Color Palette Research Articles

INVESTIGATION OF THE POSSIBILITIES OF ENAMEL GRAINS FOR THE FORMATION OF MICROMOSAICS

The paper investigates the possibilities of grains from hot enamels for the formation of micromosaics. Enamel grain with a diameter of 0.4…5.0 mm is made from pieces of crushed hot enamels that acquire a spherical shape during firing in a muffle furnace or with the help of a gas burner flame. The mosaic image is formed by densely laying out on a metal base with an applied adhesive layer of enamel grains of the same or different diameter in accordance with the artistic idea. Enamel grain from hot enamels has high techno-logical and aesthetic characteristics characteristic of hot enamels: hardness, durability, wide colour palette, beautiful shine, etc. All this makes enamel grain a promising material for mosaic work. The technique of mi-cromosaic from enamel grains has the widest potential for decorating jewellery and art products, as it al-lows you to embody any design ideas.

Effects of colour and scene dynamism on visual fatigue in animated films

Animated films are highly popular in society, particularly among children and adolescents. During film production, selecting an adequate colour palette and scene dynamism is crucial for creating a visual impact on the audience. However, the influence of visual aesthetics, such as colour and scene dynamism on visual fatigue remains unexplored. In the present study, visual fatigue was assessed and compared in 30 young participants after viewing two popular films: Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, an active, fast-paced film, and My Neighbour Totoro, a more relaxed film. Both films were viewed twice, once with the original colour palette and once in greyscale. Watching Spider-Man film induced a greater degree of visual fatigue than My Neighbour Totoro in two subjective questionnaires evaluating visual fatigue, and in the vergence facility and binocular accommodative facility tests. Moreover, important differences in the visual dynamics and colour aspects between both films were found. These results demonstrate that the high-paced and high-colour aspects of films directly affect visual fatigue. Future animated film producers should consider these factors that are relevant to their audiences.

Materials and Techniques of the Mural Paintings in the Church-Ossuary of the Rila Monastery, Bulgaria

This presented research examined the wall paintings in the Church-Ossuary Presentation of the Blessed Virgin, part of the most important Rila Monastery complex in Bulgaria, painted by the painters from Mount Athos in 1795. The painting materials used to create the unique murals were studied for the first time by optical microscopy (OM), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR–FTIR), scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The vibrational and elemental analysis showed that the color palette of the paintings is composed of pigments traditional for Orthodox church wall paintings such as natural pigments, including yellow ochre, red ochre, green earth, and calcite, as well as other historical pigments of synthetic origin, including smalt, red lead, cinnabar, and verdigris. The analysis of the binders by the ATR–FTIR spectroscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis implied the use of the post-Byzantine egg tempera technique. Only the blue backgrounds in the murals were painted using a smalt-based paint mixed with a carbohydrate binder. Based on the current analysis and comparison with the successive paintings in the other churches of the Rila Monastery, it could be concluded that the technology of the painting process followed by the Athonite artists during the work in the Church-Ossuary became a point of reference for many Bulgarian icon-painters later.

A study between aesthetic and functional design with respect to restaurant with Wabi Sabi style

Wabi-sabi is a Japanese aesthetic that finds beauty in imperfection, transience, and simplicity. In restaurant design, it involves balancing aesthetics with functionality to create a unique and memorable dining experience. This research focuses on the combination of aesthetics and functionality in wabi-sabi inspired restaurants. Wabi-sabi, a Japanese aesthetic emphasizing imperfection, simplicity, and transience, is increasingly popular in modern interior design. Wabi-sabi is a Japanese aesthetic that celebrates the beauty of imperfection, transience, and simplicity. It finds beauty in the natural world, aging, and the inevitable passage of time. Embracing flaws, irregularities, and asymmetries, wabi-sabi acknowledges the temporary nature of things and appreciates the understated and unadorned. This philosophy encourages us to slow down, Savor the moment, and find joy in the simple things. The study explores how wabi-sabi principles can be applied to create visually appealing and practical restaurant spaces. The research begins by defining wabi-sabi and its key characteristics. It then examines the aesthetic aspects of wabi-sabi restaurant design, including the use of natural materials, imperfect textures, minimalist colour palettes, organic shapes, and negative space. Additionally, the functional aspects of wabi-sabi design, such as comfort, efficiency, accessibility, and sustainability, are discussed. The study explores how wabi-sabi principles can be integrated into restaurant design to create a harmonious and authentic environment. It also examines the impact of wabi-sabi design on the customer experience and the restaurant's brand identity. To illustrate the application of wabi-sabi principles in restaurant design, the study presents case studies of successful wabi-sabi inspired restaurants. These case studies provide concrete examples of how designers have effectively combined aesthetic and functional elements to create unique and memorable dining experiences.

