Color Matching Research Articles

Comparative Study of Multi-Objective and Single-Objective Optimisation of Colour Matching for Opaque Products

Opaque products usually refer to all types of products with opaque packaging. In order to improve the market competitiveness of opaque products, it is crucial to determine the optimal colour scheme for the products. In this paper, we study the colour matching scheme for opaque products, taking different concentrations of red, yellow and blue dye as the research variables, taking the minimum chromatic aberration, the lowest cost, and the type of dye as the objective function, establishing the mathematical model of the optimal colour matching scheme, adopting the single-objective particle swarm algorithm and multi-objective hierarchical sequential method respectively, and using specific examples to carry out a comparative analysis to check the two methods. The results show that the single-objective method can provide the colour matching scheme with the minimum chromatic aberration from the ideal colour, and the multi-objective method can consider the cost and price of dyes as well as the types of dyes to provide a more scientific colour matching scheme. The computational results also verify the validity of the model and show that the model can provide decision-making and support for colour matching schemes for opaque products.

Color Expression and Mood Creation in Imagery Oil Painting

Oil painting is a traditional Western painting form. With the introduction of China and the influence of China’s traditional painting and aesthetics, the painting style became more distinctive, expanding a new development direction of oil painting, and thus imagery oil painting came into being. Color, as the most important element in imagery oil painting, mainly plays the role of mood creation and emotional expression. Many creators are good at injecting their thoughts and emotions into the paintings through color matching, so as to enhance the artistic expression of the paintings. This paper analyzes the color expression characteristics of imagery oil painting and explores the color expression techniques in imagery oil painting and mood creation of imagery oil painting from several aspects.

Physiological and psychological responses to tended plant communities with varying color characteristics

Exposure to plants has been reported to promote health and reduce stress, and plant color has direct impacts on physical and mental health. We used images of common types of tended plant communities in Shenyang, China, with combinations of yellow, green, and red foliage, as experimental stimuli. A total of 27 images were used as visual stimuli. We used electroencephalography to measure α wave activity (8–13 Hz) in 40 subjects while they viewed visual stimuli. These data were combined with subjective questionnaire data to analyze the relaxing effect of images of tended plant communities with different color types and proportions on people. The results revealed that, although there were slight differences between the electroencephalography and psychological findings, women were significantly more relaxed than men after viewing the images. Physiological and psychological responses varied with the types and proportions of colors in the tended plant communities: those of foliage with combinations of two or three colors induced stronger responses than images with a single color. Specifically, (1) for one-color plant communities, green or yellow plant communities induced a stronger relaxation effect than red plant communities; (2) for two-color plant communities, the optimal color proportion was 55% + 45%, and the green + yellow and green + red color combinations induced a stronger relaxation effect; (3) for three-color plant communities, the relaxation effect was strongest when the color proportion was 55% green + 25% yellow + 20% red. These data would provide a plant color matching in future plant landscape design, which may be helpful for creating healthy and relaxing environments.Graphical abstract

Evaluation of Clinical Performance and Colour Match of Single and Multiple Shade Composites in Class-I Restorations: A Randomised Clinical Study

Introduction: Biomimetic dentistry primarily focuses on achieving aesthetics that closely resemble natural enamel and dentin. This approach ensures that dental restorations seamlessly match the appearance of enamel and dentin, rendering them virtually invisible. Additionally, biomimetic dentistry aims to mimic not only the visual characteristics but also the physical properties of enamel and dentin, thereby ensuring functional acceptability. The introduction of new composite materials in the market is a gradual progression aimed at attaining the mentioned objectives. Aim: To compare clinical performance and colour matching of single and multiple shade composites in simple Class-I carious lesions after one year. Materials and Methods: This randomised clinical study included 21 patients with a total of 72 Class-I carious lesions with patients who provided informed consent. Teeth were randomised into two groups: Group-A (n=36) received multishade composite (3M Filtek z350), and Group-B (n=36) received single-shade composite (Omnichroma). Clinical performance was assessed by two blinded evaluators at baseline, six months, and one year using modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. Colour matching was evaluated by capturing digital photographs with a DSLR camera, ring flash, and 100 mm macro lens. Colour measurements (L*, a*, b*) were analysed using Adobe Photoshop, and ΔE was calculated immediately after restoration. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 21.0 software, employing Chi-square test, Friedman test, and independent t-test. Results: No significant difference was found in clinical outcomes after one year using modified USPHS criteria (p>0.05). However, both Group-A (p=0.002) and Group-B (p=0.007) showed increased marginal discolouration, and decreased colour match (p<0.001) from baseline to one year. There was no statistically significant difference in colour matching potential between the two groups (p=0.056). Conclusion: Single-shade composites effectively treat Class-I carious lesions, demonstrating satisfactory colour matching and clinical performance.

