Color Distribution Research Articles

Colour vision is aligned with natural scene statistics at 4 months of age.

Visual perception in adult humans is thought to be tuned to represent the statistical regularities of natural scenes. For example, in adults, visual sensitivity to different hues shows an asymmetry which coincides with the statistical regularities of colour in the natural world. Infants are sensitive to statistical regularities in social and linguistic stimuli, but whether or not infants' visual systems are tuned to natural scene statistics is currently unclear. We measured colour discrimination in infants to investigate whether or not the visual system can represent chromatic scene statistics in very early life. Our results reveal the earliest association between vision and natural scene statistics that has yet been found: even as young as 4 months of age, colour vision is aligned with the distributions of colours in natural scenes. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: We find infants' colour sensitivity is aligned with the distribution of colours in the natural world, as it is in adults. At just 4 months, infants' visual systems are tailored to extract and represent the statistical regularities of the natural world. This points to a drive for the human brain to represent statistical regularities even at a young age.

Directionality‐Aware Design of Embroidery Patterns

AbstractEmbroidery is a long‐standing and high‐quality approach to making logos and images on textiles. Nowadays, it can also be performed via automated machines that weave threads with high spatial accuracy. A characteristic feature of the appearance of the threads is a high degree of anisotropy. The anisotropic behavior is caused by depositing thin but long strings of thread. As a result, the stitched patterns convey both color and direction. Artists leverage this anisotropic behavior to enhance pure color images with textures, illusions of motion, or depth cues. However, designing colorful embroidery patterns with prescribed directionality is a challenging task, one usually requiring an expert designer. In this work, we propose an interactive algorithm that generates machine‐fabricable embroidery patterns from multi‐chromatic images equipped with user‐specified directionality fields. We cast the problem of finding a stitching pattern into vector theory. To find a suitable stitching pattern, we extract sources and sinks from the divergence field of the vector field extracted from the input and use them to trace streamlines. We further optimize the streamlines to guarantee a smooth and connected stitching pattern. The generated patterns approximate the color distribution constrained by the directionality field. To allow for further artistic control, the trade‐off between color match and directionality match can be interactively explored via an intuitive slider. We showcase our approach by fabricating several embroidery paths.

Col-OSSOS: The Two Types of Kuiper Belt Surfaces

The Colors of the Outer Solar System Origins Survey (Col-OSSOS) has gathered a high-quality, near-simultaneous, and brightness-complete sample of (g − r) and (r − J) colors for 102 Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs) with (u − g) and (r − z) gathered for some. We present the current state of the survey and data analysis. Recognizing that the optical colors of most icy bodies broadly follow the reddening curve, we present a new projection of the optical−near-IR (NIR) colors, which rectifies the main nonlinear features in the optical−NIR along the ordinates. We find evidence for a bifurcation in the projected colors that presents itself as a diagonal empty region in the optical−NIR. A reanalysis of past color surveys reveals the same bifurcation. We interpret this as evidence for two separate surface classes: the BrightIR class spans the full range of optical colors and broadly follows the reddening curve, while the FaintIR objects are limited in optical color and are less bright in the NIR than the BrightIR objects. We present a two-class model. Objects in each class consist of a mix of separate blue and red materials and span a broad range in color. Spectra are modeled as linear optical and NIR spectra with different slopes that intersect at some transition wavelength. The underlying spectral properties of the two classes reproduce the main observed structures in the UV−optical−NIR color space (0.4 μm ≲ λ ≲ 1.4 μm), including the bifurcation observed in the Col-OSSOS and H/WTSOSS data sets, including the tendency for cold classical KBOs to have lower (r − z) colors than excited objects, and the well-known bimodal optical color distribution.

Sensory characterization of the perceived quality of East African highland cooking bananas (matooke).

