Yolk Color Research Articles

The effect of breeder body mass on laying performance, egg quality, and hatching traits of Japanese quail.

Aim of study: The aim of this research was to determine the effect of breeder body mass on egg laying performance, egg quality, and hatching traits of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Area of study: This study was carried out at the Poultry Unit and Research Centre of Çukurova University in the Republic of Türkiye. Material and methods: In this study, a sum of 216 quails were used. The quails were divided into three experimental groups during the 5 weeks of age based on their body weight: high body mass (HBM), >310 g, medium body mass (MBM) from 290 to 310 g, and low body mass (LBM), <290 g; and then transferred to egg-laying cages. There were three replicates per group. Internal and external egg quality traits, hatching traits, and egg-laying performance were examined. Main results: Egg production was statistically highest in the MBM group and the lowest in the HBM group (p≤0.05). The HBM group had the highest average egg weight and the lowest egg weight was observed in the LBM group (p≤0.05). The Haugh unit, albumen pH, shell thickness, yolk colour traits, shape index, albumen index, hatchability of fertile eggs, and yolk index were not statistically different among the experimental groups (p≥0.05). The fertility and hatchability of set eggs were statistically highest in the LBM group and lowest in the in the HBM group (p≤0.05). Research highlights: Selection for HBM could improve egg weight, however; it may have a negative correlation with egg production and hatching traits.

Evaluation of Essential Oils as Natural Antibacterial Agents for Eggshell Sanitization and Quality Preservation

Eggs are considered a nutritionally complete food and an excellent source of protein. However, they are prone to bacterial contamination, which can affect their internal quality and safety. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of essential oils (EOs) as natural sanitizers for eggshells to reduce the bacterial load and improve shelf life. Ten EOs—cinnamon, clove, lavender, peppermint, thyme, rosemary, green tea, mustard, basil, and marjoram—were tested for antibacterial activity against three Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Listeria monocytogenes) and three Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella Enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli) using the well diffusion method. The most effective EOs were assessed in vapor form using a disc volatilization technique. A total of 288 eggs from a local farm in South Lebanon were treated with selected EOs and stored at room temperature for three weeks to evaluate microbial load and quality. The eggs were grouped into six categories: dry control, ultraviolet (UV) treated, and eggs sprayed with EOs, based on the recorded minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. At each time point, 12 eggs from each group were analyzed for microbiological testing and external and internal quality. Results indicated that nine of the ten EOs showed antibacterial activity, with the highest inhibition zones recorded for cinnamon against S. Enteritidis (14 mm) and E. coli (9 mm), peppermint against P. aeruginosa (10 mm), and rosemary against L. monocytogenes (22 mm), S. aureus (19 mm), and E. faecalis (12 mm). Vapor phase testing showed that rosemary, thyme, clove, and cinnamon EOs had average inhibition zones ranging from 21 to 33 mm against the tested bacteria, and peppermint EO achieved complete inhibition of P. aeruginosa. Clove EO consistently reduced the bacterial load as a sanitizer on eggs, initially achieving complete inhibition. While egg quality parameters such as weight, shell thickness, Haugh unit, and yolk color declined over time, EOs helped maintain better quality compared to dry controls. GC-MS analysis of the tested EOs revealed that monoterpene alcohols are the major constituents of most oils. This study concludes that EOs are effective natural sanitizers for eggs, enhancing safety and preserving quality during storage.

Effects of the Dietary Blue-Green Algae (Spirulina platensis) Supplementation and Egg Storage Period on Egg Quality Traits, Blastoderm Characteristics and Hatching Results of Mast Geese (Anser anser).

