Color Index Research Articles

Understanding the Activity Performance of Comets 38P/Stephan-Oterma, 64P/Swift-Gehrels and C/2017 M4 (ATLAS) through Broadband Photometric Observations

In this work, we report observations of three comets: 38P/Stephan-Oterma, 64P/Swift-Gehrels, and C/2017 M4 (ATLAS), conducted with the Nanshan one-meter wide-field telescope in 2018 August and November, and 2019 January. We extracted morphological features through image enhancement techniques and calculated the dust activity parameter, Afρ, along with dust mass loss rates and coma color indices using broadband photometric data. Our morphological analysis uncovered a spectrum of dust characteristics among the observed comets, ranging from a significant twisted structure in comet 38P/Stephan-Oterma’s coma to the regular coma envelope surrounding comet 64P/Swift-Gehrels. The Af ρ values varied between 148.8 ± 0.3 cm for 64P/Swift-Gehrels and 1118.5 ± 6.2 cm for C/2017 M4 (ATLAS) (measured within a reference aperture radius of ρ = 6″), indicating a range from moderate to high activity levels. Dust mass loss rates were estimated from 328.1 kg s−1 for comet 64P/Swift-Gehrels to 1395.5 kg s−1 for comet C/2017 M4 (ATLAS). The color indices of comets 38P/Stephan-Oterma and C/2017 M4 (ATLAS) closely resemble the average colors of active short-period comets and active long-period comets, respectively. In contrast, 64P/Swift-Gehrels exhibits a significantly bluer hue than typical Jupiter family comets.

Algorithm for Determination of Pepper Maturity Classes by Combination of Color and Spectral Indices

Abstract The aim of the present work is to propose methods and tools for classifying sweet pepper into groups according to their degree of maturity based on color and spectral characteristics extracted from color images on the surface of the vegetables. The investigated pepper is two varieties of sweet - red Banji and yellow Liri. Five groups were formed, depending on the degree of maturity, and 16 color and 11 spectral indices were calculated for each of the groups. By successively using the ReliefF and PLSR methods, a selection of informative features and subsequent reduction of the vector formed by them was carried out, thereby aiming to increase the predictive results and minimize the time for data processing. The obtained classification errors between the individual stages of ripening vary according to the type of pepper and depending on which of the two types of maturity the fruits are in - technical or biological. For red sweet pepper, the separation inaccuracy obtained using a discriminant classifier with a quadratic separation function is in the range of 8 - 19%, while for yellow it is from 5 to 23%. The results obtained in the present work for the classification of pepper into groups according to their degree of maturity would support decision-making in selective harvesting and overall more accurate and efficient management of the harvesting process from the point of view of precision agriculture. The work will continue with studies related to the prediction of various compounds indicating changes in the color of peppers, including chlorophylls, carotenes and xanthophylls. In this way, it is possible to increase the accuracy in determining the degree of ripeness, since in pepper the color does not always follow the same pattern of change from green to yellow to orange to red.

The role of ascorbate redox turnover in iron toxicity tolerance

Iron (Fe) toxicity is a major abiotic stress in lowland rice production. Breeding tolerant varieties has proven challenging due to the complex genetic architecture of Fe toxicity tolerance and the strong genotype-by-environment interactions. Additionally, conventional methods for phenotyping visible stress symptoms are often inaccurate, inconsistent, and lack reproducibility.In our previous work, we identified that ascorbate redox regulation, mediated by the activities of dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and ascorbate oxidase (AO), contributed to high tolerance in an indica rice genotype across various environments. To explore whether this mechanism is common among other rice genotypes, we selected ten genotypes with contrasting stress symptoms under Fe-toxic conditions to examine the roles of DHAR and AO in regulating Fe toxicity tolerance. Additionally, we aimed to develop objective and accurate image-based phenotyping methods to replace the traditional leaf bronzing scoring method.Among the ten genotypes we tested, we found significant positive correlations between DHAR activity and stress symptoms in plants grown under both Fe toxicity and control conditions, suggesting a general link between ascorbate redox regulation and Fe toxicity tolerance. Using RGB signals from leaf images of plants exposed to 1000 mg/L Fe2+, we evaluated 36 different color indices to quantify stress symptoms. We identified the normalized green‒red difference index as most significant in quantifying stress symptoms under Fe toxicity conditions.Our findings suggest that DHAR activity could be potentially employed as a biomarker in the screening of rice germplasms and breeding tolerant cultivars to Fe toxicity.

