Colour Illustrations Research Articles

Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China.

All available type materials of the Indochinese genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 are determined, and lectotype designations are made for G. capreolus Gestro 1888, G. despectus (Westwood, 1873), G. esquiroli Pouillaude, 1913, and G. velutinus Pouillaude, 1913. The examination of type series revealed three synonyms: Goliathopsis camptotropus Yang, 1988 new synonym and G. polystricus Yang, 1988 new synonym are synonymized with G. esquiroli, and G. maolanus Yang, 1988 new synonym is regarded as a junior synonym of G. lameyi Fairmaire, 1893. Besides, G. cervus Janson, 1881 is proved to be a valid species. Diagnoses, key, and color illustrations are provided for all species. All known distribution records are mapped, and the location of "Tsékou" and "Oui-Sy" are presented and discussed.

Small Animal Cytologic Diagnosis, 1st editionAnne M.Barger and Amy L.MacNeill, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, ISBN‐13: 978‐1482225754; August 18, 2016, Hardcover, 512 Pages, 1306 Color Illustrations, $80.68 US

Small Animal Cytologic Diagnosis, 1st editionAnne M.Barger and Amy L.MacNeill, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, ISBN‐13: 978‐1482225754; August 18, 2016, Hardcover, 512 Pages, 1306 Color Illustrations, $80.68 US

Secret Body: Erotic and Esoteric Currents in the History of Religions. By Jeffrey J. Kripal. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. Pp. ix+478, color illustrations. $45.00 (cloth); $35.00 (paper); $10.00–$35.00 (e-book).

<i>Secret Body: Erotic and Esoteric Currents in the History of Religions</i>. By Jeffrey J. Kripal. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. Pp. ix+478, color illustrations. $45.00 (cloth); $35.00 (paper); $10.00–$35.00 (e-book).

Ralf BRITZ (editor). Francis Hamilton's Gangetic Fishes in Colour: A New Edition of the 1822 Monograph with Reproductions of Unpublished Coloured Illustrations

Ralf BRITZ (editor). <i>Francis Hamilton's Gangetic Fishes in Colour: A New Edition of the 1822 Monograph with Reproductions of Unpublished Coloured Illustrations</i>

“Comfort plus excitement”: colonial futures in Bob Shaw and David Hardy’s Galactic Tours

ABSTRACTGalactic Tours is a 94-page, large format book with full colour illustrations, a collaboration between the Belfast science fiction author Bob Shaw and the English space artist David Hardy. By the time the book appeared in 1981, Shaw had left Belfast to escape the Troubles, but this article attempts to appraise the text through the prism of Irish Studies, tracing local sources for the descriptions of Shaw’s fantastical worlds. The article proposes that Irish science fiction is a fertile area for Irish Studies, producing as it does texts that take part in a globalised culture, while estranging aspects of Irish society, looking to the past to create its futures.

The Proletarian Dream: Socialism, Culture, and Emotion in Germany, 1863–1933.By Sabine Hake. Berlin, Boston: de Gruyter. 2017, xiii + 370 pages + 50 b/w and color illustrations. €89,95 / $103.99 hardcover or e-book.

<b>The Proletarian Dream: Socialism, Culture, and Emotion in Germany, 1863–1933.</b><i>By Sabine Hake. Berlin, Boston: de Gruyter. 2017, xiii + 370 pages + 50 b/w and color illustrations. €89,95 / $103.99 hardcover or e-book.</i>