Bright and Stable Cyan Fluorescent RNA Enables Multicolor RNA Imaging in Live Escherichia coli.

Fluorescent RNAs (FRs), which are RNA aptamers that bind and activate their cognate small fluorogenic dyes, have provided a particularly useful approach for imaging RNAs in live cells. Although the color palette of FRs is greatly expanded, a bright and stable cyan FR with good biocompatibility and biorthogonality with currently available FRs remains desirable but is not yet developed. Herein, the development of Myosotis is described, an RNA aptamer that emits bright cyan fluorescence upon binding a novel GFP chromophore-like fluorophore called DBT. Myosotis has a nanomolar affinity for DBT and shows a weak dependence on magnesium for folding. Further studies reveal that the Myosotis-DBT complex has a long fluorescence lifetime, good photostability, and enhance cellular brightness. It is further shown that Myosotis-DBT is biorthogonal to Pepper and Clivia FRs, allowing multiplex fluorescence imaging of RNA in live bacteria. Myosotis can also use to image mRNA in live bacteria, revealing potential coupling between mRNA translation and stability. It is believed that this cyan FR will be a useful tool for studying the functionality and mechanism of RNA underlying diverse biological processes.

Catalogue of coastal-based instances with bathymetric and topographic data

Abstract. We provide a catalogue of 17 700 unique coastal-based instances distributed throughout the globe and derived from bathymetric and topographic data made publicly available by the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) as of 2022. These instances, or digital elevation models (DEMs), are delivered in the form of raster grids with a 15 arcsec resolution and are divided equally into three libraries, namely A, B, and C. In a given library, the dimensions range from a minimum of 10×10 cells to a maximum of 300×300 cells, with an incremental step of 5, i.e. 59 unique dimensions with 100 instances per dimension. In addition, for each dimension, these instances are ordered by increasing number of maritime cells and have in common the presence of a unique maritime-connected component with a ratio of maritime cells lying between 25 % and 95 % so as to cover a broad spectrum of different coastline geometries. In this paper, we will describe in detail the procedure used for their automated generation. The resulting catalogue can be downloaded from Zenodo, a general-purpose repository operated by CERN (European Organisation for Nuclear Research) and developed under the European OpenAIRE programme, at the following persistent address: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10530247 (Thuillier et al., 2024c). Additionally, a set of 18 colour palettes specifically designed for the visualisation of DEMs has been derived for this occasion and is available at the following address: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10530296 (Thuillier et al., 2024e). Both of these repositories come with comprehensive documentation.

Talk to Me: A social media campaign about clinical trials tailored to the needs of young adults with cancer.

67 Background: Among adolescents and young adults (AYAs; 15-39 years) with cancer, clinical trial enrollment (CTE) rates range from 3% to 14%. Patient-directed interventions to improve CTE are rare. Internet-based interventions, while feasible and acceptable to AYAs with cancer, often lack patient input and engagement that are critical to success. AYAs are digital natives and report that the internet and social media are the two most important sources of health-related information. We leveraged AYA engagement with social media and designed a mixed methods research study, "Talk to Me," to create targeted social media messages to increase awareness about CTE for AYAs with cancer. Methods: Our interdisciplinary study team includes clinicians, researchers, health educators, and AYA patient advocates. We conducted 5 focus groups among a demographically, clinically, and geographically diverse group of AYAs with cancer (n=35) to identify priority topics to 1) inform the development of social media message libraries to address informational gaps and dispel myths surrounding CTE and 2) guide implementation strategies of these messages. Design mock-ups and color palettes were co-designed and co-developed with focus group participants and patient advocates through iterative feedback. Results: Guided by qualitative findings, social media posts were categorized into "introduction", "knowledge dissemination", and "addressing social, cultural, emotional, and financial issues" related to CTE. Instagram was selected to host our messages as the demographics of users most closely matched that of our target audience. Hashtags were carefully chosen based on existing posts of related material on Instagram. Links to trusted sources for additional information were embedded in the post descriptions and housed in a linktr.ee bio-landing page. The campaign was officially launched on Instagram in April 2024. We posted 3 times a week in both English and Spanish and monitored metrics biweekly to assess engagement and reach. Over nearly 2 months, 42 messages were posted, 116 users followed the account, 656 accounts were reached, 108 accounts were engaged, and 432 visited our profile page. Engagement peaked in Week 2 with 238 accounts reached and in Week 6 with 119. Overall, there were 173 likes (English=128, Spanish=43). Conclusions: An interdisciplinary, patient-informed, iterative approach to developing a social media knowledge intervention demonstrates a robust, methodologic approach to developing acceptable information and messages for AYAs who may consider participating in clinical trials.

