Color Chart Research Articles

Using Technology to Detect Erythema Across Skin Tones.

To examine the effectiveness of the ColorMeter DSM III (ColorMeter; Cortex Technology) at grouping individuals by skin tone and measuring erythema/skin discoloration after erythema induction across skin tones. This pre/post experimental study induced erythema on a convenience sample of 61 healthy adults. Skin tone at baseline was measured using the ColorMeter, Munsell Soil Color Chart 5YR (Munsell), and Pantone SkinTone Guide (Pantone) and compared with the Eumelanin Human Skin Colour Scale (Eumelanin Scale) groupings. Erythema and melanin values on the arm immediately and after recovery time were compared with baseline values. Melanin was measured at five body regions on the face and arm. Participants were predominantly women (64% [n = 39] women, 36% [n = 22] men) and young (mean, 28.8 ± 14.3 years); 5% (n = 3) were Hispanic, 26% (n = 16) Asian, 29% (n = 18) Black, 38% (n = 23) White, and 7% (n = 4) identified with more than one race. ColorMeter lightness (L*) and melanin measures were strongly correlated with both Munsell and Pantone values. Munsell skin tone groups were not aligned with Eumelanin Scale groupings. Most participants were in the Eumelanin intermediate-low group, and this changed depending on which body location melanin value was used. The change in erythema from baseline did not differ significantly across skin tone groups at the ulnar head, but on the forearm at the delayed time point, significant differences existed between light and both medium and dark skin tone groups (P = .001; 95% CI, 0.04-0.37). The ColorMeter provides an effective objective measure of skin tone and erythema/discoloration across various skin tones and may improve on current standards for detection. The proposed Eumelanin Scale-Modified provides additional sensitivity for persons with medium skin tones.

Robust Distribution‐Aware Color Correction for Single‐Shot Images

AbstractColor correction for photographed images is an ill‐posed problem. It is also a crucial initial step towards material acquisition for inverse rendering methods or pipelines. Several state‐of‐the‐art methods rely on reducing color differences for imaged reference color chart blocks of known color values to devise or optimize their solution. In this paper, we first establish through simulations the limitation of this minimality criteria which in principle results in overfitting. Next, we study and propose a few spatial distribution measures to augment the evaluation criteria. Thereafter, we propose a novel patch‐based, white‐point centric approach that processes luminance and chrominance information separately to improve on the color matching task. We compare our method qualitatively with several state‐of‐the art methods using our augmented evaluation criteria along with quantitative examinations. Finally, we perform rigorous experiments and demonstrate results to clearly establish the benefits of our proposed method.

Minimum error adaptive RGB calibration in a context of colorimetric uncertainty for cultural heritage preservation

In this paper, two aims are sought. First, the path to a minimum-error colour calibration and its feasibility for non-invasive cultural heritage conservation is explored. Using RGB information as temporal cues of the conservation state of the pieces under monitoring, an adaptive calibration function, working in syntony with a colour calibration chart destined to general usage, has been proposed. Since the context involves citizen participation, the pictures to calibrate are crowdsourced and the cameras of origin unknown; therefore, the requirements of the work context assume images that imply a heavy colorimetric uncertainty whilst maintaining their structural content. Therefore,a differentiable, multidimensional, adaptive transfer curve that offers the best trade-off between calibration error (staying in minimum perceivable colour differences for tangible materials) and calculation requirements is refined. The conception of this system offers flexible possibilities of an effective cultural heritage conservation without heavy costs on money and human effort or relying on external solutions, while standing on par in quality with state-of-art technologies, achieving therefore a balance between generalist usage and specific solutions. Secondly, a neural network-based final process performs the final tuning of the calibration functions, and its conclusions shed light on how a calibration process works together with the colour chart on an algebraic level. The verification of this phenomenon opens possibilities of different paths on how to proceed with colour calibrations depending on the conditions of acquisition and the content of interest, so the minimum error can be always achieved regardless of the case. The ideas presented here are an expansion and conclusion of the developments and results previously published by the same authors.

Standardizing HER2 immunohistochemistry assessment: calibration of color and intensity variation in whole slide imaging caused by staining and scanning

In the evaluation of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) immunohistochemistry (IHC) — one of the standard biomarkers for breast cancer— visual assessment is laborious and subjective. Image analysis using whole slide image (WSI) could produce more consistent results; however, color variability in WSIs due to the choice of stain and scanning processes may impact image analysis. We therefore developed a calibration protocol to diminish the staining and scanning variations of WSI using two calibrator slides. The IHC calibrator slide (IHC-CS) contains peptide-coated microbeads with different concentrations. The color distribution obtained from the WSI of stained IHC-CS reflects the staining process and scanner characteristics. A color chart slide (CCS) is also useful for calibrating the color variation due to the scanner. The results of the automated HER2 assessment were compared to confirm the effectiveness of two calibration slides. The IHC-CS and HER2 breast cancer cases were stained on different days. All stained slides and CCS were digitized by two different WSI scanners. Results revealed 100% concordance between automated evaluation and the pathologist’s assessment with both the scanner and staining calibration. The proposed method may enable consistent evaluation of HER2.