The Detroit Public Library: An American Classic

With no pun intended, one could say that the Detroit Public Library is in indeed a classic building with its styling heavily influenced by the early Italian Renaissance. It is a wondrous structure to behold and Cohn and Merritt's richly illustrated volume aptly shows the current library in all its glory.This is not a history of the Detroit Public Library, although there is some history present within the text along with an informative timeline. The authors provide no additional readings to accompany their text, nor do they cite sources to support their narrative. Frank Woodford's magisterial survey, which appeared in 1965, remains the major treatment of the library's development from its beginnings in the early part of the nineteenth century. It would be nice if someone could update that volume, since it is now fifty years old—perhaps some enterprising young librarian historian will take on that task!This book is the result of a docent-led library tour organized by Cohn and Merritt in late 2013 called “Discover the Wonders of the Detroit Public Library: An Art and Architecture Tour.” The need for a book to accompany the tours led to the creation of the present volume. It focuses on the architectural wonders of the main building, and has little to say about the various branch libraries scattered throughout Detroit. Cohn, the lead author, has a degree in art history, has worked as a registered nurse, and has also served as a docent for the library since 2008. Merritt, a professional librarian for over three decades, led the library's Friends Foundation for a number of years.The library was designed by the well-known architect Cass Gilbert (1859–1934), who also created the Woodworth Skycraper building in New York City as well as Minnesota's state capitol. Gilbert also dabbled in campus planning with contributions to the ultimate design of the universities of Minnesota and Texas, among many other projects. He believed that architecture should serve the social order and honor historical traditions. One gets a real sense of the impact of historical architecture on Gilbert with the grand architectural elements and ornamentation of the Detroit library building. The authors keep the narrative parts of the book rather brief. Readers wanting a more sophisticated scholarly analysis of the library and its growth will need to consult Woodford's 1965 text.Wayne State University Press has done an impressive job with this book. The illustrations are clearly presented and quite numerous. The reader gets a real sense of the building and its glorious architecture and artwork. Photo captions are informative without being burdensome. The book takes the library chronologically through the twentieth century, presenting information about the various renovations the building received over the years.Overall, this is an impressive work, and given the abundance of color illustrations, the book retails at a reasonable price. At the book's conclusion there is a short section that profiles the various photographers whose works grace its pages. So, while Cohn and Merritt have not crafted an historical work per se—such was never their intention—the Detroit Public Library will serve as a well-illustrated, noncritical, survey of the library's twentieth-century journey, at least until some energetic young scholar can update the 1965 Woodford history.

Perancangan Ide Bisnis Buku Cerita Interaktif All About Todd

This initiative is designed for children with the age range between 3 to 5 years old as there is an observed growth in dependency on technology among these children. This dependency has been shown to have a negative impact when there is no adult supervision. Furthermore, there is very little morale education since a young age and a lack of interest in reading which contributes to this ongoing issue. The methods which are used in this observation are literature study and interactive qualitative study by conducting interviews. From these methods combined, an interactive book, ‘All About Todd’ has been written and designed. This colorful, illustrated book contains narrated adventures as experienced by Todd, the main character of the book. This story book comes with a board game that can compete with other competitors.use of colorful illustration will help the children to understand the story told.

Melusine's Footprint: Tracing the Legacy of a Medieval Myth

Melusine's Footprint: Tracing the Legacy of a Medieval Myth

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Bulbostylis maritima—&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A new species of Cyperaceae from coastal Kerala, India&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Bulbostylis maritima (Cyperaceae) is described as a new species along with colour photograph, illustration and SEM micrographs of achene surface. It is closely allied to B. subspinescens and B. barbata, but differs by a combination of characters, mainly by the densely tubercled achenes, presence of prominent cavities on the rachilla, prominently ciliate bracteoles at the base of spikelets and a knee-like swelling towards base of the glumes.

Zingiber chengii (Zingiberaceae), a new species from Taiwan.

In this article, we describe a new species, Zingiber chengii Y.H. Tseng, C.M. Wang & Y.C. Lin, discovered on a rock cliff of Youluo riverside in northern Taiwan. This species is easily distinguished from other known congeners by its grass-like leaves, spikes composed of a few sterile bracts, and seeds one-third enveloped by the aril. Color illustrations, line drawings, and a key to species of Zingiber in Taiwan are provided as well as comparative morphology in relation to its allied species, geographical distribution, and conservation status.

Environment, Colonization, and the Baltic Crusader States: Terra Sacra I ed. by Aleksander Pluskowski, and: Ecologies of Crusading, Colonization, and Religious Conversion in the Medieval Baltic: Terra Sacra II ed. by Aleksander Pluskowski