RÉSUMÉ AND PORTFOLIO DESIGN IN DESIGNER PORTFOLIO COURSE RÉSUMÉ EVALUATIONS

A résumé is a way for the designer to express his or her skills and experience. A creative résumé highlights the designer's unique talents and personal style. When recruiters evaluate candidates based on their résumés, a creative résumé stands out and can strike a favorable first impression. This is an opportunity to highlight the designer's creativity and design skills. Harmonious color palettes, layouts and graphic elements demonstrate the designer's communication skills. It is essential for designers to design their résumé in an informative, easy-to-read and eye-catching way, as this document is not only a job application form but also a design product. This article aims to discuss why a designer's résumé should be creative and analyzes the résumés created by students in the Portfolio Design course conducted by the researcher. In addition, the importance of the Portfolio Design course, a course in which design students learn to use their résumés to identify their career goals and highlight their experiences and skills, is emphasized.

Description of the Time of Night and the Color Palette in Modern Kazakh Poetry (Based on the Poems of T. Abdykakimuly)

Description of the Time of Night and the Color Palette in Modern Kazakh Poetry (Based on the Poems of T. Abdykakimuly)

ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSLATION OF COLORS FOUND IN W. SHAKESPEARE’S SONNETS 1-126

This article presents the analysis on the colors used by W. Shakespeare in Sonnets 1-126 dedicated to a young man, and their translation in Samuil Marshak’s and Khamit Yergaliev’s variants. The most frequently used colors in the Sonnets 1-126 of the English writer are revealed in this work. Excerpts from the Sonnets with colors using are given and compared with their Russian and Kazakh translations. The purpose of this study is a detailed analysis in three variants of the colors appeared in W. Shakespeare’s sonnets 1-126. In the process of scientific work, the differences and similarities of the translated variants, as well as the features of each writer, are determined. The idea of the article is to compare the translation of colors in these Sonnets, to identify the colors most frequently used by the author and by the translators, to allocate the colors into thematic groups of sonnets proposed by A. Anikst. The scientific significance of this work lies in the insufficiency of research on the interpretation of colors in translated variants of W. Shakespeare’s sonnets. The practical significance of the study is determined by the usefulness of the presented data and results in the classes on the theory and practice of translation, comparative lexicology and grammar. In the article, the methods of analysis and synthesis, the sorting method, the comparative method were widely used and led to corresponding results. This research work will be able to give direction for further research on the analysis of the translated variants of the Sonnets, the translation of English colors into Russian and Kazakh languages. Keywords: translation of the Sonnets, indirect translation, colors translation, complex colors interpretation, the thematic groups of the Sonnets, Shakespeare’s color palette, translation transformations, comparative analysis.