This study aimed to determine the effects of the dietary Spirulina platensis supplementation and egg storage period on egg quality traits, blastoderm characteristics and hatching results of Mast geese. For this purpose, the control group was fed the standard enterprise diet, while the experimental group received the same diet supplemented with 0.5% S. platensis. Quality traits of the eggs (shape index, shell thickness, breaking strength, albumen/yolk ratio, albumen index and yolk colour) were evaluated according to diet groups. Except for the yolk ratio of these traits, the mean values obtained from the experimental group were higher than the mean values obtained from the control group (p < 0.05; p < 0.001). Dietary supplementation of S. platensis did not affect blastoderm diameter (BD) but significantly increased the blastoderm viable cells (BVCs) (p < 0.001). Although early embryonic mortality (EEM) was statistically significantly affected by diet groups and storage time, late embryonic mortality (LEM) was affected only by diet groups (p < 0.001). Dietary S. platensis supplementation significantly increased pipped (PIP) classified under the LEM (p < 0.001). Storage period affected internal and external egg traits at different statistical significance levels. As the storage time increased, the breaking strength (p < 0.05), albumen ratio, albumen index, yolk index, Haugh unit decreased (p < 0.01; p < 0.001), while the yolk ratio, and albumen pH increased (p < 0.001). An increase in BD, and a decrease in BVCs were determined with prolonged storage period (p < 0.001). In the classification of LEM, the storage period significantly affected unabsorbed yolk sac (UYS) and the PIP. With prolonged storage time, UYS and PIP significantly increased (p < 0.05; p < 0.01), which is classified under LEM. According to these results, we suggest that S. platensis supplementation to goose diets would be beneficial, but the detailed further studies are needed for more effective results.

Biological silage from tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) by-products on the productive performance, hematological parameters and egg quality of older commercial hens.

This study evaluated the effects of incorporating biological silage from tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) by-products (BST) on the performance, hematological and plasma biochemical parameters, and egg quality (physical, proximate composition and sensory characteristics) of older commercial hens. The BST was prepared by ensiling tambaqui by-products with lactic acid bacteria, cassava trimmings, and preservatives, producing a nutrient-rich, high-protein feed ingredient. One hundred and twenty Hisex Brown hens (83weeks old) were divided into five treatment groups, each receiving diets with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4% BST. Performance metrics, egg quality parameters, and blood samples were collected over 63days. The results showed that diets with 1 to 2% BST improved egg weight, eggshell quality, and feed efficiency without adverse effects on hen health. However, higher BST inclusion levels led to declines in feed intake, egg production, and mineral content in eggs, possibly due to the sensory properties of the tambaqui-based diets. Hematological analysis indicated an increase in MCV and MCH values with higher BST levels, while triglycerides increased and cholesterol decreased, suggesting potential benefits for lipid metabolism at moderate inclusion levels. Sensory analysis of eggs showed greater acceptance in diets with 3% to 4% BST due to yolk color enhancement, although higher levels were not optimal for hen productivity. These findings support BST as a viable alternative feed in poultry diets, promoting waste utilization in a sustainable, circular economy model for the agribusiness sector.

Comparison of Performance, Egg Quality, and Egg Cost of Different Laying Genotypes in Free-Range System from 21 to 44 Weeks of Age.

The aim of this study was to compare the performance, egg quality and economic aspects of laying hybrids of different genotypes in free-range system. In the study, three different laying genotypes (Lohmann Brown, Lohmann Sandy and ATAK-S genotype) were used. Each group consisted of four replicates and each replicate contained 20 hens. Egg production, broken-cracked egg ratio, egg weight, feed consumption, feed efficiency, and viability were determined as performance traits. Eggshell strength, Haugh unit, yolk color, and shell color were determined as egg quality traits. The costs of eggs were assessed for economic analysis. The Lohmann Sandy genotype produced more eggs than the Lohmann Brown genotype (p < 0.05). The ATAK-S genotype reached 50% egg production age sooner than other genotypes (p < 0.05). The Lohmann Sandy and Lohmann Brown genotypes produced fewer broken eggs and heavier eggs compared to the ATAK-S genotype (p < 0.05). The ATAK-S genotype consumed more feed than the Lohmann Sandy and Lohmann Brown genotypes (p < 0.05). The Lohmann Sandy and Lohmann Brown genotypes have better feed efficiency compared to the ATAK-S genotype (p < 0.05). Eggs from the Lohmann Sandy genotype exhibit greater resistance to breakage compared to those from other genotypes (p < 0.05). The highest quality of albumen was identified in the eggs of the Lohmann Brown genotype (p < 0.05). The yolk color of Lohmann Brown genotype eggs is darker than those of other genotypes (p < 0.05). The shell color of Lohmann genotype eggs is a darker brown compared to eggs of other genotypes (p < 0.05). The cheapest egg cost was determined from eggs produced from the Lohmann Sandy genotype (p < 0.05). According to the results obtained from our study, it would be more appropriate to prefer the Lohmann Sandy genotype in the free-range system.