Reviewed by: Environment, Colonization, and the Baltic Crusader States: Terra Sacra I ed. by Aleksander Pluskowski, and: Ecologies of Crusading, Colonization, and Religious Conversion in the Medieval Baltic: Terra Sacra II ed. by Aleksander Pluskowski Roderick McDonald Pluskowski, Aleksander, ed., Environment, Colonization, and the Baltic Crusader States: Terra Sacra I (Environmental Histories of the North Atlantic World, 2), Turnhout, Brepols, 2019; paperback; pp. xxviii, 548; 189 b/w, 8 colour illustrations, 41 b/w tables; R.R.P. €115.00; ISBN 9782503551326 Pluskowski, Aleksander, ed., Ecologies of Crusading, Colonization, and Religious Conversion in the Medieval Baltic: Terra Sacra II (Environmental Histories of the North Atlantic World, 3), Turnhout, Brepols, 2019; paperback; pp. xx, 246; 73 b/w, 9 colour illustrations, 22 b/w tables; R.R.P. €100.00; ISBN 9782503551333. Terra Sacra is the term coined to ‘emphasize the clash of sacred associations embedded in the landscapes of the eastern Baltic’ (p. 2), and with this orientation these two volumes squarely place medieval human theocratic expansionism into environmental, ecological, and social contexts. These books comprise the primary published output of a four-year research project, funded by the European Research Council, which set out to examine the broad environmental impact of the fourteenth-and fifteenth-century crusader states in the eastern Baltic region, and the societies created through successive phases of military conquest, colonization, and religious conversion. Much of this expansion was instigated under the military, Christian, Teutonic Order, which rose to authoritarian prominence prosecuting penitential wars (with papal sanction) against pagan Baltic tribes, after Christian eyes turned from the Byzantine east following the fall of Jerusalem. The study traces the impact of the Christian theocratic regime on the regions that were to become known as Livonia and Prussia, and the regime’s establishment of a social system based around centralized defensive castle-convents holding authority over the wider landscape, exploiting synergies of technology with religion for the purpose of maintaining and expanding territorial control, and accruing and monopolizing the wealth of the land. The analyses in these volumes explore growth, establishment, and impact of specialized economies where lordships developed and operated specialist farms—arable cropping, dairy cattle, sheep—that served diversified markets, and in the course of the centuries, imposed [End Page 238] marked and divergent impacts on local environments. The research identifies the importance of conventual castles at the core of the Christian expansion, with the establishment of towns encouraging the immigration of colonists, while environmental transformation is revealed as doubly significant for the colonized pagan Baltic tribes, as they held many aspects of the natural world as sacred: a natural world that was modified permanently as a result of the crusades. This work is strongly interdisciplinary. It synthesizes and contextualizes a wide range of data sources across an array of disciplines: archaeology, history, and environmental and ecological sciences, all heavily supported with detailed and well-visualized data, and extensively illustrated with supporting maps, illustrations and photographs, both technical and descriptive. Environmental analyses of the characteristics of occupation and settlement activities are prominent throughout both volumes, deriving and closely examining geographic data for land use, vegetation, and animal use, integrated with archaeozoological, geoarchaeological, and archaeobotanical evidence. The scope of this project was massive, and the comprehensive nature of these two volumes is due in part to the fact that very many people were involved in both the research and the writing, from a number of European countries. All up, the two volumes are composed of thirty-five chapters and five appendices, with close to fifty contributors. The research itself was overseen by a project team of twelve, of which the editor, Andrew Pluskowski (University of Reading), was the principal investigator, while the many project partners came from a wide range of universities and research institutions across Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and the United Kingdom. Unfortunately, with such a large undertaking it is only possible to provide a broad description of the contents of these two volumes, and this review is certainly unable to do justice to the scope and precision of scholarship that has been brought together here in this landmark work. The first volume offers a series of comparisons of changes in the environment in the...

