type. Later spectral types transition at older ages: M4 for Praesepe at ≈700 Myr, one of the oldest clusters for which M dwarf rotation rates have been measured. The transition from active to inactive Hα equivalent width also occurs at this elbow, as objects transition from rapid rotation to the slowly rotating sequence. Redder or smaller stars remain active at older ages. Finally, using Gaia kinematics we find evidence for rotation stalling for late Ms in the field sample, suggesting the transition happens much later for mid- to late-type M dwarfs.

Novel, User-Friendly Experimental and Analysis Strategies for Fast Voltammetry: 1. The Analysis Kid for FSCV.

Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at carbon fiber microelectrodes measures low concentrations of analytes in biological systems. There are ongoing efforts to simplify FSCV analysis, and several custom platforms are available for filtering and multimodal analysis of FSCV signals, but there is no single, easily accessible platform that has the capacity for all of these features. Here we present The Analysis Kid: currently, the only free, open-source cloud application that does not require a specialized runtime environment and is easily accessible via common browsers. We show that a user-friendly interface can analyze multiplatform file formats to provide multimodal visualization of FSCV color plots with digital background subtraction. We highlight key features that allow interactive calibration and semiautomatic parametric analysis via peak finding algorithms to automatically detect the maximum amplitude, area under the curve, and clearance rate of the signal. Finally, The Analysis Kid enables semiautomatic fitting of data with Michaelis-Menten kinetics with single or dual reuptake models. The Analysis Kid can be freely accessed at http://analysis-kid.hashemilab.com/. The web application code is found, under an MIT license, at https://github.com/sermeor/The-Analysis-Kid.

Visualization of Tensor Fields in Mechanics

AbstractTensors are used to describe complex physical processes in many applications. Examples include the distribution of stresses in technical materials, acting forces during seismic events, or remodeling of biological tissues. While tensors encode such complex information mathematically precisely, the semantic interpretation of a tensor is challenging. Visualization can be beneficial here and is frequently used by domain experts. Typical strategies include the use of glyphs, color plots, lines, and isosurfaces. However, data complexity is nowadays accompanied by the sheer amount of data produced by large‐scale simulations and adds another level of obstruction between user and data. Given the limitations of traditional methods, and the extra cognitive effort of simple methods, more advanced tensor field visualization approaches have been the focus of this work. This survey aims to provide an overview of recent research results with a strong application‐oriented focus, targeting applications based on continuum mechanics, namely the fields of structural, bio‐, and geomechanics. As such, the survey is complementing and extending previously published surveys. Its utility is twofold: (i) It serves as basis for the visualization community to get an overview of recent visualization techniques. (ii) It emphasizes and explains the necessity for further research for visualizations in this context.

Detection of Tidal Disruption Events around Direct-collapse Black Holes at High Redshifts with the James Webb Space Telescope

Abstract This is the third sequel in a series discussing the discovery of various types of extragalactic transients with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) in a narrow-field (∼0.1 deg2), moderately deep (m AB ∼ 27 mag) survey. In this part we focus on the detectability and observational characteristics of direct-collapse black holes (DCBHs) and tidal disruption events (TDEs) around them. We use existing models for DCBH accretion luminosities and spectra, as well as for TDE light curves, and find that accreting DCBH seeds may be bright enough for detection up to z ∼ 7 with JWST NIRCam imaging. TDEs of massive (M ≳ 50 M ⊙) stars around them can enhance the chance for discovering them as transient objects, although the rate of such events is low, a few per survey time. TDEs around nonaccreting black holes of M ∼ 106 M ⊙ may also be detected at z &lt; 7 redshifts in the redder NIRCam bands between 3 and 5 μs. It is also shown that accreting DCBHs appear separate from supernovae on the NIRCam color–color plot, but TDEs from quiescent black holes fall in nearly the same color range as superluminous supernovae, which makes them more difficult to identify.