Enhancing nutrient intake, egg production, and egg quality by fermented Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal in a diet of laying quail

Background and Aim: The inclusion of Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal (LLM) in poultry feed is often limited due to its high crude fiber and mimosine content. This study investigates the potential of fermented LLM (FLM) to enhance nutrient intake, egg production, and egg quality in laying quails by reducing anti-nutritional factors through fermentation. Materials and Methods: Two hundred 42-day-old laying quails were assigned to five dietary treatments: T0 (control) = 100% basal diet (BD), T1 = 98% BD + 2% FLM, T2 = 96% BD + 4% FLM, T3 = 94% BD + 6% FLM, and T4 = 92% BD + 8% FLM. Parameters including nutrient intake (energy, protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus), feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg production, egg weight, eggshell thickness, Haugh unit, and yolk color were measured over a 28-day trial. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance, followed by Duncan’s test for significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). Results: FLM supplementation significantly improved energy, protein, fat, calcium, and phosphorus intake while reducing FCR. At 4% FLM inclusion, significant enhancements in egg production, eggshell thickness, Haugh unit, and yolk color were observed. Conversely, fiber intake and overall feed intake remained unaffected across treatments. The highest egg production (56.43%) and best yolk color (8,95) were observed in the 8% FLM group. Conclusion: Incorporating FLM into the diets of laying quails effectively enhances nutrient utilization and improves egg production and quality without increasing feed intake. The optimal inclusion level for maximizing benefits appears to be 4-8% FLM. Keywords: Egg production, egg quality, fermentation, Leucaena leucocephala, nutrient intake.

Diet supplementation with phytase and xylanase on laying performance, egg quality, apparent metabolizable energy, and phosphorous use in laying hens

Background and Aim: The inclusion of supplementary enzymes, such as phytase and xylanase, in poultry diets enhances nutrient digestibility and reduces excreta output, minimizing environmental impact. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of phytase and xylanase supplementation on laying performance, egg quality, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), and phosphorus utilization in laying hens. Materials and Methods: A total of 576 laying hens, aged 47 weeks, were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: (T1) a control diet, (T2) a negative control diet with reduced energy and phosphorus, (T3) T2 supplemented with phytase (50 g/ton) and xylanase (100 g/ton), and (T4) T2 supplemented with phytase and NSP enzyme mix. The study was conducted over 12 weeks. Data on body weight, laying performance, egg quality, AME, and phosphorus utilization were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance, with statistical significance set at p &lt; 0.05. Results: No significant differences were observed in hen-day egg production, egg weight, or feed intake across groups. However, enzyme supplementation (T3 and T4) significantly reduced feed costs per kg egg and feed cost per egg compared to the control (p &lt; 0.05). Eggshell strength improved significantly in T3 and T4 groups, while yolk color declined in these groups compared to T1 (p &lt; 0.05). Other quality metrics, such as albumen height and Haugh units, showed no significant differences. Apparent metabolizable energy, phosphorus retention time, and feces scores were not significantly affected by dietary treatments. Conclusion: Phytase and xylanase supplementation in diets with reduced nutrient content effectively reduced production costs while maintaining laying performance and improving eggshell strength. These findings support the use of these enzymes as cost-efficient tools in poultry production without compromising egg quality. Keywords: egg quality, feed efficiency, laying hen, nutrient digestability, phosphorus utilization, phytase, poultry enzymes, xylanase.