Perceptual variance of natural soil aggregates with the Munsell soil colour charts by unexperienced observers: Case study for diverse soils

Munsell Soil Colour Charts are widely used by soil scientists as the most unbiased way for determining the colour of soil samples. However, there are only a few studies on the variance in people's assessment of the colour of soil samples on this scale and the factors that determine this variance. In this work, we analyze the colour estimates of > 100 undisturbed soil samples by 20 people. For diverse soil samples collected from Anthrosols, Arenosols, Histosols, Podzols and Retisols at the Smolenskoye Poozerye national park, the fraction of votes that support the mode differs from 0.15 to 0.63 with mean of 0.29. The agreement of people’s estimates is significantly less pronounced for hue than for value (p = 0.0001) and chroma (p = 0.002) in dark and muted, but not in light and saturated samples. On average, females vote for mode in more fraction of samples than males (p = 0.026). Moreover, there are people who vote for and against mode more frequently that it is expected by chance. Within-sample variances of estimates calculated after conversion into RGB and CIELAB systems correlate weekly with uncertainty of estimates calculated as fraction of votes that do not support the mode. Soil horizons have different variances in colour estimates. The uncertainty in colour estimation with a Munsell Soil Colour Chart is highly dependent on both sample characteristics and people. The agreement between participants in colour assessment increases substantially when neighboring Munsell chips are treated as equal.

Assessment of Blood Volume in Liposuction Fluids Using Colorimetry.

The possibility of using a color contrast method to evaluate blood loss during liposuction was assessed. A color chart of blood-lipid content associated with different blood volumes was developed. Three color cards with different concentrations of blood were developed based on clinical parameters. The color cards were used to evaluate the volume of blood present in liposuction solutions obtained from 60 clinical liposuction patients. The red blood cell count also was evaluated for each patient. The data obtained using each evaluation method were compared and statistically analyzed to determine the most accurate calculation formula. The red blood cell counts were compared to the color card results. The paired t test results for the calculated values for the 3:1, 2:1, and 1:1 color cards and the red blood cell count values were comparable (44.3 ± 22.1 ml vs. 53.6 ± 25.0 ml, t = 10.5; 45.4 ± 19.0 ml vs. 55.2 ± 20.7 ml, t = 18.1; 41.9 ± 25.6 ml vs. 52.8 ± 28.3 ml, t = 14.0). The P values were < 0.05, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant. The average standard error of the mean was 0.90, 0.54, and 0.77, respectively. Sixty samples were evaluated in a scatter diagram using the two detection methods. Trend analysis revealed that the two results demonstrated a linear increase (y = 5.6 + 1.1x), R2 = 0.989, indicating that the two inspection methods were highly correlated with only small errors. The colorimetric card protocol developed in this study could quickly, accurately, and conveniently calculate blood volumes in liposuction fluids, which has considerable clinical significance. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors http://www.springer.com/00266 .

Precision nutrient management on the growth and productivity of Rabi maize (Zea mays L.) under light textured brown forest soils of Odisha

Maize's high production potential, flexibility, and demand have led to a steady expansion of the land dedicated to growing the crop. Since maize is highly nutrient demanding crop, farmers are applying huge amount of nutrients which can lead to soil degradation and may cause environmental pollution. As an alternative for these circumstances, the present study was conducted on precision nutrient management in maize by using smart nutrient tools such as chlorophyll content meter (CCM) and leaf colour chart (LCC) and decision support systems, namely, nutrient expert (NE) for optimizing the nutrient requirement in maize. The current study was carried out for two consecutive years during Rabi season of 2021-22 and 2022-23 at P. G. Research Farm of M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Odisha. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 14 treatments and replicated thrice and tested on the high yielding hybrid ‘Pioneer P3396’ with recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) of 120:60:60 kg NPK/ha. The results clearly showed that precision nutrient management had a significant influence on growth, yield attributes and yield of maize. During both the seasons, the maximum plant height (244.3 and 256.7 cm), dry matter accumulation/plan (317.9 g and 323.4 g, stem girth (8.2 mm and 8.1 mm), number of cobs/plant (1.8 and 1.9), weight of the cob (238 g and 243 g), length of the cob (23.8 cm and 24.0 cm), grain yield (7850 kg/ha and 7950 kg/ha) and stover yield (12850 kg/ha and 12667 kg/ha) was found in the treatment consisting of ample dose of nitrogen and the other treatments such as 150% RDF and Sufficiency Index (SI) at 90-95% also performed better and remained at par with ample dose of nitrogen application during both the years. The experiment concluded that the application of primary nutrients, mainly, nitrogen in ample dose or in splits by considering CCM-based SI can be useful for optimization of nutrient requirement in Rabi maize for the light textured brown forest soils of Odisha.