Lossy Image Compression with Stochastic Quantization

Introduction. Lossy image compression algorithms play a crucial role in various domains, including graphics, and image processing. As image information density increases, so do the resources required for processing and transmission. One of the most prominent approaches to address this challenge is color quantization, proposed by Orchard et al. (1991). This technique optimally maps each pixel of an image to a color from a limited palette, maintaining image resolution while significantly reducing information content. Color quantization can be interpreted as a clustering problem (Krishna et al. (1997), Wan (2019)), where image pixels are represented in a three-dimensional space, with each axis corresponding to the intensity of an RGB channel. The purpose of the paper. Scaling of traditional algorithms like K-Means can be challenging for large data, such as modern images with millions of colors. This paper reframes color quantization as a three-dimensional stochastic transportation problem between the set of image pixels and an optimal color palette, where the number of colors is a predefined hyperparameter. We employ Stochastic Quantization (SQ) with a seeding technique proposed by Arthur et al. (2007) to enhance the scalability of color quantization. This method introduces a probabilistic element to the quantization process, potentially improving efficiency and adaptability to diverse image characteristics. Results. To demonstrate the efficiency of our approach, we present experimental results using images from the ImageNet dataset. These experiments illustrate the performance of our Stochastic Quantization method in terms of compression quality, computational efficiency, and scalability compared to traditional color quantization techniques. Conclusions. This study introduces a scalable algorithm for solving the color quantization problem without memory constraints, demonstrating its efficiency on a subset of images from the ImageNet dataset. The convergence speed of the algorithm can be further enhanced by modifying the update rule with alternative methods to Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) that incorporate adaptive learning rates. Moreover, the stochastic nature of the proposed solution enables the utilization of parallelization techniques to simultaneously update the positions of multiple quants, potentially leading to significant performance improvements. This aspect of parallelization and its impact on algorithm efficiency presents a topic for future research. The proposed method not only addresses the limitations of existing color quantization techniques but also opens up new possibilities for optimizing image compression algorithms in resource-constrained environments. Keywords: non-convex optimization, stochastic optimization, stochastic quantization, color quantization, lossy compression.

Microstructural Study of the Coloring Variation of Chinese Sauce Glaze Replications

ABSTRACTSauce glazed wares of Yaozhou kilns are famous for their high gloss and distinctive glaze color palette varying from yellowish‐brown to reddish‐brown. In this work, sauce glazes were successfully replicated using the traditional technology of Yaozhou kilns. Micro‐Raman spectroscopy, combined with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, x‐ray fluorescence, and reflective spectroscopy, was systematically applied to analyze the chemical composition, nature and distribution of crystals, and the coloration of the glazes. The results show that the yellowish‐brown glaze is mainly original from dendritic ε‐Fe2O3 crystals, whereas the reddish‐brown color is mainly derived from dendritic hematite crystals. Such dendritic structure could account for slightly color variations of the glaze surface observed in different angles, which also reported in Japanese Bizen ceramics. The principal component analysis (PCA) was further applied to study the Raman spectra of these iron oxides. The PCA results effectively indicates the structural disorders of these crystals introduced by ion substitutions. These substitutions could not only stabilize the crystals but also darken the crystals color. Besides, high Mg in the raw materials was found to benefit the growth of magnesioferrite crystals. The relative low level of Fe2O3, high level of SiO2, and CaO may relate to the formation of ε‐Fe2O3 crystals.

On the Experience of Teaching Monumental Painting Using the Method of Visual Learning

The author of the article investigates the use of a visual teaching approach for monumental painting, as applied to fifth-year students at the Sergey Andriaka Academy of Watercolor and Fine Arts. The project involved students and their teacher collaboratively creating a painting plafond with a total area of 78 m2. The article chronicles the project's workflow, encompassing the creation of sketches, preparation of cardboard, execution of multilayer painting on canvases, and the subsequent installation of the plafond. Emphasis is placed on techniques for creating polychrome images using colorants with a restrained tonal and color palette, as well as on the multilayer oil painting process, which includes a grisaille tempera undercoat and a final glaze.

Dyeing with Natural Colorants

This paper explores the use of dyeing with natural dyes in research, as well as a tool for retaining normality of life in crisis situations. Nowadays craftsmanship skills, and especially traditional crafts can double as a research object and a research tool. Dyeing fabrics with natural dyes is a traditional crafts skill which entails a high potential for creativity, and which is still practised in Latvia today. In the past, this skill often became a creative way for retaining the quality of daily life during wars and other crisis situations. Nowadays natural dyeing is not only a means of creative self-expression through traditional crafts, but the process also helps to study the value of colours, through understanding the complexity or simplicity of obtaining a particular colour, as well as the resulting colour palette, etc. The author of this paper has used her dyeing skills in researching various ethnographic sources from the 18th – 20th centuries. Dyeing experiments help to adequately assess descriptions of fabric colours in written sources from various historical periods, and to interpret historical guides about ancient dyeing techniques and methods.