It has recently become increasingly evident that banana projects in Uganda need to consider consumer preferences as part of the breeding process to increase the acceptability of new cultivars. A trained panel used quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) as a tool to assess the sensory characteristics of 32 cooking bananas (matooke). The aim was to investigate which sensory characteristics best describe matooke. Fourteen descriptors were generated. The preferred attributes of matooke were high-intensity yellow color, homogeneous distribution of yellow color, good matooke aroma, highly moldable by touch, moist and smooth in the mouth. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences in the yellowness, homogeneity of color, firmness, moistness, smoothness, matooke aroma, hardness, and moldability across the genotypes (P < 0.05). Principal component analysis (PCA) showed strong positive correlations between yellowness and homogeneity of the color (R = 0.92). Smoothness in the mouth and moldability by touch were strongly and positively correlated (R = 0.88). Firmness in the mouth was well predicted by hardness to touch (R2 = 0.85). The matooke samples were ranked into two sensory clusters by agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC). The study showed attribute terms that could be used to describe matooke and also revealed that QDA may be used as a tool during the assessment and selection of new cooking banana hybrids to identify relevant sensory attributes because of its ability to discriminate among the banana hybrids. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Does thermal biology differ between two colour pattern morphs of a widespread Australian lizard?

Alternative phenotypes allow individuals to pursue different adaptive pathways in response to the same selective challenge. Colour polymorphic species with geographically varying morph frequencies may reflect multiple adaptations to spatial variables such as temperature and climate. We examined whether thermal biology differed between colour morphs of an Australian lizard, the delicate skink, Lampropholis delicata. The delicate skink has two colour pattern morphs, with frequencies varying across latitude and sex: plain (darker, more common at temperate latitudes, more common in males) or striped (lighter, more common at lower latitudes, more common in females). We tested heating and cooling rate, sprint speed, thermal preference, field body temperature and metabolic rate in both morphs and sexes to determine any link between colour and morph frequency distribution. Plain individuals heated more quickly, but other thermal traits showed little variation among morphs. Lampropholis delicata colour influences rates of heat exchange, but the relationship does not appear to be adaptive, suggesting that behavioural thermoregulation homogenises body temperature in the field. While we find no substantial evidence of thermal differences between the two colour morphs, morph-specific behaviour may buffer against differences in heat exchange. Latitudinal variation in species colour may be driven by selection pressures other than temperature.

SIAN: STYLE-GUIDED INSTANCE-ADAPTIVE NORMALIZATION FOR MULTI-ORGAN HISTOPATHOLOGY IMAGE SYNTHESIS.

Existing deep neural networks for histopathology image synthesis cannot generate image styles that align with different organs, and cannot produce accurate boundaries of clustered nuclei. To address these issues, we propose a style-guided instance-adaptive normalization (SIAN) approach to synthesize realistic color distributions and textures for histopathology images from different organs. SIAN contains four phases, semantization, stylization, instantiation, and modulation. The first two phases synthesize image semantics and styles by using semantic maps and learned image style vectors. The instantiation module integrates geometrical and topological information and generates accurate nuclei boundaries. We validate the proposed approach on a multiple-organ dataset, Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method generates more realistic histopathology images than four state-of-the-art approaches for five organs. By incorporating synthetic images from the proposed approach to model training, an instance segmentation network can achieve state-of-the-art performance.

Determining the invariant of inter-frame processing for constructing the image similarity metric

The relevance of modeling digital images is determined by the need to implement approaches in the study of localization and identification of objects in order to reduce the amount of data. In this paper, the study object is the topology of a discrete two-dimensional image within the framework of the problem of determining the invariants of diffeomorphic transformations. Geographic information objects (GIOs) refer to objects that are on a given surface or objects that locally change the surface. With regard to objects, it is assumed that the change in their geolocation in the process of forming both single images and an extended series of frames obtained in the process of continuous monitoring is insignificant. In the process of scanning the surface, possible changes in the position of the image source are taken into account, for example, such as yawing, rolling, and pitch in the case of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). These maneuvers are represented as a group of diffeomorphisms that are controlled by the internal gyroscopes of the carrier and the external navigation system. Based on the studies reported here, the initial ontology of digital images (ODI) has been determined by using the model of color spaces and functions of a special kind. The presence of an ontology makes it possible to build an adequate topology of color distribution in the image and take into account the specificity of the distribution of different colors in a digital image. The study results indicate that a promising method is to determine the similarity by constructing a color atlas structure graph (CASG) based on ODI and by determining invariants as a fragment of CASG inherited by all images in the sequence. The scope and conditions for the practical use of the result include its application to the analysis of images by methods of artificial intelligence