AZTUSIA: A new application software for Uncertainty and Sensitivity analysis for nuclear reactors

The AZTLAN Platform project is a Mexican national initiative which aims to have a platform for analysis and design of nuclear reactors. In order to enhance the AZTLAN Platform with Uncertainty and Sensitivity (U&S) capabilities, the AZTUSIA (AZtlan Tool for Uncertainty and SensItivity Analysis) code has been developed to perform U&S analysis.The main characteristics and capabilities of AZTUSIA are briefly described together with some verification exercises. The versatility of the AZTUSIA code has been used to analyze a transient of a BWR-5 with the SIMULATE 3-K code. An artificial perturbation has been caused for creating a more challenging case and to demonstrate the capabilities of an extended interface in which AZTUSIA can be easily adapted to other codes outside AZTLAN Platform. The U&S analysis conducted using the AZTUSIA code reflect, as expected, the impact of uncertain parameters and all capabilities of the tool are demonstrated. It is possible to assess the influence of uncertainty in the calculations and to distinguish trends and readily group and/or separate results by means of scatter and cobweb color plots. As a main conclusion, a new tool has been developed allowing U&S analysis. It is foreseen to continue increasing the tool capabilities.

Hirshfeld Surface Analysis and Interaction Energy Calculations of Bis(4-chlorophenylacetate)bis(pyridine-4-carboxamide)Zinc(II)

Hirshfeld surface analysis has been widely used in crystallography in recent years to investigate intermolecular interactions and to determine the contribution of these interactions to the crystal lattice. Fingerprint plots, which are given as color plots, present quantitative results of the types of intermolecular interactions in a molecule. In this study, we investigated intermolecular interactions and energy frameworks of Zn(II) 4-chlorophenylacetate containing pyridine 4-carboxamide complex by using CrystalExplorer program. Intermolecular interactions of the complex were determined using Hirshfeld Surface analysis. The intermolecular interaction energies of the complex were calculated using CE-HF/3-21G, CE-HF/6-31G (d), CE-HF/6-31G (d,p), CE-MP2/3-21G, CE-MP2/6-31G (d), CE-MP2/6-31G (d,p), CE-B3LYP/3-21G, CE-B3LYP/6-31G (d), CE-B3LYP/6-31G (d,p), CE-DFT/3-21G, CE-DFT/6-31G (d) and CE-DFT/6-31G (d,p) energy models that involved in CrystalExplorer (CE) program. The estimation of the intermolecular interactions and energies of the complexes is very important for the classification and investigation of their application areas.

Norms of Interocular Circumpapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Differences at 768 Retinal Locations.

PurposeThe onset and progression of optic neuropathies like glaucoma often occurs asymmetrically between the two eyes of a patient. Interocular circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (cpRNFLT) differences could detect disease earlier. To apply such differences diagnostically, detailed location specific norms are necessary.MethodsSpectral-domain optical coherence tomography cpRNFLT circle scans from the population-based Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases–Adult study were selected. At each of the 768 radial scanning locations, normative interocular cpRNFLT difference distributions were calculated based on age and interocular radius difference.ResultsA total of 8966 cpRNFLT scans of healthy eyes (4483 patients; 55% female; age range, 20–79 years) were selected. Global cpRNFLT average was 1.53 µm thicker in right eyes (P < 2.2 × 10–16). On 96% of the 768 locations, left minus right eye differences were significant (P < 0.05), varying between +11.6 µm (superonasal location) and −11.8 µm (nasal location). Increased age and difference in interocular scanning radii were associated with an increased mean and variance of interocular cpRNFLT difference at most retinal locations, apart from the area temporal to the inferior RNF bundle where cpRNFLT becomes more similar between eyes with age.ConclusionsWe provide pointwise normative distributions of interocular cpRNFLT differences at an unprecedentedly high spatial resolution of 768 A-scans and reveal considerable location specific asymmetries as well as their associations with age and scanning radius differences between eyes.Translational RelevanceTo facilitate clinical application, we implement these age- and radius-specific norms across all 768 locations in an open-source software to generate patient-specific normative color plots.