Eggs production yield and physical quality eggs of laying quail by inclusion of Clitoria ternatea flour as a phytobiotic in the diets

Abstract Feed ingredients need to be managed well to maximize quail production potential. In addition to having the right amount and quality of nutrients to maximize egg production, that feed can serve as a source of phytobiotics to help maintain health. The butterfly pea (Clitoria Ternatea), which has flowers that has vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds, is one feed that can be used as a source of phytobiotics. The study was conducted to determine the quantity and quality of eggs produced by laying quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) by adding butterfly flower (BF) flour to diets as a source of phytobiotics. At total of 180 laying quails were treated in this study, which 6 treatments with 3 replicates. Experimental diets were offered ad libitum and water were available at all time. The study was resulted highly significant (P&lt;0.01) affected quail day production(QDP) and index of yolk color. Whereas feed intake and feed conversion ratio were found to be significantly (P&lt;0.05) affected. Egg weight, egg index, egg yolk, yolk index, egg albumen, shell weight, and shell thickness, however, were not significantly (P&gt;0.05) impacted. Butterfly flower (Clitoria Ternatea) flour can be used as a natural phytobiotics and can increase the number of eggs and the yolk’s color score without affecting the physical quality of the eggs.

Effect of Supplementing Lawsonia Inermis on Chicken Ovary and Egg Quality Parameters

The effects of Lawsonia inermis (henna) on the egg quality parameters of White Leghorn chickens over a 4-week period. A total of 25 chickens were housed individually, with free access to feed and water. The results showed notable variations in egg quality attributes due to the supplementation of L. inermis. In terms of albumen height, the control group had the highest measurement (8.01 cm), while Group C recorded the lowest (7.46 cm). The albumen index was also highest in the control group (2.43) and lowest in Group B (2.29). Group D had the longest albumen length (92.86 mm), while Group B had the shortest (89.09 mm). Egg weight was heaviest in the control group (67.78 g) and lightest in Group B (58.21 g). The Haugh unit was highest in Group B (87.63 HU) and lowest in Group C (85.73 HU), while shell thickness was thickest in the control group (2.66 mm) and thinnest in Group E (0.42 mm). Yolk measurements showed Group D had the largest yolk diameter (43.14 mm), while Group B had the smallest (41.11 mm). Yolk height was tallest in Group B (17.58 mm) and shortest in the control group (17.28 mm). Reproductive parameters, including follicle weights, were significantly affected, with Group A showing the highest weights across several follicle categories, while Group E recorded the lowest. The length of reproductive organs varied, with the control group having the longest shell gland (9.75 cm) and reproductive tract length (70.85 cm), and Group E showing the shortest. Lawsonia inermis supplementation affected several egg quality parameters, including shell strength and yolk color. Although these changes were consistent with prior studies, the results did not indicate substantial alterations in egg quality due to L. inermis.

Effects of Dietary Resveratrol and Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal Supplements on Quail Egg Production, Quality, and Consumer Acceptance.

This study aimed to examine the effects of supplementing a basal diet with resveratrol and black soldier fly (Hermetiaillucens) larvae meal on Manchurian Golden quail egg production and quality as well as consumer attitudes towards the quail eggs and their acceptability. Quail were allotted three treatments for a laying period of 3 months. The dietary treatment groups were those of a basal diet, a basal diet with 250 mg/kg resveratrol pliusACE, and a diet supplemented with 10% black soldier fly larvae meal (BSF). The BSF larvae meal supplement increased the live weight of the quail, but the differences in the mean egg production and egg external parameters between the experimental groups were insignificant. The egg yolk from the quail fed with resveratrol and BSF supplementation demonstrated lower (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01) pH compared with the quail fed a basal diet. Egg yolk colour showed lower (p < 0.05) lightness and lower (p < 0.01) yellowness and colour saturation in the group of quail fed with resveratrol supplement compared with BSF supplement. Resveratrol inclusion in the basal diet resulted in increased (p < 0.001) protein content in the yolk. BSF inclusion in the diet showed the effect by increasing (p < 0.001) dry matter in albumen. The total monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cholesterol content were not affected by the dietary treatment. The inclusion of BSF larvae meal in the diet increased the proportion of total saturated fatty acids and lowered the proportion of total trans fatty acids in yolk lipids and demonstrated less favourable ratios of fatty acids and nutritional indices, except for the peroxidisability index, and showed higher oxidative status (p < 0.05), flavour score, and overall egg acceptance compared with the quail fed on a basal diet.

Kaempferol and Vitamin E Improve Production Performance by Linking the Gut-Uterus Axis Through the Reproductive Hormones and Microbiota of Late-Laying Hens.