3D Printing of Luminescent Glass with Controlled Distribution of Emission Colors for Multi‐Dimensional Optical Anti‐Counterfeiting

AbstractThe fabrication of multicolor luminescent glass with simultaneous controlling of the distribution of emission colors within a monolithic medium has been a tremendous challenge, which, however, could be attractive for diverse photonic applications from optical storage to information encryption. Here, a space‐selective doping method based on a stereolithographic technique is designed, enabling the control of the doping domain of the active luminescence ions, such as Eu3+, Ce3+, Tb3+, and Pr3+, in 3D‐printed single silica glasses. The printed glass shows intense multicolor luminescence, and the interface between the two doping areas is invisible under natural light. By using this technique, multicolor luminescent glass with pre‐designed emission color distribution is fabricated, which enables facile and nondestructive decryption strategies based on photoluminescence under controlled excitation conditions. Besides, the extending of this strategy by using a femtosecond laser for photopolymerization dramatically improves the printing resolution down to the few‐micron scale, enabling the multi‐dimensional optical storage and encryption in miniaturized glass items. This work not only delineates the potential applications of multicolor luminescent glass for multi‐dimensional anti‐counterfeiting and information storage, but also opens up new avenues for prospective applications in sensing, lasers, and displays based on glasses with spatially engineered optical responses.

Selection history contributes to suboptimal attention strategies.

Attentional control balances the competing drives of performance maximization and effort minimization. One way the attention system minimizes effort is through a bias to persist in the use of attentional control strategies that have been useful in the past. In the present study, we asked whether such selection history can result in the persistence of an attentional control strategy that is counterproductive, effectively competing with a more optimal strategy. Participants first completed a training in which one color target was encountered more frequently than another, and then completed a test phase in which they could search for one of two targets on any given trial, one of which would be more optimal to search for given the distribution of color stimuli. An attentional bias for the more frequent target color was observed in the training phase and the choice of which target to report was robustly optimal in the test phase, reflecting performance maximization. Importantly, participants also exhibited a tendency to report the target rendered in the previously more frequent target color in the test phase, even when the distribution of non-target colors made it suboptimal to do so. Our findings shed light on the fundamental question of why attentional control is sometimes suboptimal, demonstrating a role for selection history in the perseveration of previously employed attentional strategies even when such strategies produce suboptimal performance.

Genome-wide phylogeography reveals cryptic speciation in the circumglobal planktonic calcifier Limacina bulimoides.

Little is known about when and how planktonic species arise and persist in the open ocean without apparent dispersal barriers. Pteropods are planktonic snails with thin shells susceptible to dissolution that are used as bio-indicators of ocean acidification. However, distinct evolutionary units respond to acidification differently, and defining species boundaries is therefore crucial for predicting the impact of changing ocean conditions. In this global population genomic study of the shelled pteropod Limacina bulimoides, we combined genetic (759,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms) and morphometric data from 161 individuals, revealing three major genetic lineages (FST = 0.29-0.41): an "Atlantic lineage" sampled across the Atlantic, an "Indo-Pacific lineage" sampled in the North Pacific and Indian Ocean, and a "Pacific lineage" sampled in the North and South Pacific. A time-calibrated phylogeny suggests that the lineages diverged about 1 million years ago, with estimated effective population size remaining high (~10 million) throughout Pleistocene glacial cycles. We do not observe any signatures of recent hybridization, even in areas of sympatry in the North Pacific. While the lineages are reproductively isolated, they are morphologically cryptic, with overlapping shell shape and shell colour distributions. Despite showing that the circumglobal L. bulimoides consists of multiple species with smaller ranges than initially thought, we found that these pteropods still possess high levels of genetic variability. Our study adds to the growing evidence that speciation is often overlooked in the open ocean, and suggests the presence of distinct biological species within many other currently defined circumglobal planktonic species.