A VENEZUELAN ANATOMIST CITED IN THE HUMAN ANATOMY TREATISE TESTUT-LATARJET

Le traité d'anatomie Testut-Latarjet (The human anatomy Testut-Latarjet treatise) published in 1887, is considered one of the most complete on human anatomy, with detailed descriptions of the human body and anthropological concepts, accompanied by philosophical and anthropological concepts. This anatomy treatise is still a very useful teaching tool in many Latin American and European Medical Faculties. In 1902, this anatomical treatise won the Saintour Prize, awarded by the French Academy of Medicine and since 1910 it has been translated into Spanish, Italian, German and other languages. The Testut-Latarjet treatise on human anatomy consists of four volumes with a total of 4,935 pages in its 1960 Spanish edition, as well as 4,144 highly detailed illustrations in color. The 1960 Spanish edition of Testut-Latarjet treatise in its volume IV included a citing of the doctoral thesis: El elemento nervioso en el apendice libre. Sus aplicaciones quirurgicas (External innervation of the cecal appendix: its surgical applications) written in 1943 by Rubén Rodríguez Escovar, M. D., a Venezuelan anatomist and surgeon, who held the Department of Human Anatomy at the Universidad Central de Venezuela, distinguishing himself as teacher and researcher over a period of 40 years. Certainly, Rubén Rodriguez Escovar is not in the greatest group of prominent anatomists mentioned in the Treatise. Nevertheless, on merit alone for his research about meso-appendicular region’s innervations, he was cited into Testut-Latarjet‘s treatise. As far as the present author knows, Rubén Rodriguez Escovar is the sole Non-European anatomist to be mentioned in the outstanding Testut-Latarjet Human Anatomy Treatise.

The French of Outremer: Communities and communications in the Crusading Mediterranean [Book Review

Review(s) of: The French of Outremer: Communities and Communications in the Crusading Mediterranean, by Morreale, Laura K. and Paul, Nicholas L. (eds), Fordham Series in Medieval Studies (New York: Fordham University Press, 2018) hardback, viii + 296 pages, numerous b and w and colour illustrations, RRP USD 60; ISBN: 9780823278169.

Semionauts of Tradition: Music, Culture, and Identity in Contemporary Singapore by Juliette Yu-Ming Lizeray and Chee-Hoo Lum

Reviewed by: Semionauts of Tradition: Music, Culture, and Identity in Contemporary Singapore by Juliette Yu-Ming Lizeray and Chee-Hoo Lum JinXing (Gene) Lai (bio) Semionauts of Tradition: Music, Culture, and Identity in Contemporary Singapore. Juliette Yu-Ming Lizeray and Chee-Hoo Lum. Singapore: Springer, 2018. 248 pp., color illustrations, bibliographies, glossary. ISBN: 978-981-13-1010-2 (hardcover), $109.99; ISBN: 978-981-13-1011-9 (e-book), $84.99. Semionauts of Tradition: Music, Culture and Identity in Contemporary Singapore, by anthropologist Juliette Yu-Ming Lizeray and music education scholar Chee-Hoo Lum, is a timely book that provides an update on the Singaporean music scene. It contributes to "a deeper understanding of the diverse, fluid, interconnected, and constantly evolving assemblages that make up Singaporean musicians' contemporary identities and creative practice" (8). In this ethnographically rich book, the authors seek to mitigate a balance in power relations between researchers and interlocutors, and accordingly they draw heavily on the voices of their interlocutors in their discussions. In chapter 1, Lizeray and Lum define the theoretical groundings for the book. Borrowing from Nicolas Bourriaud, an art critic and curator, they [End Page 154] interpret their case studies using the notions of semionaut and radicant. According to Lizeray and Lum, "A semionaut … is a person who navigates signs. This entails constructing pathways through a field of signs, and creating new and uncharted connections between hitherto unrelated ones. A semionaut of tradition is one that does so with traditional signs or signs relating to tropes and understandings of tradition" (2). Additionally, Lizeray and Lum use radicant to interpret their interlocutors' efforts to negotiate their musical and ethnical identity in different contexts. Radicant and semionaut act as heuristic tools that help us to interpret the constantly changing identity of a globalized, multicultural city such as Singapore (6). In chapter 2, Lizeray examines the "Singapore sound" ideology, derived from the official racial categories of Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Others, or the CMIO model, which celebrates differences among Singaporeans. Musicians who are engaged in the "Singapore sound" ideology are given incentives and receive more performance opportunities from government agencies. Lizeray notes that most of her interlocuters disdain the Singapore sound ideology. They seek to create music that is genuinely artistic rather than music that adheres to bureaucratic ideology. In chapter 3, Lum examines the benefits of collaborative creative processes. He notes that collaborative creative processes among musicians from different musical traditions encourage the broadening, deepening, and diversifying of their musical vocabularies. Chapter 4 features NADI Singapura, Singapore's first Malay percussion group that performs on an eclectic collection of percussion instruments from the Malay archipelago. In this chapter, Lizeray discusses how members of NADI Singapura preserve Malay traditional music while actively innovating from it. She observes that the elements that have led to their success include the notion of community as family, charismatic leadership, Malayness as a group ethos, and the ensemble's open-mindedness to innovations. In chapter 5, Lum examines his interlocutors' perspectives on fusion. Among the perspectives, a few points emerged. First, musicians create fusion music to attract younger audiences and to change audiences' perceptions of their musical tradition. Second, through collaborations, musicians exchange musical ideas and learn new musical languages. Finally, fusion is necessary, but there must be some form of gatekeeping. This ensures that the musical tradition is still recognizable despite the integration of new musical elements. Lizeray examines three local Chinese music ensembles in chapter 6—Nen (念), MUSA, and SA (仨)—as well as three Singaporean Chinese musicians based in New York City and Melbourne, Australia. Lizeray highlights that contemporary musicians' creative endeavors and personal affinities transcended racial boundaries and assumptions of cultural purity. Lizeray arrives [End Page 155] at her argument by comparing how Singaporean Chinese musicians based in Singapore and overseas express their Chinese identity in idiosyncratic ways through their musical works and performance practices. In chapter 7, Lum discusses how musicians used nostalgia as "hooks" in their music and performance practices to engage Singaporean audiences. These hooks (145) include the use of familiar rhythmic patterns and folk tunes, the creation of music videos that feature Singapore's landscapes, and the participation in collaborative music projects that revitalize the...