This study evaluated the effects of kaempferol (KAE), and vitamin E (VE) on the performance, reproductive hormones, and the composition of the cecum and uterus microbiota in late-laying hens. A total of 192 49-week-old Jinghong No. 1 laying hens were randomly divided into four groups, with six replicates in each group and eight laying hens in each replicate, pre-reared for one week and formally tested for ten weeks. The CON group was fed basal diets, the VE group, the KAE group, and the KAE + VE group were fed a basal diet to which was added 0.2 g/kg VE, 0.4 g/kg KAE, and 0.2 g/kg VE + 0.4 g/kg KAE, respectively. The results are as follows. Compared to the CON group, the VE group, the KAE group, and the KAE + VE group significantly increased the egg production rate, average daily egg weight and significantly decreased the feed-to-egg ratio. The VE + KAE group significantly improved the Haugh unit. The VE group, the KAE group, and the KAE + VE group considerably enhanced the eggshell strength, eggshell relative weight, eggshell thickness, yolk color, and relative yolk weight. The serum E2 and LH levels of the KAE group and the KAE + VE group and the serum FSH levels of the KAE + VE group were significantly higher. In the ovary, the KAE group and the KAE + VE group's ESR1 gene expression levels were significantly higher, and the KAE + VE group's FSHR gene expression levels were markedly higher. In the uterus, the KAE group and the KAE + VE group's ESR1 gene expression levels were dramatically higher, and the KAE + VE group's ESR2 and FSHR gene expression levels were significantly higher. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed a significant aggregation of cecum and uterus colonies in the Beta diversity PCoA. In the cecum, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and WPS-2 were the dominant phylums. In the uterus, the Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phylums. The KAE + VE group's F/B was significantly higher at the phylum level than in the CON group and the VE group. In summary, the addition of VE and KAE to the diet can improve the production performance of late-laying hens, increase the content of reproductive hormones, and stabilize the cecal and uterus microbiota, which may be related to the hormone and microbiota linkage of the gut-uterus axis.

Strategy for Improving Production Performance and Quality of Layer Eggs by Giving Symbiotics (Inulin and L. Fusiformis BIP-211 isolate) Through Feeding

Symbiotic is a combination of pre-biotic and pro-biotic. This study aims to evaluate the impact of giving symbiotics through feeding on the performance and quality of layer eggs. This study used 408 Layer 65 weeks old which were divided into 2 groups as treatment. Layer maintenance was carried out for 14 days in a closed house cage with a battery cage system. The treatment in this study was giving symbiotic through feeding (0.1% of feeding) and without symbiotic as a control. The symbiotic used consisted of inulin, mineral mix, and L. Fusiformis BIP-211 bacterial isolates with a cell density of 1012. Parameters observed were production performance [(Feed Intake (FI), Hen Day Production (HDP) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)], Feed digestibility [Dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility] and egg quality [(shell thickness, Egg Yolk Index (EYI), Haugh Units (HU), and Egg Yolk Color (EYC)]. The data obtained was analyzed using the T-Test. The results showed that giving symbiotics through feeding had a very significant effect (P-0.000) on HDP and FCR, but not significantly different on FI (P-0.900). The average FI in this study was 102 g/day. The HDP and FCR in the layer that were given the symbiote were 87.6% and 1.8 respectively, while those that without symbiotic were 81.16% and 2.02, respectively. Feed containing symbiotics had a higher level of digestibility of dry matter and organic matter compared to the control (P-0.000). The digestibility of dry matter and organic matter in this feed was 95.5 and 96.07% respectively. Symbiotic administration had a very significant effect (P-0.000) on shell thickness and had no significant effect on EYI, HU, and EYC. The conclusion of this study is that the administration of symbiotics can improve the performance and feed digestibility of layer production and increase the shell thickness without affecting egg quality.