Application of interlayer perforation and installation of transparent elements in the technology of duplicated decorative polymer films

Objectives. To develop technologies for producing multilayer films of transparent thermoplastic polymers; to study methods of modifying their supramolecular structure; and to determine their optical properties by means of optical-polarization methods for the use of modified films as decorative and design materials in modern architecture.Methods. Industrial samples of polystyrene, low-density polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride films from various manufacturers (Don Polimer, Vektor, and Sibur) were the objects of the study. The optical properties of the films were studied by means polarized-light spectrophotometry. In order to modify the supramolecular structure of the polymers, the surfaces of the films were treated under isometric conditions with volatile solvents or their aqueous solutions. Parts of the layers of multilayer films were removed by cutting with a punching knife using a press or with a manual device for perforating printing materials.Results. The spectral characteristics of multilayer films of several transparent thermoplastic polymers in polarized light were determined. The study showed that a wide palette of colors and contrasting images can be obtained by mechanically removing part of the layers of multilayer films. The phenomenon of pseudo-disappearance of the outermost layer was discovered after treatment of a stack of films under isometric conditions with volatile solvents or their aqueous solutions.Conclusions. Based on the example of large-scale production thermoplastics, it was shown that a combination of technological methods of stacking, perforation, and local plasticization of films of transparent thermoplastic polymers can produce pleochroic multicolor materials for a range of human activities. The possibility of hidden coding of information on multilayer packaging materials, and its visualization and instrumental reading in polarized light was confirmed by color differential and contrast of 150 and 60 units, respectively. It was also shown that several monochrome tones of different lightness and brightness can be obtained by varying the number of layers or perforating the films in multilayer materials.

StyleRF-VolVis: Style Transfer of Neural Radiance Fields for Expressive Volume Visualization.

In volume visualization, visualization synthesis has attracted much attention due to its ability to generate novel visualizations without following the conventional rendering pipeline. However, existing solutions based on generative adversarial networks often require many training images and take significant training time. Still, issues such as low quality, consistency, and flexibility persist. This paper introduces StyleRF-VolVis, an innovative style transfer framework for expressive volume visualization (VolVis) via neural radiance field (NeRF). The expressiveness of StyleRF-VolVis is upheld by its ability to accurately separate the underlying scene geometry (i.e., content) and color appearance (i.e., style), conveniently modify color, opacity, and lighting of the original rendering while maintaining visual content consistency across the views, and effectively transfer arbitrary styles from reference images to the reconstructed 3D scene. To achieve these, we design a base NeRF model for scene geometry extraction, a palette color network to classify regions of the radiance field for photorealistic editing, and an unrestricted color network to lift the color palette constraint via knowledge distillation for non-photorealistic editing. We demonstrate the superior quality, consistency, and flexibility of StyleRF-VolVis by experimenting with various volume rendering scenes and reference images and comparing StyleRF-VolVis against other image-based (AdaIN), video-based (ReReVST), and NeRF-based (ARF and SNeRF) style rendering solutions.

Exploring and Practicing the Quantification of Interior Design Colors from an IKEA Design Perspective

With the improvement of life quality, color plays an increasingly important role in interior design. This article, guided by IKEA's design philosophy, deeply explores the scientific method of interior design color quantification, aiming to enhance the aesthetics and functionality of the living environment through precise color matching. The method leverages the dkimageapp module to achieve scientific quantification and analysis of colors, thereby accomplishing efficient color pairing. In terms of methodology, this article elaborates on the importance and application of color palette, color difference, and color wheel calculations. Color palette calculation assists designers in grasping the distribution and harmony of colors; color difference calculation utilizes the CIEDE2000 formula to provide an accurate assessment of color differences; color wheel calculation serves as a visual tool for understanding color relationships. Empirical research has verified the effectiveness and practicality of the algorithms, ensuring the reliability of the study. This article ultimately summarizes the research findings and looks forward to their widespread application in the field of interior design, contributing to the creation of a better living environment, while stimulating further exploration and innovation to promote the continuous development of the interior design industry