Жостовский поднос: практикум по художественному и речевому развитию детей

The workshop is aimed at enhancing children’s development of artistic aesthetics and verbal skills. Acquaintance with one of the famous types of Russian folk designs — the Zhostovskiy podnos [Zhostovo fl oral design on metal lacquer trays] — takes place with the help of creative assignments, playing exercises, readings of stories and engaging in craftwork. During the training sessions the children receive not only new knowledge, but also the elementary skills of discourse about the object of art. The tutorial materials are accompanied by colorful illustrations. The workshop is aimed at cooperative studying workshops of either teachers or parents with children.

National Electronic Children’s Library: A Living History of Russian Children’s Literature

National Electronic Children’s Library: A Living History of Russian Children’s Literature Ilya Gavrishin (bio) Translated by Sofia Kazakova The civilian font introduced in Russia in 1708 by Peter the Great for printing secular publications opened the way for literature as a leisure activity. But the creation of literature specifically intended for children took almost another half century. By the end of the eighteenth century, the number of publications for children in Russia was estimated at three hundred. More than 75 percent were translations, mainly from French and German. The dominant genre was moralizing and took the form of a conversation between one of the elders and the children, which often turned into a sermon. The most important influence on Russian children’s literature was exerted by N. I. Novikov, when in 1779 he moved to Moscow and began to publish books for children, among other publications. Only under the influence of his work did the Russian book became not a luxury item but a necessity for every literate person. However, the main merit of the publisher regarding children’s literature was the publication in 1785 of the first children’s magazine, which had no foreign counterparts—Children's Reading for the Heart and Mind. After Novikov, the tone of children’s literature began to change. The desire to teach was gradually replaced by the desire to spread the ideas of enlightenment through fun. Fables were particularly developed in children’s education through such fabulists as I. A. Krylov and I. I. Chemnitzer. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the profession of writing for children appeared and the number of translated books decreased as works in Russian became more prominent. Children’s books and magazines became an indispensable educational tool, the literary qualities of works for children were improving significantly, and the design of children’s publications was developing rapidly. Black-and-white prints appeared in books and magazines, then color illustrations. Printing and publishing houses were formed, some of which survived the 1917 revolution. These were the publishers of Sytin, Stupin, Wolf, Devrien, and Sablin. All major publishers produced books that were available to buyers with all levels of income. Books with illustrations by famous Russian artists—Vasnetsov, Polenova, Bilibin, and others—are still being reprinted. [End Page 72] Literature for children of the post-revolutionary period acquired fundamentally different features, boldly experimenting with the language and design of books. Some authors and artists of the children’s books of that time went down in history—such as Marshak, Chukovsky, Mikhalkov, Harms, Mayakovsky, Barto, Bianchi, Gaidar, Lebedev, Konashevich, Dobuzhinsky, Petrov-Vodkin, Rotov, and Charushin—but most creators of books for children and teenagers of that time are forgotten. Soviet power quickly realized the importance of periodicals in the development of class consciousness. In 1925, the publication of the all-Union children’s newspaper Pionerskaya Pravda began. This was a weekly snapshot of world and Soviet history, which is especially interesting to study today. From 1924 to this day, the magazine Murzilka has been published; from 1930 to June 1941, the magazine ChIZh; and since 1936, the magazine Koster. An important role in improving the quality of children’s literature was played by the literary criticism journal Children’s Literature, published from 1936 to 2004, with a break from 1942 to 1965. During World War II, much children’s literature was published, including propaganda literature (for example, Blitz Fritz by Marshak with illustrations by Kukryniksy). Since the late 1930s, filmstrips have been incredibly popular in the USSR. The huge variety and quality of material performance are fascinating; filmstrips were drawn by famous illustrators such as Losin, Chizhikov, Arkhipov, Diodorov, Duvidov, and others. These include folk tales (more than twenty-five peoples of Russia, more than thirty peoples of the world) and author’s tales (Pushkin, Bazhov, Grimm, Perrault, Andersen, Gauf, etc.), filmstrips based on the stories and poems of favorite writers, filmstrips about the war, and filmstrips that were both cognitive and entertaining. This very brief excursion into the history of Russian children’s literature is not accidental. The National Electronic Children’s Library (NECL) provides access to publications of all the above eras and types. For...