Utilization of Butterfly Pea Flower as Shelf-Life Colour Indicator for Keropok Lekor Smart Packaging

Studying the feasibility of using Clitoria ternatea or butterfly pea extract (BPE) as a colorimetric indicator to determine the shelf life of Keropok Lekor would aid in monitoring storage conditions, emphasizing its potential contribution to the smart packaging industry. The objective of this research is to develop pH-sensitive packaging using gelatine film infused with butterfly pea extract (BPE) along with ultrasonic-assisted extraction methods. The investigation involves quantifying the physicochemical attributes of the extracted butterfly pea and ascertaining the colour alterations during the storage of Keropok Lekor over a duration of six days. The determination of total anthocyanin content in BPE, conducted through a pH differential assay, yielded a value of 1.08 mg/g. Texture analysis revealed that the film with 10% BPE exhibited elevated tensile strength (0.11±0.01) and toughness (0.03±0.01). Total phenolic compound analysis indicated that the film containing 30% BPE possessed the highest value at 0.16±0.02. Notably, the film with 30% BPE demonstrated the highest colour change in Keropok Lekor storage from dark blue (-22.5±80.95) to dark green (6.34±1.85) over the course of six days. The film incorporated with 30% BPE stands as a viable colour indicator, demonstrating the potential for monitoring the freshness and quality of Keropok Lekor.

GC-MS analysis and nutra-pharmaceutical potential of Mentha piperita essential oil extracted by supercritical fluid extraction and hydro-distillation

This study reports the comparative evaluation of yield, physico-chemical composition and biological attributes (antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, biofilm inhibition and hemolytic activity) of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) essential oil (EO) obtained by hydro-distillation (HD) and supercritical fluid (CO2) extraction (SCFE) methods. The yield (%) of EO obtained by HD (0.20 %) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of SCFE (0.13 %) while the variation in the physical parameters like solubility, color, density (at 25 °C) and refractive index (at 25 °C) was not significant between the tested oils. The data of chemical compositional analysis revealed that menthol was the key component in the EO obtained by HD (52.85 %) and SCFE (45.51 %), followed by menthone [HD (25.93 %) and SCFE (27.3 %)] and eucalyptol [HD (8.59 %); SCFE (8.92 %)]. The EO extracted with supercritical fluid (SCFE-EO) exhibited superior (p < 0.05) DPPH free radical inhibition potential (52 %) with an IC50 value of 15.65 μg/mL and reducing power compared to that of HD-EO. The highest antimicrobial activity was exhibited by SCFE-EO against Pasturella multocida with an inhibition zone of 18.00 mm (MIC value of 86 μg/mL). The results of biofilm inhibition and hemolytic activity revealed that the SCFE method was superior to recover high quality EO in comparison to the HD method. The peppermint EO obtained by SCFE, owing to potent bioactive components, can be a potential candidate to develop nutra-pharmaceuticals.

Effects of Premortem Stress on Protein Expression, Steak Color, Oxidation, and Myofibrillar Fragmentation Index in the Longissimus Lumborum.

Forty castrated Holstein calves underwent an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge to assess the effects of premortem stress on the longissimus lumborum (LL) following harvest. LL biopsies were collected before the challenge, at different harvest times (2, 12, 24, and 48 h; n = 10), and after 14 d aging. The expression of small heat shock proteins (SHSPs), deglycase 1 (DJ-1), and troponin were analyzed. Blood was analyzed throughout the ACTH challenge and at harvest for cortisol, oxidative stress, and complete blood count (CBC). Color and myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI) were measured in aged samples. Unexpectedly, calves from different harvest times differed (p = 0.05) in cortisol response. Calves were divided into two different cortisol response groups (high or low; n = 20). Statistical analysis assessed the effects of cortisol response (n = 20), harvest time (n = 10), and their interaction. Harvest time altered SHSPs (p = 0.03), DJ-1 (p = 0.002), and troponin (p = 0.02) expression. Harvest time and cortisol response impacted steak color (p < 0.05), and harvest time altered steak pH (p < 0.0001). Additionally, various CBCs were changed (p < 0.05) by harvest time. Harvest time changed (p = 0.02) MFI. These data demonstrate that the protein expression, color, and MFI of the LL may be influenced by premortem stress.