Evaluasi Pemberian Infusa Daun Kelor (Moringa Oleifera) Terhadap Performa, Kualitas Telur dan Status Kesehatan Ayam Petelur Strain Lohmann Brown

This study aims to evaluate the effect of Kelor (Moringa oleifera) leaf infusion on the performance, physical quality of eggs, and health status of Lohmann Brown laying hens. This study used 120 laying hens aged 84 weeks. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 treatments (P0: Drinking water without infusion, P1: drinking water containing 5% infusion (5 cc 100cc-1), P2: drinking water containing 10% infusion (10 cc 100cc-1) and 5 replications with 8 chickens in each replication. The data obtained were tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and any significant difference was continued with the Tukey test. The feed used was commercial laying hen feed produced by PT. Kerta Mulya Saripakan. The results showed that the administration of moringa leaf infusion in drinking water at a level of 5% (5 cc 100cc-1) significantly increased (p&lt;0.05) hen day egg production (HDP), egg mass production, haugh units (HU), and egg yolk color scores, while it reduced the feed conversion ratio (FCR) value. A level of 5% was able to maintain the health of laying hens. It can be concluded that the administration of Kelor leaf infusion in drinking water maintains the production of laying hens. Key words: egg quality, health status, Lohmann Brown, Moringa oleifera, performance

Investigating the Effects of Dietary Bile Acids on Production Performance and Lipid Metabolism in Late-Phase Laying Hens.

Multiply adverse effects including declines in production performance and excessive fat deposition were noticed with the extension of the laying cycle in hens, which are pertinent to animal welfare and human food safety. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of bile acids (BAs) on production performance and lipid metabolism in late-phase laying hens. A total of 144 70-week-old hens were distributed into three treatments with eight replicates per treatment, including the basal diet with 0 (Ctrl), 95.01 (Low-BA), and 189.99 mg/kg (High-BA) of porcine BAs, respectively. The test period was from 70 to 75 weeks. The supplementation of BAs did not significantly alter laying performance during the trial, whereas it increased (p < 0.05) the total follicles compared to the Ctrl diet. The eggs from the hens fed the BA diet exhibited increased (p > 0.05) relative weight of eggshell and yolk color than those that consumed the Ctrl diet. There were no significant changes following BA treatment regarding the serum lipid profile. Dietary BA treatment reduced the total triglyceride in livers to different extents, resulting in the decreased diameter and area of vacuoles in liver tissues. The low-dose BA treatment decreased the mRNA levels of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), while promoting the expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) compared to the Ctrl group (both p < 0.05). Of note, the expressions of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT), and ileum bile acid-binding protein (IBABP) were notably downregulated (p < 0.05) by the low-dose BA treatment. Dietary BA treatment had no apparent effects on laying performance, whereas it increased the follicle frequency, eggshell weight, and yolk color. Moreover, a diet containing 95.01 mg/kg of BAs depressed ileal BA resorption and hepatic fatty deposition by reducing lipogenesis and promoting lipolysis, which may have a beneficial effect on the liver in late-phase layers.

Potential of fermented rumen content of cow feed on daily egg productivity and quality of yolk color of quail egg (Cortunix cortunix japonica)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fermented rumen contents on quail rations. The parameters measured were daily egg production and egg yolk quality. There are 96 quails with 4 treatments and 6 repetitions. (T0) formulation feed without fermented rumen contents, (T1) formulation feed + 5% fermented rumen content, (T2) formulation feed + 10% fermented rumen content, (T3) formulation feed + 15% fermented rumen content. Samples are observed daily for daily egg production and the last week for egg yolk quality. The results showed that the uses of fermented rumen contents in rations at a rate of up to 15% causeddid not interfere towards daily egg production and could even improve the quality of egg yolk.

The Quality of Hatching Egg and Development of Embryonic Somites in Kampung and Sentul Chickens

Kampung and Sentul chickens are Indonesian local chicken breeds that are widely developed by breeding companies as strains for meat production. The genetic differences among these chicken strains can impact the quality of the hatching eggs they produce. Somite development is a crucial part of chicken embryo growth during the hatching process, as it precedes the formation of vertebrae and skeletal muscles, ultimately affecting chick quality. This study aimed to analyse how both strains of hens affect hatching egg quality and somite development. The sample included 126 hatching eggs, with 63 from Kampung chickens and 63 from Sentul chickens. The observed parameters of hatching egg quality included egg weight, egg shape index, eggshell thickness, eggshell weight, eggshell strength, albumen index, yolk index, yolk color score, Haugh Unit (HU), and embryo development indicators, such as the development of the primitive streak and progression of somite number. The data were analysed using a t test. Differences between chicken strains significantly affected (P&lt;0.05) egg weight, shell thickness, the albumen index, and HU. The different strains also showed significant differences (P&lt;0.05) in embryo somite development, with the primitive streak development of the Sentul chicken being slower than that of the Kampung chicken. In conclusion, Kampung chickens produce hatching eggs with superior interior quality, primitive streak development and somite number compared to the hatching eggs of other chickens. However, Sentul chickens also demonstrate good exterior egg quality, as shown by their egg weight and shell thickness.