Trail of Footprints: A History of Indigenous Maps from Viceregal Mexico by Alex Hidalgo

Reviewed by: Trail of Footprints: A History of Indigenous Maps from Viceregal Mexico by Alex Hidalgo G. Rebecca Dobbs Trail of Footprints: A History of Indigenous Maps from Viceregal Mexico. Alex Hidalgo. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2019. Pp. xv+166, color illustrations and maps, notes, index. $29.95, paperback, ISBN 978-1-4773-1752-5. Alex Hidalgo's Trail of Footprints is a handsome volume, richly illustrated in color on thick glossy paper, and quite readable. The author conveys a good deal of information about the intertwining systems within which the maps he examines were embedded during the centuries of Spanish colonial occupation in Mexico. His spatial focus is mainly on Oaxaca, though given the nature of these intertwining systems, some discussion necessarily extends to the Mexican colonial capital and even across the Atlantic to Spain. These systems include both indigenous and Spanish constructions of land tenure, social class, legal processes, information conveyance, religion, trade, travel, resource knowledge and use, the materiality of documents (including maps), and the power of archives. Hidalgo's overarching message is that the maps made by indigenous people in Oaxaca were key elements in the functioning of this system of systems, and that the changes observed in the maps over the time period were adaptations to increasing Spanish cultural, legal, and spatial hegemony. Hidalgo has done some things very well. For example, he leaves the reader in no doubt about how entwined the maps were with the colonial legal system. New maps might be made (or sometimes an older one copied) for the purpose of legally confirming a community's land holdings, or as part of a petition to colonial authorities for a grant of land. The map then was "authenticated" by one or more colonial officials; this was a complex process that altered the original map considerably and made it acceptable as evidence in the colonial legal system. Typically, the process involved officials, scribes, and translators traveling to the land in question, observing the land, walking the boundaries according to markers depicted on the map, listening to explanations, annotating the map with descriptions and comments, and finally affixing an official signature. By that point the document has become as much a colonial and textual one as an indigenous and visual one, and was stored with the rest of the (textual) documents for the case. Hidalgo also notes changes to visual styles and cartographic conventions in the indigenous maps over the colonial centuries, as well as some [End Page 153] that persisted. Emblematic of these changes is the title's "trail of footprints." Preconquest cartographic traditions in the area incorporated footprints to depict specific journeys or routes of travel more generally. Early colonial maps by indigenous mapmakers did the same, for instance, representing a walking of the boundaries of a community's land. With the increasing presence of Spanish settlers and the animals they brought, hoofprints were added to the symbology, typically presenting alternating human feet and horseshoe impressions. Later still, the whole convention was dropped as maps became more standardized to colonial legal parameters. Other changes along that trajectory are mentioned throughout the text, if not addressed collectively as a topic of focus. My personal favorite in the book is the chapter called Materials. This chapter engages with the materiality of the maps in fascinating detail and from both sides of the Atlantic system, covering inks, color agents, adhesives, paper, and document sizes. It seems that indigenous inks were superior to European inks of the time period; yet, as Spanish suppression of indigenous culture and knowledge proceeded, indigenous mapmakers adopted European iron-gall inks rather than the other way around. Similarly, whereas indigenous adhesives were highly effective and long lasting, allowing maps to be created on large composite sheets, over the colonial period mapmakers instead adopted the Spanish folio document sizing so that maps could more readily fit into legal case notes. Despite the satisfaction I experienced from learning about these things, however, the book overall has some weaknesses. It is repetitious, with insufficient unique content to effectively fill its pages. It could certainly have benefited from better editing to reduce overlaps, develop meaning, improve word choices, and correct spelling. More importantly, Hidalgo...