Temporal stability and directional change in a color cline of a marine snail from NW Spain.

The evolution and maintenance of color clines is a classic topic of research in evolutionary ecology. However, studies analyzing the temporal dynamics of such clines are much less frequent, due to the difficulty of obtaining reliable data about past color distributions along environmental gradients. In this article, we describe a case of decades-long temporal stability and directional change in a color cline of the marine snail Littorina saxatilis along the coastal inlet of the Ría de Vigo (NW Spain). L. saxatilis from this area shows a clear color cline with 3 distinct areas from the innermost to the more wave-exposed localities of the Ría: the inner, protected localities show an abundance of fawn-like individuals; the intermediate localities show a high diversity of colors; and the outer, wave-exposed localities show populations with a high frequency of a black and lineated morph. We compare data from the 1970s and 2022 in the same localities, showing that the cline has kept relatively stable for at least over half a century, except for some directional change and local variability in the frequency of certain morphs. Multiple regression analyses and biodiversity measures are presented to provide clues into the selective pressures that might be involved in the maintenance of this color cline. Future research avenues to properly test the explanatory power of these selective agents as well as the possible origins of the cline are discussed.

THE TRUE REDWOOD SORREL: REINSTATEMENT OF OXALIS SMALLIANA (OXALIDACEAE) AS A SPECIES SEPARATE FROM OXALIS OREGANA

The name Oxalis oregana Nutt. is universally accepted for Redwood Sorrel despite a long history of attempted revisions. One of its many current synonyms, O. smalliana R.Knuth, was proposed over a century ago to describe a primarily Californian wood sorrel species distinguishable from the O. oregana type by flower size and color, but recognition of the taxon faded over time. The present study, however, provides substantial genetic, morphological, and phenological support for the reinstatement of O. smalliana as a separate species. A range-wide genetic study of 16 Redwood Sorrel populations showed divergence of two overlapping lineages at both nuclear (internal transcribed spacer) and chloroplast (psbJ-petA) loci. The southern lineage (ranging from Monterey County, California to Curry County, Oregon) corresponds in distribution and floral characteristics to previous descriptions of O. smalliana. The northern lineage, corresponding to O. oregana, ranges from southern Humboldt County, California to southwestern British Columbia. All O. smalliana specimens were characterized by apparent chloroplast heteroplasmy as evidenced by mixed sequence haplotypes, whereas all O. oregana specimens showed typical single sequence haplotypes. Flower size is generally larger in O. smalliana, and its flowers range in color from white to pink, purple, or blue, whereas O. oregana flowers are only white. Analysis of flower color distribution using more than 1000 images identified as O. oregana in the iNaturalist database showed a transition from southern pigmented flowers to northern white flowers in the Klamath Range of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon that correlated with the transition of the O. smalliana to O. oregana genetic lineages. In two sympatric populations, the white-flowered O. oregana was shown to attain peak flowering a full month later than the purple-flowered morph of O. smalliana. Phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer sequences showed species-level divergence of O. smalliana relative to O. oregana and other members of Oxalis subsect. Oxalis. Median-joining network analysis of haplotype sequences from all taxa in subsection Oxalis was confounded by probable hybridization and introgression, but provided some evolutionary insights. Divergence of the two species is discussed relative to the Pacific Northwest post-glacial north–south recolonization hypothesis.