Dry Matter Accumulation and Physiological Growth Parameters of Maize as Influenced by Different Nutrient Management Practices

Background: Maize, which is an important cereal for its yield potential and it can be influenced by various agronomic factors. In hybrid maize, dry matter accumulation and leaf area index are strongly affected due to applied nutrients. The amount of dry matter accumulation is directly related to the grain yield. The present study has been conducted with a focus on the effect of nutrient management on dry matter accumulation and other physiological parameters for quantifying the growth of maize. Methods: The present study was conducted during rabi season for two consecutive years of 2021-2022 and 2022-23 at the P.G. Experimental Farm of Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 14 treatments and three replications. The treatment details include different recommended doses of nutrients, leaf colour chart and sufficiency index-based nitrogen management and nutrient expert based nutrient management in maize. Result: The study revealed that application of ample dose of nitrogen, i.e., 200-60-60 kg/ha of N-P2O5-K2O resulted in obtaining the highest dry matter accumulation and leaf area index of maize throughout the growth periods for both the years of maize. Further, the treatments 150% RDF and SI-based N management (N-60-60 kg/ha) at SI 90-95% also performed at par in terms of growth attributes of maize.

Differential response of potato cultivars intended for the processing industry

The choice of a cultivar has been the main limitation for the potato processing industry, with low availability of genotypes with adequate shape and size for slicing, absence of non-enzymatic browning after frying, and good storage potential, which is evaluated mainly by the incidence of sprouts. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of 10 cultivars in the pre-fried potato processing industry over a period of up to 180 days of storage at 8°C. Analyses of accumulated mass loss (AML), sprouting, alcohol insoluble solids (AIS), total soluble sugars (TSS), non-reducing sugars (NRS), reducing sugars (RS), and visual staining and colorimetry (L* and b*) were performed after frying. The cultivar Basin Russet presents lower values for AML. The cvs. Innovator and Umatilla Russet were the cultivars that showed later sprouting, and at 180 days, Umatilla Russet had smaller shoots. The AIS levels did not correlate with sprouting and sugar content. The TSS and NRS varied among the cultivars, and the RS contents were in the range of 0.005–0.206%, with Ranger Russet, Russet Burbank, Umatilla Russet, and Yona showing values above 0.12%, which was considered high when compared to the other cultivars. All cultivars were visually classified in category 2 or 3 for the USDA fry color chart. However, through the L* variable, the cultivars Alverstone Russet and Basin Russet presented sticks with a lighter color and the “Challenger” with a more yellowish hue. L* values above 64.1 and b* values above 50.3 are indicated for the evaluated cultivars. It is concluded that among the evaluated cultivars, the best variables for the pre-fried potato processing industry were obtained in the Innovator, Alverstone Russet, and Basin Russet cultivars.

The chaos – the violin – the Сosmos in the I. Kalynets’s poem “Great-grandfather”

In modern Ukrainian literary studies, the problem of researching intermedial relations in the artistic works of the Sixtiers, in particular, Ihor Kalynets, is relevant. At the same time, there is a lack of studies devoted to the analysis of separate texts. In our opinion, the poem ‘Great-grandfather’ from the collection ‘Kupala Fire’ demonstrates a harmonious interaction of the text levels, from the level of plot to the phonetic one. Therefore, the purpose of this article is a holistic study of the poem. A structuralist approach was used to achieve the mentioned goal. The poem ‘Great-grandfather’ contains the signs of cinematography, and it is based on an external plot. The clipped image of the great-grandfather playing the violin is subtly nuanced and dynamic. The image of the violin, as an ancient sophisticated instrument symbolizing the soul of the great-grandfather, is analyzed. The examination of the dedication in the poetry (to ‘Oleg Krysa’ who is a world-famous Ukrainian violinist) gives reasons to assume that the great-grandfather was a virtuoso violinist. The images of a bow and rosin were analyzed as the attributes of a specific prayer-playing. The meaning of the violin playing is to help the nature and people to by pass the time of twilight with the minimum losses, to turn the chaos of dusk into the cosmic time of a starry night. At this point the great-grandfather becomes the centre of interaction, the final (the fifth) element which enables the transformation. During the study of the colouring of the poem, we managed to conclude that the poetry was not so much of interest because of the colours, but because of their brightness. A noticeable development of brightness to the climax point was followed by a sinusoidal downturn. The last counterpoint in the colour chart is the image of the lemkas-‘soniakhs’ (sunflowers) who are under the influence of the maestro’s playing. The soundcode confirms the expressed ideas and demonstrates I. Kalynets’ virtuoso mastery of phonics. It is concluded that the great-grandfather, who is a violinist, becomes the mediator of the cosmic processes at the moment when he loses the boundaries of his own personality and dissolves in art. The great-grandfather, turning the chaos of twilight into the Cosmos, opens up new spiritual perspectives for his fellow Lemks. It is about a mystical art that unites the day and the night, the heaven and the earth, the man and the God.