Deciphering Terroirs’ Code: Vineyard Site Selection for Phenolic Performance in ‘Kalecik Karası’ Grape Cultivar (V. vinifera L.)

AbstractUnderstanding the complex interplay between environmental factors and grape quality is crucial for the viticulture industry, as it directly influences wine quality and the distinctiveness of products. This significance underpinned our comprehensive study, which aimed to dissect the relationships between ‘terroir’, including the altitude, regional climate, soil characteristics, vineyard management practice, and the composition of grapes in cv. ‘Kalecik Karası’ (Vitis vinifera L.). Six vineyard sites ranging from 115 to 1180 m altitude were studied. Total soluble solids (TSS, °Brix) titratable acidity, pH and color index of red grapes (CIRG) were evaluated as the main maturity indices and phenolic composition based on anthocyanin and tannin was analyzed. According to the results of the study, we deduced the critical importance of adopting region-specific viticultural practices tailored to the unique environmental conditions of each terroir. This approach not only optimizes grape quality but also accentuates the uniqueness of the wines produced, reflecting the inherent qualities of their origin. The highest altitude Nevşehir (1180 m) showed high levels of total and extractable anthocyanin highlighting the region’s favorable conditions for these compounds (355.26 mg kg−1 and 364.00 mg kg−1), while exhibiting the second lowest skin tannin (1979.40 mg kg−1 and 2180.78 mg kg−1) in both years. Particularly for cultivars like ‘Kalecik Karası’, our study demonstrated how specific terroirs could significantly affect their phenolic composition and, consequently, wine quality. By aligning viticultural practices with the distinct characteristics of each terroir, producers can enhance both the quality and distinctiveness of their wines. This emphasizes the necessity of ongoing research and adaptation in viticultural strategies to fully harness the potential of diverse grape varieties and terroirs, ensuring the production of high-quality wines that truly reflect their origin.

The multipurpose utilization of inorganic materials in adsorption treatment of wastewater and core-modification of color index pigment red 57:1

Purpose This study aims to realize the multipurpose use of inorganic materials in adsorption treatment of pigment wastewater and preparation of core-modified Color Index Pigment Red 57:1 (C.I. Pigment Red 57:1, PR 57:1). Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the inorganic materials (sepiolite and SiO2·nH2O) were used in both PR 57:1 production wastewater treatment and its core-modification. The inorganic material firstly adsorbed 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (bon acid) in the pigment wastewater to reduce chemical oxygen demand. Then, the inorganic material adsorbed with bon acid was reused to prepare core-modified PR 57:1. Findings In the pigment wastewater adsorption experiment, it was found that under pH = 3, the adsorption percentage of bon acid by inorganic material can reached up to 46.00%. The pigment characterization results showed that the core-modified PR 57:1 had a core-shell structure. Under UV light irradiation for 1 h, the core-modified PR 57:1 prepared with sepiolite and SiO2·nH2O showed total color difference ΔE value of 1.43 and 2.05, respectively, which was lower than that of unmodified PR 57:1 (ΔE = 2.89). In addition, the transmittance of pigment water suspension test results showed that the core-modified PR 57:1 showed better water dispersibility. Originality/value This paper attempts to develop a synergistic strategy based on the multipurpose use of inorganic materials in adsorption treatment of pigment wastewater and preparation of core-modified PR 57:1.