Interpretation of Geochemical Data of Eocene Volcanism in Eastern Sivas Province (Central Anatolia, Türkiye)

The study area covers the eastern part of Zara district (Sivas) located in East-Central Anatolia. The units found in the region from bottom to top are characterized by the Upper Creataceous-Paleocene Refahiye Complex, the Middle-Upper Eocene Akıncılar Formation, the Karataş volcanics and Kösedağ Syenite, the Lower Miocene Onarı Formation, the Upper Miocene-Pliocene İsola volcanics, the Şerefiye volcanics, the Kadıköy Formation and the uppermost Quaternary sediments. In the frame of this study, the Karataş volcanics, which were formed as a result of the second magmatic activity of the Eocene period, are studied in detail. The Karataş volcanics are greenish black on their undisturbed clean surfaces, and some parts are brown-purple in color and have distinctive crack systems. It shows a reddish-pinkish color distribution in regions where degradation is observed intensely. The SiO2 content, which is the main criterion for determining the magma character of Karataş volcanics, is between 52.09 % and 58.45 %. MgO contents of similar importance are between 0.53 % and 2.21 %. Some of the light rare earth elements, La have 22.2-40.7 ppm, Ce 44.4-67.3 ppm, Pr 5.23-8.88 ppm, Sm 4.41-7.15 ppm, Eu 1.24-1.83 ppm; one of the heavy rare earth elements, Lu have 0.20-0.45 ppm and Yb 1.88-2.98 ppm values. The Karataş volcanics consist of basaltic-trachyandesite and trachyandesite. Evidence of liquid-crystal fractional crystallization (FC) in the phenocryst phase during the formation of the Karataş volcanics is clearly observed in the geochemical diagrams. Traces of partial melting and crustal contamination were found in geochemical studies. Following the closure of the Neo-Tethys ocean in the region, a widespread crustal thickening occurred in the region with the northward divergence of the northern branch of Neo-Tethys, and a suture zone was formed along this line. The Karataş volcanics were formed as a product of active volcanism after the collision in the region.

Fish Spoilage Classification Based on Color Distribution Analysis of Eye Images

Fish contains many nutrients beneficial to human health, which makes fish an essential component of a healthy diet. Omega-3 fatty acids, primarily found in fresh fish, can play a critical role in protecting heart and brain health. Freshness is one of the most important quality criteria of the fish to be selected for consumption. It is known that there may be pathogenic bacteria and toxins to human health in fish that are not stored in the right conditions and transferred by wrong logistics methods. One of the widely used approaches for evaluating the freshness of fish is sensory, which would be highly subjective and error-prone. Moreover, sensory analysis is widespread and one of the fastest approaches for evaluating large quantities of fish. At that point, a computer-aided diagnostic system can accelerate the evaluation of the degree of spoilage, reduce the human resources required for this task, and minimize the possibility of spoiled fish consumption. In this study, a fully automated freshness assessment mechanism based on the analysis of digital eye images of fish is proposed. Accordingly, the unsupervised clustering approach was used for feature extraction, and each image was divided into three regions according to their color distribution. The freshness was evaluated according to the intensity difference between these clusters. The results show that the proposed feature extraction approach is highly distinctive for the discrimination of spoilage and can be used to distinguish fresh fish from spoiled fish using machine learning methods without supervision.

Development and technological research of medicated lozenges for catarrhal and aphthous stomatits` symptoms relief

inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, in particular catarrhal and aphthous stomatitis, create significant discomfort for patients in everyday life. The occurrence of stomatitis in adolescents can be associated with numerous factors: bacterial and viral infection, insufficient oral hygiene, trauma of the mucous membrane, unbalanced nutrition, allergic reactions, some types of systemic diseases etc. Medicated lozenges have advantages for use in adolescents, as they have an interesting appearance (resembling a candy), pleasant taste and aroma, do not require swallowing or washing down with water, release active pharmaceutical ingredients by gradual dissolution in the oral cavity, which ensures their local action. The present work is aimed to develop different formulations of medicated lozenges for catarrhal and aphthous stomatits` symptoms relief. The objects of the study were experimental samples of lozenges with licorice root and propolis extracts. They were chosen as active ingredients due to their antimicrobial properties, as well as their ability to improve the general condition of the periodontium and reduce the outbreak of aphthae in stomatitis. Lozenges were prepared by heating and congealing method using different concentrations of active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients (candy base substances – sugar substitute (isomalt), glucose syrup, carboxymethyl cellulose). 3 best formulations that had a uniform color distribution and were transparent, not sticky, had no external surface defects were subjects of the development and analysis. Obtained medicated lozenges were evaluated for physical parameters like weight variation, diameter and thickness, and pharmacotechnological evaluations like friability and hardness by pharmaceutical standard methods from State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine 2.0 (2.9.5, 2.9.7, 2.9.8). Selected samples had homogeneous physical parameters: average weight in the range of 6.98-7.00 g (none of the formulations had a deviation of more than ± 5%), diameter 3.51 cm, thickness 5.04-5.11 mm. The obtained values of hardness and friability (less than 1% for all formulations) indicate satisfactory mechanical strength of the dosage form. Stability study was carried out at (15-25) ⁰С and 60±5 % humidity rate and was determined by evaluating the appearance and pharmacotechnological parameters. The values of hardness and friability were constant throughout the storage period for all formulations. Stability studies indicated that the formulations № 1 and 2 were stable for 30 days. The present research allowed to develop formulations for obtaining a pleasant-tasting dosage form intended for relatively slow dissolution in the oral cavity – medicated lozenges for use in adolescents to alleviate the symptoms of catarrhal and aphthous stomatitis.

Spatiotemporal distribution of microplastics in the Ganzhou section of the Ganjiang river: An insight into the source area impact

Field surveys for riverine microplastics (MP) are profoundly affected by background MPs from upstream cities, resulting in uncertainty when exploring the underlying mechanism of MP source and distribution. In this study, the Ganzhou Section of the Ganjiang River was surveyed because of its minor background effects and large anthropogenic influences. Relatively low MP abundance was found in the target rivers owing to the small background in the riverine source area. The average MP abundance in the dry season (10.9 ± 2.33 items L–1) was higher than that in the mid-wet season (3.47 ± 0.95 items L–1). The polymers were predominantly cellophane and polyethylene. The contribution of the functional areas to the predominant MP shape (fibre and fragment), size (0.125–0.5 mm), and colour (polychrome and white) distribution, was as follows: industrial > scenic > residential > natural areas. MP abundances fluctuated with different rainfall levels during the wet season, and varied synchronously with the river flow during a flow-controlled period, suggesting that land scouring and transportation played more critical roles than sediment release. The small watershed area in the upper reaches of the river caused a low terrestrial MP number, making it easy for the riverine MP content to reach a plateau. This work contributes to the understanding of MP distribution in freshwater and provides a potential guideline for MP control.

An AR Map Virtual–Real Fusion Method Based on Element Recognition

The application of AR to explore augmented map representation has become a research hotspot due to the growing application of AR in maps and geographic information in addition to the rising demand for automated map interpretation. Taking the AR map as the research object, this paper focuses on AR map tracking and registration and the virtual–real fusion method based on element recognition. It strives to establish a new geographic information visualization interface and application model. AR technology is applied to the augmented representation of 2D planar maps. A step-by-step identification and extraction method of unmarked map elements are designed and proposed based on the analysis of the characteristics of planar map elements. This method combines the spatial and attribute characteristics of point-like elements and line-like elements, extracts the color, geometric features, and spatial distribution of map elements through computer vision methods, and completes the identification and automatic extraction of map elements. The multi-target image recognition and extraction method based on template and contour matching, and the line element recognition and extraction method based on color space and area growth are introduced in detail. Then, 3D tracking and registration is used to realize the unmarked tracking and registration of planar map element images, and the AR map virtual–real fusion algorithm is proposed. The experimental results and results of an analysis of stepwise identification and extraction of unmarked map elements and map virtual–real fusion reveal that the stepwise identification of unmarked map elements and map model virtual–real fusion studied in this paper is effective. Through the analysis of map element step-by-step recognition efficiency and recognition rate, it is proved that the element step-by-step method in this paper is fast, its recognition efficiency meets the AR real-time requirements, and its recognition accuracy is high.