Effect of Dietary Cold-Pressed Hempseed Cake Supplemented with Tomato Waste on Laying Hen Performance and Egg Yolk Lipid Profile and Antioxidant Status Before and After Storage.

A ten-week study was conducted to investigate the effects of the dietary inclusion of HSC as a source of PUFAs together with a natural source of antioxidants such as DT or DTP on the performance of laying hens and egg quality, as well as the lipid profile, antioxidant content and oxidative stability of egg yolk before and after storage. A total of 96 laying hens (aged between 28 and 37 weeks) were divided into three groups of 32 birds each (eight replicate cages, four birds per cage) and were assigned randomly the following dietary treatments: a standard corn-soybean meal diet (C), a diet containing 20% hempseed cake and 4% dried whole tomato (HT) and a diet containing 20% hempseed cake and 4% dried tomato pomace (HTP). The incorporation of HSC and tomato waste (DT and DTP) into the diet of hens caused increases in feed intake (p < 0.05) and yolk color score without changing egg production, egg weight or feed conversion ratio (FCR). The HT and HTP diets ensured a lower content (p < 0.05) of cholesterol in the egg yolk but a higher content (p < 0.001) of n-3 FAs, especially of ALA (α-linolenic acid, 18:3n-3), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5n-3) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3), which allowed for an increase in the hypo-/hypercholesterolemic FA ratio and a reduction in the n-6/n-3 FA ratio and TI (thrombogenicity index) value compared to those of C eggs. In addition, the inclusion of DT or DTP in the diet of laying hens increased the antioxidant content in the yolk, which led to an increase in the oxidative stability of the yolk lipids, evidenced by a decrease in the concentrations of MDA (malondialdehyde) in fresh eggs and those stored for 30 days at 4 °C. DTP exerted the most desirable effects because the egg yolk had the most intense color, the highest contents of n-3 FAs and natural antioxidants and the best oxidative stability of yolk lipids before and after egg storage. It was concluded that the simultaneous enrichment of the diet of laying hens with n-3 FAs and natural antioxidants (carotenoids, tocopherols and phenols), in addition to improving the color of the yolk, leads to eggs with a higher content of n-3 FAs and antioxidants, improved antioxidant activity and better PUFA stability during egg storage.

Optimizing selenium-enriched yeast supplementation in laying hens: Enhancing egg quality, selenium concentration in eggs, antioxidant defense, and liver health

This study evaluated the effects of selenium-enriched yeast (SY) supplementation at various levels on health and production parameters in laying hens, including egg production, egg quality, selenium (Se) concentrations in eggs, liver health, serum biochemical markers, antioxidant function, and immune responses. A total of 360 Hy-Line Brown hens (28 weeks old) were randomly assigned to four dietary groups with six replicates of 15 birds each, monitored over a 12-week feeding trial after a two-week acclimatization period. The dietary groups included a control (basal diet without selenium) and three SY-supplemented groups with Se levels of 0.3 mg/kg (SY03), 1.5 mg/kg (SY15), and 6.0 mg/kg (SY60). The results showed no significant effects of dietary SY on laying performance or feed efficiency (P > 0.05). However, the SY15 group showed significant improvements in egg quality, particularly in albumen height, Haugh Unit and yolk color (P < 0.05). Selenium concentrations in eggs, albumen, and yolk increased dose-dependently, with significant differences in the SY-supplemented groups (P < 0.001). Increased activities of liver enzymes including alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate transaminase, alongside elevated levels of uric acid were notable in the SY60 group (P < 0.05). In addition, histological analysis revealed significant hepatocyte degeneration and a higher liver organ index (P < 0.05), in the SY60 group. All of which suggests potential liver toxicity at higher selenium levels. Antioxidant capacity of the birds were significantly enhanced due to dietary supplementation of SY as indicated by increased serum levels of total antioxidant capacity, and activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase (P < 0.05). Analysis of hepatic genes expression revealed that SY15 supplementation significantly upregulated key antioxidant-related genes (Nrf2, HO-1, CAT, and NQO1) and downregulated Keap1 expression (P < 0.05), suggesting strong activation of the antioxidant defense system. In conclusion, SY supplementation at 1.5 mg/kg improved egg quality, increased Se concentrations in eggs, and enhanced antioxidant capacity without affecting laying performance or liver health. This makes it a balanced approach to improving egg quality and poultry health. However, higher supplementation levels (6.0 mg/kg) resulted in liver damage, underscoring the importance of careful dosage consideration.