Classical Rhetoric in the Middle Ages: The Medieval Rhetors and their Art 400–1300, with Manuscript Survey to 1500 Ce by John O. Ward

Reviewed by: Classical Rhetoric in the Middle Ages: The Medieval Rhetors and their Art 400–1300, with Manuscript Survey to 1500 Ce by John O. Ward Stephen Joyce Ward, John O., Classical Rhetoric in the Middle Ages: The Medieval Rhetors and their Art 400–1300, with Manuscript Survey to 1500 ce (International Studies in the History of Rhetoric, 10), Leiden, Brill, 2019; hardback; pp. xvii, 706; 1 colour illustration; R.R.P. €199.00, US$239.00; ISBN 9789004368071. Almost fifty years after it was examined, John O. Ward finally publishes his influential dissertation on Western medieval attitudes toward the Graeco-Roman art of rhetoric. His ground-breaking work, targeting neglect of a significant aspect of the medieval imagination, has been ‘refreshed’ for a contemporary academic audience. Ward follows the reception of two key Roman rhetorical texts from the year 400 to 1300, namely De inventione and Rhetorica ad Herennium, attributed to the Roman rhetor, Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 bce), though his authorship of the latter is no longer accepted. Ward begins with the commentary on De inventione by the fourth-century rhetor, Victorinus, and ends at the point where the rhetorical texts of Aristotle become widely influential in the West. Noting that these Ciceronian texts are, in the modern era, regarded as lesser works, Ward establishes these ‘juvenilia’ as fundamental to medieval approaches to rhetoric. His analysis of the surviving manuscript corpus demonstrates the importance of these works on the intellectual culture of the medieval period. In a Christian tradition, it was, perhaps, Augustine of Hippo who first endorsed the select influence of Cicero’s juvenilia on the medieval West, cementing subsequent suspicions of Cicero’s more mature works as ‘showy’. It is only in the Renaissance, Ward argues, that the ‘true’ figure of Cicero is revived. Ward subsequently moves to examining medieval attitudes to classical rhetorical theory through an investigation of the impact of the juvenilia. The Ad Herennium represents a more systematic teaching tool, and Ward details its utility in the learning and practising of the art of rhetoric, especially as an authority on style and memory and their impact on persuasive speech and writing. The De inventione, on the other hand, concentrates, as per its title, on an aspect of rhetoric, [End Page 253] invention, and is less tightly organized. However, the De inventione still had utility, particularly in its rhetorical classification systems and its discussions of practical applications of rhetoric. Moving to a teleology of Ciceronian textbooks, Ward charts the influence of Cicero (and the ‘Ciceronian’ first-century rhetor, Quintilian) on the period 400– 1100. The decline in the classical Ciceronian rhetorical tradition in the late Roman period sees Victorinus’s new take on Cicero. His commentary on De inventione, inspired by the Platonic philosophies of Quintilian, shifts rhetoric from a high art to an art dependent on the character and motivations of the person using it, thus attaining, in the new Christian landscape, a theological aspect. The fifth-century rhetor, Grillius, subsequently shifts the debate further to more Hellenistic ideas of rhetoric as an acquired art and not an innate talent, though not without some resistance from sixth-century rhetors such as Boethius and Cassiodorus. Seventh-and eighth-century figures such as Isidore and Alcuin pick up on the classical, now Christian, ideal of the rhetor as the vir bonus. Alcuin, in particular, relates rhetoric to a doctrine of persuasion, perhaps in a context of increasing religious compulsion in secular politics. Increasingly, as Ward shows, rhetoric is displaced by grammar in this period, with rhetoric regarded as an abstraction. The twelfth and thirteenth centuries are the hey-day of the De inventione and the Ad Herennium. The scholastic revolution sees an increasing interest in defining art and the relationship between the arts. Rhetoric becomes increasingly embedded in theological debates over whether it is a tool for reason, an innate truth, or a simple art. These fierce debates involved notable medieval intellectuals such as Abelard, Hugh of St Victor, and Bernard of Chartres, and produced a group that spurned both rhetoric and Cicero, the so-called Cornificians. In a climate increasingly charged with accusations of heresy, the De inventione became preferred because of its...