Small-scale vortical motions in cool stellar atmospheres

Small-scale vortices in the solar atmosphere have received considerable attention in recent years. These events are considered potential conduits for the exchange of energy and mass between the solar atmospheric layers from the convective surface to the corona. Similar events may occur in the atmospheres of other stars and play a role in energy transfer within their atmospheres. Our aim is to study the presence and properties of small-scale swirls in numerical simulations of the atmospheres of cool main-sequence stars. Our particular focus is on understanding the variations in these properties for different stellar types and their sensitivity to the surface magnetic field. Furthermore, we aim to investigate the role of these events in the energy transport within the simulated atmospheres. We analyzed three-dimensional, radiative-magnetohydrodynamic, box-in-a-star, numerical simulations of four main-sequence stars of spectral types K8V, K2V, G2V, and F5V. These simulations include a surface small-scale dynamo responsible for amplifying an initially weak magnetic field. Thus, we can study models characterized by very weak, or, in near equipartition magnetic fields. To identify small-scale vortices in horizontal layers of the simulations, we employed the automated algorithm SWIRL. Small-scale swirls are abundant in the simulated atmospheres of all the investigated cool stars. The characteristics of these events appear to be influenced by the main properties of the stellar models and by the strength of the surface magnetic field. In addition, we identify signatures of torsional Alfv\'enic pulses associated with these swirls, which are responsible for a significant vertical Poynting flux in the middle photospheres of the simulated stellar models. Notably, this flux is particularly significant in the K8V model, suggesting that if sim 70&lt;!PCT!&gt; of it is dissipated in the low chromosphere, small-scale vortical motions may play a role in the enhanced basal Ca ii H and K fluxes observed in the range of $B-V$ color index $1.1 B - V 1.4$. Finally, we present a simple analytical model, along with an accompanying scaling relation, to explain a peculiar result of the statistical analysis that the rotational period of surface vortices increases with the effective temperature of the stellar model. Our study shows that small-scale vortical motions are not unique to the solar atmosphere and that their interplay with the stellar surface magnetic field may effect the observable chromospheric activity of main-sequence cool dwarf stars.

AI-based screening of Clostridium acetobutylicum with high furfural tolerance and butanol production

Advances in strain breeding for butanol biosynthesis were quite limited because of physiological complexity of solventogenic Clostridia. Using AI, this study developed a high-throughput screening method for Clostridium acetobutylicum to find strains with inhibitor tolerance and high butanol production. A mutant library was generated from C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 through ARTP mutagenesis and physiological traits were digitized using color indicators. The classification performance of Machine learning algorithms (PCA, PLS, SVM, ANN) were compared for different butanol-producing strains. Among 2000 strains screened, C. acetobutylicum Tust-f3 was identified, which could tolerate 4.5 g/L furfural and yield 10.5 g/L butanol from undetoxified lignocellulosic hydrolysate. Proteome analysis reveals that 38 proteins may play a crucial role. Subsequently, seven universal detoxification components for furfural were identified via heterologous expression in E. coli Genes CA_RS19590 and CA_RS08810 showed significant growth improvement (14.44 and 14.28-fold, respectively, compared to control). This study highlights the potential of machine learning in strain selection and breeding.

Pedogenic variables with color indices of rubified Alfisols in the Kakalachinte microwatershed, Karnataka, South India

Soil properties and processes can often be estimated by soil color, which provides valuable information about composition and other properties. We focused on the morphology, particle size distribution, and chemical properties of Alfisols in Kakalachinte microwatershed, Karnataka, India. Soil redness indices were calculated: Buntley's and Westin's rate (BWR), Hurst's rate (HR); Torrent’ rates (TR1 and TR2); Barrón's and Torrent's rates (BTR1 and BTR2), and Viscarra's rate (VR). The Munsell notation was converted to the CIE (Commission Internationale del'Eclairage, CIE) Lab system, Lab model: L*, luminance, a*, redness, and b*, yellowness of moist soil samples. Forty-five soil samples were characterized for texture, soil reaction (pH), electrical conductivity, calcium carbonate content, organic carbon (OC) content, exchangeable cations (sodium, Na; potassium, K; magnesium, Mg; and calcium, Ca), base saturation (BS), and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The pH of the soils ranged from strongly acid (pH of 5.25) to strongly alkaline (pH of 8.73). These soils exhibited low CEC, with a mean of 8.36 cmol(+)/kg and a coefficient of variation of >35%. The BS was found to be >70%, with a dominance of exchangeable Ca (6.93 ± 1.08 cmol(+)/kg). Correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships between OC and the L* value (r = 0.6**). The correlation results revealed a strong positive correlation of a* value with TR1 (r = 0.54**), significant negative relationship between L* and BTR1 (r = −0.54*), BTR2 (r = −0.525*), and VR (r = −0.53*). Regression between soil OC and the L* value showed R2 of 0.40 and RMSE of 0.01; soil exchangeable K and Mg with the R2 = 0.74; RMSE = 0.12 and the R2 = 0.42; RMSE = 0.11 at p < 0.001. The study highlights the importance of converting Munsell color notation to the CIELab system for understanding the rubification process in relation to soil properties in Alfisols at the microwatershed level.