Surrounding and background shades effect on color adjustment of single-shade composites.

This study evaluated the effects of surrounding and background shades on the color adjustment potential (CAP) and visual color match of two single-shade composites, Vittra APS Unique and Charisma Diamond One. Cylinder-shaped specimens were constructed, consisting of either single-shade composites alone (simple) or composites surrounded by the Forma material at shades A1 or A3 (dual). Simple specimens using only the Forma at the specified shades were also prepared. Color measurements of simple specimens were taken against a gray background using a spectrophotometer. For dual specimens, the color of the inner composite was measured against a gray or chromatic (the same shade as the outer composite) background. Color differences (ΔE00) between the single-shade composites and the A1/A3 composite were calculated. CAP was determined by comparing data from simple and dual specimens. Four experienced dentists scored the color match (perfect to unacceptable) for each specimen using a viewing booth illuminated by an illuminant D65. Data were analyzed with repeated-measures ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test. The results showed that both single-shade composites showed the lowest color discrepancies when they were compared to A1 and A3. Using a chromatic background only significantly affected the CAP when the outer composite was A3. The visual analysis showed poor color matches between the single-shade and control chromatic composites, except for Charisma Diamond One surrounded by A1. In conclusion, the CAP values of the evaluated single-shade composites were impacted by both surrounding shade and background color, and the color match of these materials tended to be poor.

Short-term Results of the Masking Effect of an Infiltrant Resin on Mild Molar Incisor Hypomineralization Lesions in Anterior Teeth.

This non-controlled clinical study evaluated the masking effect of an infiltrant resin on mild molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) lesions. Thirty MIH-affected anterior teeth with creamy/ white opacities from 12 children aged 6-15 years received the application of an infiltrant resin (Icon- DMG). Standard photographs were taken before (T1), immediately after (T2), and 1 week after (T3) resin infiltration. Two calibrated examiners qualitatively analyzed the color match using the Fédération Dentaire Internationale (FDI) scale. The binomial distribution test analyzed the scores of the color match at T1 with T2 and T3, and McNemar's test analyzed the scores of the color match between T2 and T3 (α=0.05). There was a significant increase in color match between T1 and T2 (p=0.0005), between T1 and T3 (p=0.0005), and between T2 and T3 (p=0.0019). It was concluded that infiltrant resin was effective in improving the esthetic appearance of creamy/white opacities on MIH-affected anterior teeth.

Evaluating the Color Matching Ability of a Smart Chromatic Technology-Based Composite Resin for Premolar Teeth Restoration.

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the color-matching ability of OMNICHROMA composite, a single-shade composite, using the CIE L ∗ a ∗ b ∗ system and determining ΔE values. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 30 intact premolar teeth were collected, cleaned, and disinfected with 0.5% thymol solution. The teeth were stored in distilled water at 37°C. A putty index calibrated the color assessment sites on buccal and lingual surfaces. Two cavities were prepared, one with 1.25 mm depth (enamel) and another with 2.25 mm depth (dentin), and restored using OMNICHROMA composite resin. The putty index measured the color of the cured composite, and ΔE between the composite and original tooth color was calculated. Statistical analysis: Data analysis included t-tests, correlation coefficients, and Fisher's exact test (α = 0.05). Results: The mean ΔE was 2.39 in enamel cavities and 2.32 in dentin cavities, both within the clinically acceptable range (<3.3). In enamel cavities, the composite color was darker than the tooth, shifting toward green and blue shades. In dentin cavities, the composite color was lighter than the tooth, with shifts toward green and yellow shades. Color matching was slightly better in dentin cavities, but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.719). Conclusion: OMNICHROMA composite resin's color matching falls within the clinically acceptable range, unaffected by cavity depth.