Postcards from the Chihuahua Border: Revisiting a Pictorial Past, 1900s–1950s by Daniel D. Arreola

Reviewed by: Postcards from the Chihuahua Border: Revisiting a Pictorial Past, 1900s–1950s by Daniel D. Arreola Lauren Judge Postcards from the Chihuahua Border: Revisiting a Pictorial Past, 1900s–1950s. Daniel D. Arreola. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2019. Pp. xx+338, color illustrations and maps, notes, index. $45.00, hardcover, ISBN 978-0-8165-3995-6. The US-Mexico border as we know it today is an increasingly militarized and impermeable geographic boundary. As the current border wall becomes a more extremist reality, one fears for the environment and the cultures being erased in its path. Thankfully, scholars like Daniel D. Arreola are working to facilitate visual experiences that can bring light in a time of darkness. Postcards from the Chihuahua Border recreates a historical border landscape as it formed through economic cooperation, mutual respect, and inclusivity. Using his own postcard collection, which took twenty-five years to amass, Arreola recounts the past of three places (Ciudad Juárez, Ojinaga, and Palomas) located on the Chihuahua border, a region shared between Mexico, New Mexico, and Texas. The "Arreola Collection" includes 1,374 individual postcards about the Chihuahua border, with the majority featuring Ciudad Juárez. These postcards are more than simple illustrative accompaniments. They are primary sources that enable us to see the past as a visual evolution of the Chihuahua border from 1900 to the 1950s. The postcards also provide perspectives on the effects of three key events that helped shape the urban landscape after the international border was established in 1848, namely, the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920), US Prohibition, and the post–World War II economic boom. The book is organized into four parts. Part I establishes the author's purpose "to cast a new eye on an old subject and bring light to a way of seeing the border that has been overlooked" (3). The reader is introduced to the photographers involved in postcard production and their role in representing the border to America during significant events like the Mexican Revolution. Part II reveals more about Ciudad Juárez as a principal hub for cross-border relations. Over the course of six chapters, the author discusses how travel from and through El Paso helped shape Ciudad Juárez, as there were economic benefits from its promotion on both sides of the border. Border crossing and modes of transportation impacted the evolution of the streetscapes in the Mexican hub. Mobility was improved, rather than restricted, as two border cities embraced a future by building each other up through marketing, amenities, and [End Page 136] transit. "During this era, the two border cities may have been closer to complete interdependence than at any time in their nearly century-long relationship" (81). The author effectively portrays how powerful tourism was in building cross-border relationships in the first half of the twentieth century. Many of the postcards featured popular venues in Ciudad Juárez, as the city was the first taste of Mexico for many US visitors. The city's identity developed as visitors consumed its curios, bars, cafés, and cabarets, made even more popular during the time of US Prohibition. A briefer Part III explores Chihuahua's other border towns (Ojinaga and Palomas) and provides a similar survey of themes, affirming this border experience was truly a regional phenomenon and not exclusive to Ciudad Juárez. Part IV is a short conclusion where the author reiterates the most visible concepts in previous sections, as well as the role of postcards, and the density of images from the past, in shaping our understandings of place. For readers interested in the critical visualities of border dynamics, there are some key areas worthy of mention. The serial views of streetscape development curated by the author, like the "16 de Septiembre Time-Series Views" (90–111), take the reader through an evolving economy and culture while also expressing the persistence of landscape. Architecture may have been strategic subject matter for postcard producers and consumers as colonization was followed by capitalism. Buildings, like customs houses, "defined and continued to be emblematic of an architectural authoritative past. They were also captured as images in postcards, thereby perpetuating their importance to visitors as well...