Novel lignin α-O-4 derived hydrogen donors in CQ-based photoinitiating systems for dental resins

The purpose of this work is to explore the properties of the lignin-derived amine-free photoinitiating systems (PISs) during the curing process. Four novel hydrogen donors (HD1, HD2, HD3, and HD4) derived from lignin α-O-4 structural were designed and synthesized by simple methods, and their low C–H bond dissociation energies on methylene were determined by molecular orbitals theory. Four experimental groups using CQ (camphorquinone)/HD PIs formulated with Bis-GMA/TEGDMA (70 w%/30 w%) were compared to CQ/EDB (ethyl 4-dimethylamino benzoate) system. The photopolymerization profiles and double bond conversion rate was tracked by FTIR experiments; the color bleaching ability of the samples and color aging test assay were performed using color indexes measurements; The cytotoxicity of the samples was also compared to EDB related systems. All of the experimental groups with new HDs were compared to the control group with EDB by statistical analysis. Compared to CQ/EDB system, new lignin-derived hydrogen donors combined with CQ showed comparable or even better performances in polymerization initiation to form resin samples, under a blue dental LED in air. Excellent color bleaching property was observed with the new HDs. Aging tests and cytotoxicity examination of the resin were performed, indicating the new lignin compounds to be efficient hydrogen donors for amine-free CQ-based photo-initiating system. Novel lignin α-O-4 derived hydrogen donors are promising for further usage in light-curing materials.

CRISPR/Cas9-Based Genome Editing for Protein Expression and Secretion in Kluyveromyces lactis.

The budding yeast Kluyveromyces lactis has emerged as a promising microbial chassis in industrial biotechnology. However, a lack of efficient molecular genetic manipulation tools and strategies has hindered the development of K. lactis as a biomanufacturing platform. In this study, we developed and applied a CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing method to K. lactis. Single-gene editing efficiency was increased to 80% by disrupting the nonhomologous end-joining-related gene KU80 and performing a series of process optimizations. Subsequently, the CRISPR/Cas9 system was explored based on different sgRNA delivery modes for simultaneous multigene editing. With the aid of the color indicator, the editing efficiencies of two and three genes reached 73.3 and 36%, respectively, in the KlΔKU80 strain. Furthermore, the CRISPR/Cas9 system was used for multisite integration to enhance lactase production and combinatorial knockout of TMED10 and HSP90 to characterize the extracellular secretion of lactase in K. lactis. Generally, genome editing is a powerful tool for constructing K. lactis cell factories for protein and chemical production.

In vitro evaluation of milk incorporated with Eryngium billardieri Delar alcoholic extract for antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials.

The present study evaluates the effect of Eryngium billardieri alcoholic extract (EBAE) at weight/volume levels of 0.5% and 1% on some physicochemical, sensory, and microbial properties of cow milk. Results showed that adding EBAE reduced the samples' pH, lightness index (L*), and whitening index (WI). Besides, it increased the levels of acidity, dry matter, viscosity, color indices a* and b*, total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity (AA), and enzyme inhibitory activity (EIA) of the fortified milk samples than the control sample (p < .05). During the storage period, a decrease in TPC, TFC, AA, and EIA was observed in all samples (p < .05). There was a positive direct relationship between the health activity of EBAE and its concentration. Moreover, EBAE was able to reduce the total microbial count (TMC) in the milk samples (p < .05). The sample containing 1% w/v of EBAE had the highest TPC, TFC, AA, and EIA but the lowest TMC, and it was highly acceptable in terms of sensory evaluation. Therefore, this sample was selected as the best treatment in this study. The results of this study confirm that EBAE may be used to improve antioxidant activity and beneficial effects in milk.