Synchrotron Micro-X-ray Diffraction in Transmission Geometry: A New Approach to Study Polychrome Stratigraphies in Cultural Heritage

In cultural heritage, paint stratigraphies are complex systems typically consisting of various paint layers with fine crystalline phases mixed with coarse pigment and filler grains. This complexity poses significant challenges for X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. In this work, we employed synchrotron radiation micro-X-ray diffraction in transmission geometry (SR-µTXRD) with linear mapping to develop a novel approach for studying the crystalline phases (pigments and fillers) in mock-up paint stratigraphies. A targeted approach was followed for qualitative, quantitative, and microstructural analysis, combining signals from micrometric crystallites and coarse single crystals as well as from randomly oriented and iso-oriented crystalline phases. This allows for identifying, localizing, and quantifying these phases even in low fractions and distinguishes the same phases across different layers with varying grain sizes or spatial orientations. Critical analysis of 2D XRD patterns, coupled with full-profile fitting performed by the Rietveld method, provides insights into material preparation (e.g., grinding), painting technique (e.g., color palette, use of fillers, brushing), and crystallo-chemical modifications over time. This analytical approach, integrating spatially resolved investigation with high-quality phase characterization, enhances the potential of specific XRD methodologies for a 2D investigation of multi-phase materials in cultural heritage, even without dedicated micro-mapping techniques.

Feasibility Of Electronic Comics For The Introduction Of Clean And Healthy Living Behaviors At Mulya Fajar Kindergarten, Indragiri Hulu Regency

This research aims to develop an electronic comic (e-comic) as an innovative learning medium for introducing clean and healthy living behaviors at Mulya Fajar Kindergarten in Indragiri Hulu Regency. The e-comic is designed to enhance the interest and understanding of 4-5-year-old children in the importance of maintaining a clean and healthy lifestyle, which is a crucial aspect of early childhood education. The research began with an initial study to gather information and understand the current situation of teaching and learning activities at Mulya Fajar Kindergarten, particularly in the context of teaching about clean and healthy living. The researcher conducted observations and interviews with the school supervisor and teachers to identify any issues in the learning process, especially related to the introduction of clean and healthy living behaviors. The design of the e-comic was planned in stages, considering the appropriate materials for children to learn about clean and healthy living, the amount of information to be introduced, and any obstacles faced by teachers or students in teaching these concepts. The e-comic was created using the Canva platform, which offers a variety of tools for drawing illustrations, applying color palettes, adding text and dialog balloons, and incorporating graphic elements relevant to the theme of cleanliness and health. The final product of this research is an e-comic that has been tested and revised to ensure its quality and effectiveness. The e-comic is intended for use as an electronic learning medium for children aged 4-5 at Mulya Fajar Kindergarten in Indragiri Hulu Regency. The research also includes a statement of originality, confirming that the work is the researcher's own and free from plagiarism, and a validation sheet for the progress of the research project. The e-comic is expected to be a specific product that can be used to introduce clean and healthy living behaviors to young children, promoting interactive visual narratives that can develop children's language skills and creativity, as well as providing teachers with creative and innovative experiences to teach these concepts.

Prediction of multi-layer metasurface design using conditional deep convolutional generative adversarial networks

Designing metasurfaces is a challenging task. Traditional methodologies, which primarily depend on iterative procedures, are both time-intensive and require specialized expertise. The proposed algorithm uses conditional deep convolutional generative adversarial networks (cDCGAN) to design metasurfaces. This method instantly create a 2D image of a multi-layer metasurface using the scattering parameter S11 as the input vector. The algorithm significantly reduces the size of the training dataset by applying pre-training and post-generating steps. The pre-training step involves aliasing and modifying images using a limited color palette. The post-generating step consists of separating the color channels, converting the pixels to vector based images, and fine-tuning the borders. The algorithm is evaluated for three metasurfaces that have unique features compared to the training dataset samples: a single-band metasurface unitcell, a dual-band metasurface unitcell, and a partially trained sample improved by magnetic field analysis. The results show that the proposed algorithm can accurately predict the images of these metasurface unitcells, demonstrating its potential for fast and efficient metasurface design.