Color matching and color recovery in large composite restorations using single-shade or universal composites.

This study assessed the color-matching ability and color recovery of unprepared teeth when using single-shade composites and a universal composite in large restorations. Buccal and palatine surface colors of molars were measured with a spectrophotometer (CIELAB) before preparing round cavities (6 mm in diameter, 2 mm in depth). The cavities were randomly filled with a single-shade composite (Omnichroma, Diamond One, or Vittra APS Unique) or a universal composite (Filtek Universal). Color measurements of the restored cavities were taken, and overall color differences (ΔEab and ΔE00) and differences in the whitening index for dentistry (ΔWID) from baseline were calculated. Additionally, visual assessments of a color match to the surrounding enamel were performed by forty evaluators (laypersons and undergraduate students of dentistry) in a viewing booth under illuminant D65, with rating scores from 0 (no color mismatch) to 4 (not acceptable). Data were analyzed using RM or one-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). Results showed that the restorations generally exhibited whiter colors (WID ranged from 27.9 to 41.3) than the unprepared teeth (WID ranged from 15.9 to 19.3). The composite Filtek Universal demonstrated the lowest color discrepancy (ΔWID = 8.6; ΔE00 = 10.8; and ΔE00 = 6.2), and no significant differences were observed among the evaluated single-shade composites. Furthermore, all composites showed similar and adequate color matches to the surrounding enamel. However, it is important to note that despite their ability to match the surrounding enamel reasonably, none of the composites evaluated in large restorations fully recovered the color observed in unprepared teeth.

Five-year clinical follow-up of bulk-fill restorative materials in class II restorations.

This study evaluates the 5-year clinical performance of Class II restorations performed with different bulk-fill restorative materials. In the study, Class II restorations performed with Tetric Bulk-Fill (TBF), Filtek Bulk-Fill (FBF), and Equia Forte Fil (EF) were evaluated. One hundred-nineteen restorations were included in the study. Restorations were assessed during the 6th month, 1st, 2nd, and 5th year. Cochran Q, Pearson chi-square, and Fisher-Freeman-Halton tests were used for statistical analysis. In the 5th year, significant differences were observed in terms of retention, color match, marginal adaptation, marginal discoloration, surface texture, and anatomical form in all materials. There was a significant difference between EF and bulk-fill composites only in terms of retention and anatomical form. EF was significantly less successful than bulk-fill composites with regard to retention and anatomical form, but bulk-fill composites have shown similar clinical performance. EF cannot be an alternative to bulk-fill composites for Class II restorations.

Management of severity lesions of hypomineralized molars (MIH) with different treatment alternatives: 9-month results of a clinical trial.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the 9-month clinical performance of different materials and treatment procedures in teeth with MIH in children, and to evaluate the effectiveness of Papacarie gel as a deproteinization agent. The study included 90 children (aged 8-15) who had 189 first permanent molars with MIH were restored randomly with 4 different materials/methods. Equia Forte HT (GC, Tokyo, Japan) was used in Group 1; In Group 2, G-eanial composite (GC, Tokyo, Japan) was used with a Fuji IX (GC, Tokyo, Japan) base; In Group 3 and Group 4, EverX Posterior (GC, Tokyo, Japan) base and G-eanial composite (GC, Tokyo, Japan) were used. In group 4, deproteinization was performed with Papacarie Duo gel (F&A, Sao Paulo, Brazil). The restorations were evaluated at 3-month intervals for 9 months using modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. The overall recall rate was 94.1% for every 3-month clinical evaluation over 9 months. A total of 9 restorations were unsuccessful. Surface roughness of Group 1 was statistically different from all other groups in all control periods (p < 0.05). Marginal adaptation of Group 2 was found to be significantly different from Groups 3 and 4 at the both of 6th and 9th month controls. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of retention, color match, marginal discoloration and secondary caries in all control months. Restoration of MIH with Equia Forte HT is almost as successful as composites. The use of dentin replacement materials instead of glass ionomer cements as a base in composite restorations shows better results. Papacarie deproteinization showed similar success with other composite groups. This study was the first clinical study in which Papacarie was used for deproteinization in teeth with MIH and will thus contribute to the literature.