The Effect of Age and Stellar Model Choice on Globular Cluster Color-to-metallicity Conversions

The photometric colors of globular clusters (GCs) act as effective proxies for metallicity, since all normally used optical/IR color indices exhibit a nonlinear but monotonic relation between their integrated color and their metallicity. One color index, (g − z) or (F475W–F850LP), has been spectroscopically calibrated in several studies, providing leverage to define color-to-metallicity conversions for other indices. In this paper, building on the work of Hartman et al., we study the GC color-metallicity relation in more detail by testing the dependence of the relations on different suites of stellar models and different assumed GC ages. Though noticeable differences between models exist, we find that the net effect on the derived GCS metallicity distributions is small.

Solid-State Fermentation of Quinoa Flour: An In-Depth Analysis of Ingredient Characteristics

Plant protein ingredients are gaining attention for human nutrition, yet they differ significantly from animal proteins in functionality and nutrition. Fungal solid-state fermentation (SSF) can modulate the composition and functionality, increasing their applicability in foods. Quinoa flour (QF) served as a substrate for Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus oligosporus, resulting in two fermented ingredients (QFA and QFR) with different nutritional, functional, and aroma characteristics. A higher increase in protein (+35%) and nitrogen (+24%) was observed in the QFA, while fat was predominantly increased in the QFR (+78%). Fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) decreased in the QFR but increased in the QFA due to polyol production. Metabolomic analysis revealed higher lactic acid concentrations in the QFA, and higher citric, malic, and fumaric acid contents in the QFR. The SSF reduced most antinutrients, while R. oligosporus produced saponins. Olfactometry showed the development of fruity ester compounds and a decrease in metallic and cardboard aromas. Both ingredients showed an enhanced water-holding capacity, with the QFA also demonstrating an increased oil-holding capacity. Complex formation increased the particle size, reduced the solubility, and decreased the foaming properties. Mycelium production darkened the ingredients, with the QFR having a higher differential colour index. This study highlights the potential of SSF to produce ingredients with improved nutritional, sensory, and functional properties.

Development of a freshness indicator packaging system using cold atmospheric plasma on LLDPE–PVA with Laponite–anthocyanin biohybrid

AbstractThis study developed a freshness indicator based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and a biohybrid (BH) of Laponite® and anthocyanins adhered to linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) using cold atmospheric plasma (CAP). LLDPE was treated with CAP for 0 to 300 s, which resulted in an increased surface energy, characterized by an important increase in its polar component up to 120 s of treatment, due to the formation of polar groups on the surface of LLDPE. No changes in mechanical properties and water vapor permeability of LLDPE were observed. LLDPE–PVA–BH films were more homogeneous if BH was added before the acidification of the film‐forming solution due to more negative zeta potential and lower particle size of BH in basic medium. Indicators made with BH were able to maintain color after 8 weeks of exposure to light, while those made with anthocyanin extract had fully degraded after 3 weeks. The freshness indicator's color changed from purple to blue and finally to green when exposed to ammonia hydroxide (30% NH3) and from purple to blue when exposed to a simulant liquid of spoiled meat (0.03% NH3). Similar color variance was observed when the indicator was applied to monitor shrimp freshness, changing from purple to blue when the shrimp pH reached pH 7.6. Thus, bilayer films of LLDPE–PVA and natural BH produced using CAP have potential food packaging applications. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of additional potassium and nickel on Hoagland solution combined with environmental condition for high antioxidants tomato production