The effect of group size and laying month on the quality, IgG, and corticosterone levels of goose eggs

Abstract. Environmental stress is known to negatively affect poultry health, production, and egg quality. Our study aimed to evaluate the effects of two different group sizes and the laying month on egg quality characteristics as well as the effect of group size on corticosterone and IgG levels in goose eggs. The research was conducted on a semi-free-range goose breeder farm in Hajdú–Bihar county, Hungary. The eggs included in the analysis were produced by 4-year-old geese of the Grimaud breed. Two group sizes were constructed; the large group contained 850 birds; and there were three small groups, each containing 50 geese as replicates. The effect of the laying month and group size on egg quality parameters and the effect of group size on egg IgG and corticosterone contents were investigated. Eggs laid in January at the peak of production and at the end of February (low-production period) were involved in the study. Regarding the effect of months, we noticed a decrease in egg width (from 6.12 to 5.98 cm), shell thickness (from 0.76 to 0.61 mm at the blunt end, from 0.69 to 0.61 mm at the equator, and from 0.65 to 0.56 mm at the pointed end), shell weight (from 19.56 to 18.19 g), yolk weight (from 69.05 to 62.35 g), yolk ratio (from 36.45 % to 34.43 %), yolk diameter (from 7.09 to 6.59 cm), and yolk colour with fan (from 12.58 to 11.83) and b∗ (from 54.57 to 49.91) (P ≤ 0.05). The albumen ratio and yolk pH increased from 53.24 % to 55.51 % and from 6.18 to 6.29 from January to February, respectively. Regarding group size, the albumen pH (8.77 vs. 8.67), IgG (4955 vs. 3823 ng mL−1), and corticosterone (187.26 vs. 76.24 ng mL−1) levels were higher in the small groups (P ≤ 0.05).

Application of Natural Antioxidants from Fruits Waste for Improving Egg Quality Characteristics

Fruit waste poses a significant global challenge, with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reporting that about 1.3 billion tons of food is wasted annually, contributing to environmental and economic challenges. The major fruit-producing countries (United States, China, India, and Brazil) are responsible for a large portion of this waste. Fruit waste contains different bioactive compounds like polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamins, and carotenoids, which are, in large part, underutilized regardless of their antioxidant properties. These compounds can play an important function in poultry nutrition, offering natural alternatives to synthetic antioxidants. Reintegrating fruit waste into poultry diets might have potent benefits on the nutritional quality and shelf life of eggs. Some studies reported that bioactive compounds from fruit waste improve the oxidative stability of eggs and the nutritional content, potentially extending shelf life during storage. Additionally, antioxidant compounds from fruit waste have been shown to improve yolk coloration and some egg quality parameters while reducing reactive oxygen species, which cause lipid oxidation. Their inclusion in poultry diets can lower feed costs, promote animal welfare, and reduce the environmental impact of fruit waste. This review highlights some key fruit wastes, such as citrus, apple, grape, rosehip, sea buckthorn, and banana, among others, which are natural reservoirs of bioactive compounds beneficial for poultry nutrition. This strategy aligns with FAO sustainability goals, addressing both food waste and animal nutrition challenges. Future studies should focus on optimizing the inclusion rates of these natural antioxidants in poultry diets to maximize their benefits.