Exploration the use of digital technology in the revitalisation design of Ming Dynasty’s Yingluo jewellery

Buddhist art originated with the emergence of Buddhism and has experienced continual innovation and development throughout history. Yingluo jewellery was introduced to China from India, with its form continuously incorporating ancient Chinese aesthetics in its inheritance and development. The designs of Ming Dynasty’s Yingluo jewellery exhibited a more secular and everyday trend. This article centres on the design of Ming Dynasty necklaces, using the Fahai Temple mural and the Yongxuan court statues as representative examples. The article summarises the distinct artistic features of Ming Dynasty necklaces and explores their aesthetics, focusing on three aspects: shape structure, colour matching, and pattern design. Additionally, 3D digital modelling is employed to revitalise and restore the necklaces’ beauty. Technical abbreviations will be explained upon first usage, and the text adheres to standard academic formatting and language conventions. The objective is to enhance national cultural confidence, bridge the gap between cultural heritage, appreciate the allure of traditional art treasures, and revive cultural artifacts. The infusion of rich cultural nuances into contemporary jewellery design, integration of traditional artistic components into modern aesthetics, and merging exceptional Ming Dynasty necklace works with contemporary aesthetic context, facilitates the seamless integration of outstanding culture into contemporary society.

Comparative outcomes of autologous cultured melanocytes transplantation and non-cultured epidermal cell suspension transplantation in piebaldism patients: A retrospective study.

To compare the efficacy and safety of autologous cultured melanocytes transplantation (CMT) and non-cultured epidermal cell suspension transplantation (NCES) in the treatment of piebaldism. A retrospective study was conducted on 30 anatomically based lesions from nine piebaldism patients who underwent either CMT (n=7) or NCES (n=23) between 2018 and 2020. The extent of repigmentation and colour matching was evaluated in all recipient sites using a digital imaging analysis system. In addition, adverse effects have also been assessed by follow-up results. More than 75% repigmentation was achieved in 100% (7/7) and 60.9% (14/23) of the 30 lesions with the CMT and NCES, respectively. There were significant differences between the two methods in terms of repigmentation. The majority of patients had colour mismatches, and there was no discernible difference between the two surgical techniques. Adverse reactions rarely occurred. The present study suggested that autologous CMT may provide better repigmentation in piebaldism patients than NCES with no significant side effects.

Analysis and Research on Design of Dialect Emoticons from the Perspective of Regional Culture in Yancheng

Abstract In this paper, Yancheng’s local culture is classified through literature research, expert interviews, and popular questionnaires. In the dialect matching of emoticons, the high-frequency text used by Yancheng people is used, and the dialect text ranking table measured by experts is combined to provide the main content for producing and designing emoticons. Based on the analysis model of Yancheng material culture and nonmaterial culture, the image design elements of Yancheng regional emojis with local and high cultural characteristics are extracted from Yancheng regional elements. The Design of emoticons that combine pictures and text emphasizes the expression of awareness, starting with modeling the theme image, color matching, scene props, and so on. The animation emoji industry benefits from this valuable feasibility strategy, and new vitality is added to the development of the animation industry in Yancheng.

Artificial Intelligence Enabled Apparel Design Research

Abstract With the increasing demand for personalized fashion, the conventional approach to clothing design struggles to keep up with market expectations. This study explores how artificial intelligence can enhance clothing design, resulting in the creation of a digital customization process that is in step with the evolving trajectory of innovative fashion design. This study integrates the Deeplabv3+ model with a cross-cutting attention mechanism to develop a novel image segmentation network tailored for clothing design, aiming to expand the diversity of design forms. Additionally, the WGAN-GP model is introduced for adaptive optimization of clothing color design, ensuring that the designs align with user preferences. To verify the efficacy of these AI technologies in apparel design, separate simulation verifications for design segmentation and color optimization were conducted. The results show that the Deeplabv3+ network achieved a 6.97% improvement in Mean Intersection over Union (MioU) on the validation dataset, outperforming the OCRNet average by 2.28 percentage points. Moreover, the color optimization with the WGAN-GP model reached a 98.76% color match with the actual garment. Using artificial intelligence technology in apparel design can innovate the design process and provide an adequate technical guarantee to meet the personalized apparel needs of users.