Plant nutrient management and environmental conditions significantly affect plant growth, development and antioxidant contents. This research aims to identify the most effective plant nutrient management and environmental conditions for enhancing high-antioxidant tomato production. The Sweet Girl and Ranger tomato cultivars were evaluated for yield, fruit quality and antioxidant contents under 2 conditions: E1 (temperature ranging from 29 to 38 °C and relative humidity between 71–73 %) and E2 (temperature ranging from 32 to 36 °C and relative humidity between 75–80 %). These conditions were subjected to 6 different nutrient formulas, including Hoagland solution as control (H), H with 400 ppm potassium (H+K400), H with 300 ppm potassium (H+K300), H with 20 ppm nickel (H+Ni20), H with 10 ppm nickel (H+Ni10), H with 300 ppm potassium and 10 ppm nickel (H+K300+Ni10). The nutrient formulas did not yield significantly different results in terms of per-plant yields for the 2 cultivars. However, the H+K400 treatment showed notably higher lycopene contents, with increases of 1.2-fold for Ranger and 1.24-fold for Sweet Girl cultivars. Additionally, this treatment led to significant enhancements in total soluble solids (TSS) and ?-carotene content in the Sweet Girl cultivar, by 1.09-fold and 1.10-fold compared to the control respectively. Environment E2 provided more favorable conditions for achieving increased antioxidant tomato production, including improvements in fruit color index (red/yellow) by 1.11 to 1.18-fold, fruit firmness by 1.13 to 1.14-fold, TSS by 1.10 to 1.24-fold, lycopene by 1.98 to 2.45-fold and ?-carotene by 3.29 to 5.68-fold. Therefore, the H+K400 nutrient treatment and/or the E2 greenhouse conditions are recommended for producing high-antioxidant tomatoes, which have significant potential for fresh consumption or as materials for the nutraceutical or food industry.

Visual Servoing and Kalman Filter Applied to Parallel Manipulator 3-RRR

This study introduces a novel methodology integrating computer vision, visual servo control, and the Kalman Filter to precisely estimate object locations for a 3-RRR planar type parallel manipulator. Through kinematic analysis and the development of a vision system using color indicators, the research enhances the ability of the manipulator to track object trajectories, especially in cases of occlusion. Employing Eye-to-Hand visual servo control, the research further refines the visual orientation of the sensor for optimal end effector and object identification. The incorporation of the Kalman Filter as a robust estimator for occluded objects underscores the predictive accuracy of the system. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology in trajectory generation and object tracking, with potential implications for improving robotic manipulators in dynamic environments. This comprehensive approach not only advances the fields of kinematic control and visual servoing but also opens new avenues for future research in complex spatial manipulations.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ВЫСОТЫ СЪЕМКИ И ЗЕНИТНОГО УГЛА СОЛНЦА НА ВЕГЕТАЦИОННЫЕ ИНДЕКСЫ ПШЕНИЦЫ ПО ДАННЫМ БПЛА

The purpose of the study is to assess the influence of the survey altitude and the solar zenith angle on the color and spectral vegetation indices (VI) of wheat obtained from survey data from a UAV in the arid climate of Transbaikalia. Tasks: to perform multi-altitude aerial photography of the experimental field at different positions of the Sun; to calculate the VI and conduct a comparative statistical analysis of the obtained data. The study was carried out at the training and reclamation site of the Buryat State Agricultural Academy named after V.R. Filippov in the suburbs of Ulan-Ude on August 12, 2023. An experimental field with an area of 600 m2 is sown with Selenga wheat variety, bred for the arid conditions of the Republic of Buryatia. The field is divided into 4 strips with different levels of irrigation and rainfed option. Each lane is represented by 3 NPK experiments in triplicate. The assessment of dependencies was carried out within one variant, divided into 20 identical segments in order to maintain sample homogeneity. The survey of a section of the experimental field was carried out at altitudes from 40 to 200 m at solar zenith angles from 36.5 to 74.5° using UAVs equipped with RGB and multispectral cameras. Color and spectral VIs were calculated. The groups of color VIs ExG-ExGR-GLI and ExR-NDI-VARI and spectral VIs NDVI-RVI and SAVI-DVI are mutually interchangeable due to their high pairwise correlation (more than 0.99). The results of the Wilcoxon test generally showed the similarity of the average VI values of GLI, ExG, ExGR, as well as NDVI and SAVI during the period from 14:10 to 17:30, which is optimal for surveying. The average VI va¬lues decrease with height and differ significantly, so the surveying altitude should be taken into account when monitoring the condition of crops. It is necessary to develop the scientific foundations of unmanned agricultural monitoring in various climatic conditions.