Review of Indo-West Pacific jawfishes (Opistognathus: Opistognathidae), with descriptions of 18 new species.

Sixty species of jawfishes (Opistognathus) from the Indo-West Pacific are reported in an updated review, including descriptions of 18 new species: Opistognathus albomaculatus n.sp., O. asper n.sp., O. aurolineatus n.sp., O. bathyphilus n.sp., O. biporus n.sp., O. challenger n.sp., O. erdmanni n.sp., O. flavidus n.sp., O. helvolus n.sp., O. hyalinus n.sp., O. megalops n.sp., O. microspilus n.sp., O. nigripinnis n.sp., O. parvus n.sp., O. pholeter n.sp., O. triops n.sp., O. vigilax n.sp., and O. wassi n.sp.. Species accounts are provided for each species, including illustrations or color photographs, complete synonymies, specimens examined (or appropriate citation if previously published in detail), diagnosis, comparisons, etymology, and distribution maps. Geographic range extensions are reported for a number of species. An identification key is given for all species and frequency tables of important characters are also provided. The taxonomic status of Opistognathus inornatus and O. rosenbergii annulatus are discussed in detail but not completely resolved pending unavailable molecular data. Geographic variation is also described for Opistognathus adelus, O. albomaculatus n.sp., O. castelnaui, O. margaretae, O. variabilis, and O. vigilax n.sp. Many species are known only from holotypes and others from single localities, indicating how much more remains to be known about these jawfishes.

The Pantheon+ Analysis: Forward Modeling the Dust and Intrinsic Color Distributions of Type Ia Supernovae, and Quantifying Their Impact on Cosmological Inferences

Recent studies have shown that the observed color distributions of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) can be well described by a combination of a dust distribution and an intrinsic color distribution. Using the Pantheon+ sample of 1701 SN Ia, we apply a new forward-modeling fitting method (Dust2Dust) to measure the parent dust and color distributions, including their dependence on host-galaxy mass. At each fit step, the SN Ia selection efficiency is determined from a large simulated sample that is reweighted to reflect the proposed distributions. We use five separate metrics to describe the goodness of fit: distribution of fitted light-curve color c, cosmological residual trends with c, cosmological residual scatter with c, fitted color–luminosity relationship β SALT2, and intrinsic scatter σ int. We present the results and the uncertainty in 12-dimensional space. Furthermore, we measure that the uncertainty on this modeling propagates to an upper threshold uncertainty in the equation of state of dark energy w of 0.014(1) for the Pantheon+ cosmology analysis and contributes negligible uncertainty to the Hubble constant H 0. The Dust2Dust code is made publicly available at https://github.com/djbrout/dustdriver.

Immiscible color flows in optimal transport networks for image classification

In classification tasks, it is crucial to meaningfully exploit the information contained in the data. While much of the work in addressing these tasks is focused on building complex algorithmic infrastructures to process inputs in a black-box fashion, little is known about how to exploit the various facets of the data before inputting this into an algorithm. Here, we focus on this latter perspective by proposing a physics-inspired dynamical system that adapts optimal transport principles to effectively leverage color distributions of images. Our dynamics regulates immiscible fluxes of colors traveling on a network built from images. Instead of aggregating colors together, it treats them as different commodities that interact with a shared capacity on the edges. The resulting optimal flows can then be fed into standard classifiers to distinguish images in different classes. We show how our method can outperform competing approaches on image classification tasks in datasets where color information matters.