Construction of a Distributed 3D Interior Design System Based on Artificial Intelligence Algorithms

Interior design is a complex system that includes many elements, such as user needs, spatial structure, material selection, color matching, lighting layout, etc. The relationships between them are complex and intricate. How to design space according to user needs is one of the most challenging issues in interior design. A distributed 3D interior design system based on artificial intelligence algorithms was adopted to address this issue. The system divided indoor spatial information into several subsets. It assigned subsets to various professional designers based on user needs, and generated multiple design schemes through artificial intelligence algorithms, which were then screened, modified, and optimized by each professional designer. In this way, designers from different professional backgrounds can personalized design the space according to their own understanding, thereby avoiding issues such as information fragmentation and low efficiency in traditional interior design. The results showed that the distributed 3D interior design system based on artificial intelligence algorithms can improve the overall performance from an average of 82.68% to 94.94%, effectively avoiding the problem of information fragmentation.

Deep learning-assisted inverse design of metasurfaces for active color image tuning.

Metasurfaces, artificial planar nanostructures, offer numerous advantages for color printing applications, including ultra-high resolution, resistance to fading, wide color gamut coverage, and multifunctional capabilities. Due to the sensitivity of their resonance spectra to the external environment, metasurfaces have garnered significant interest for color tuning applications. However, most existing approaches are limited to passive color tuning, wherein only the color changes passively while the composite color image remains unaltered. Active color image tuning, on the other hand, requires precise matching of both color and intensity to the designed targets before and after the tuning process. In this study, we propose a novel approach for active metasurface color image tuning by modulating the environmental refractive index. Building upon a forward neural network that establishes the relationship between the metasurface geometric parameters and color/intensity information, we employ a multi-objective inverse adjoint neural network. This network not only overcomes the inherent 'one-to-many' problem in inverse design using neural networks but also facilitates active color image tuning under three distinct environmental conditions. Our work provides a new approach for the inverse design of metasurfaces and opens up possibilities for applications in dynamic color printing, information encryption, and other related fields.

The effect of ultrasound on the application properties of organic pigment (red 48:1) and inorganic pigments (lemon yellow and orange yellow lead chromate)

In the recent years, the pigment industry, as a mother industry in the field of color matching, has had many applications and has greatly contributed to the progress of other industries such as textile, dyeing, glazing, construction and industrial paints, compounding, etc. For more optimal use in different industries, paying enough attention to the physical and chemical properties of pigments would be necessary. One of the most effective research projects in this field is the investigation of the effect of ultrasound radiation on the applied properties of pigments. In this research, by irradiating different times of ultrasound on the samples of organic pigment (red 48:1) and inorganic pigments (lemon yellow TL210 and orange yellow TM110 lead chromate) in the aqueous phase, the practical and visible effects were investigated on them. After ultrasonic irradiation on the selected pigments, some color test strips were prepared in a specialized paint laboratory, and they were tested with a spectrophotometer and a graindometer. The results of this research showed the great effect of ultrasound radiation on the reduction of the size of pigment particles and the increase of the opacity and coverage of the pigment, and also the increase of its resistance to sunlight; nevertheless, other properties such as water test, alkaline and acid test and thermal resistance test were not affected by ultrasound. Simultaneous application of dispersant with ultrasound resulted in further improvement of the mentioned properties. Based on the results of this research, paint and pigment companies might use ultrasonic radiation with appropriate probes along with different dispersants in their production line so as to increase production efficiency.

Effect of Cement Translucency and Ceramic Thickness on the Resulting Colour Match of Zirconia-Reinforced Lithium Silicate Restorations Cemented over Dark-Coloured Substrate

Effect of Cement Translucency and Ceramic Thickness on the Resulting Colour Match of Zirconia-Reinforced Lithium Silicate Restorations Cemented over Dark-Coloured Substrate

Application of image colour matching algorithm based on visual perception model in clothing design

Application of image colour matching algorithm based on visual perception model in clothing design

Multi-objective optimisation method for product appearance colour matching based on colour imagery

Multi-objective optimisation method for product appearance colour matching based on colour imagery