Compounded Hair Solutions and Foams Containing Minoxidil: Does the Color Change Impact Stability?

An increasing number of pharmacies around the world are producing hair solutions and foams containing minoxidil for alopecia, commonly using ready-to-use vehicles such as TrichoSolTM or TrichoFoamTM. However, it is paramount to determine the chemical and microbiological compatibility of these formulations so they can be safely implemented as vehicles of choice. Also, these products usually suffer from a change of color over time, which leads to many patients prematurely discontinuing treatment. As long-term treatment is recommended, this study aimed to assess the physical–chemical and microbiological stability and investigate the color change of compounded minoxidil formulations. For that, HPLC analyses and antimicrobial effectiveness testing were conducted in a bracketed study covering concentrations from 1.0% to 7.0% of minoxidil. HPLC, pH, and metals in 5.0% minoxidil compounded products were determined using ICP-MS to evaluate the mechanisms involved in their color change. The stability of the products varied from 120 to 380 days. The color change was remarkably noticeable, but apart from this parameter, no other quality attribute was affected throughout this period, including minoxidil content, which presented only minor fluctuations. No precipitation was observed, and pH was relatively stable. It is not expected that this yellow color will impact effectiveness. Finally, we created an indicative color chart of the behavior of minoxidil in the studied vehicles.

Influence of Precision Nutrient Management on Dry Matter Accumulation and Partitioning of Rice in Southern Odisha

Background: The nutrient management practices are largely known to influence dry matter accumulation and translocation in rice. However, the role of precision nutrient management in dry matter partitioning to the reproductive parts of rice is still unexplored. Methods: The present trial was conducted during boro season of 2021-22 at PG Experimental Farm, MSSSoA, CUTM, Odisha. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 11treatments that were replicated thrice. The treatments examined under the investigation were namely, absolute control, 75% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 100% RDF, 125% RDF, 75% RDF fb nano urea spray @ 2ml/L at panicle initiation, 100% RDF fb nano urea spray @ 2ml/L at panicle initiation, leaf colour chart (LCC) 3 basednitrogen management, LCC 4 based nitrogen management, sufficiency Index (SI)-based N management at a threshold value less than 90%, Nutrient expert (NE) based nutrient recommendation, Rice crop manager (RCM) based nutrient recommendation. Result: The results of the study indicated that SI-based N management at a threshold value less than 90% results in highest allocation, shoot dry matter to the panicle (53.46%); while, absolute control of nutrients resulted in highest percentage allocation of shoot dry matter to culm (23.72%) and leaves (33.88%) during maturity.

Wash fastness properties of pre-mordanting cotton fabrics dyed with natural dyes

With the awareness of the negative effects of synthetic products on the environment and human health, there is a global search for environmentally, friendly and sustainable consumer products with natural dyes. The concept of naturalness gains importance for textile products that are in direct contact with human body. Therefore, dyeing process of cellulosic based fabrics in different colours with natural dyes has been developed. In this study, cotton fabrics were dyed in different colours at 1% and 3% concentrations by pre-mordanting with a cationic mordanting agent, and the washing fastness of the fabrics was tested. Before dyeing the fabrics were pre-treated and made sustainable for dyeing. Tube dyeing was performed with five different commercial natural dyes at different concentrations using the HT dyeing technique. Cotton fabrics structures in different colours were obtained by using a thickening agent in dyeing and a colour chart that could be presented to the market was created. In the studies carried out, it was observed that the fastness results were quite good in the acceptable value range (3-5), although there were dyeing defect, especially in dark dyed fabrics. It was determined that the prepared dyes should be filtered in order to minimize the dyeing defect.

Characterization and classification of soil resources of hittinahalli sub-watershed derived from basalt in Northern dry zone of Karnataka

Eighteen Typical pedons representing upland, midland, and lowland forms in a Hittinahalli subwatershed of Vijayapur district were studied for their morphological characteristics and physicochemical properties. The soils were shallow to very deep (25 to &gt;150 cm), very dark brown to black (Munsell color chart) and moderately well to poorly drained. The soil structure changes from weak, medium sub- angular blocky on the surface to moderate, coarse sub-angular blocky in the subsurface horizons. The soils are moderately alkaline to strongly alkaline (7.59–9.41), low to high in organic carbon (0.08–0.75 g/kg). The pedons on uplands exhibit the development of an argillic horizon (Bt). The pedons on the midlands and lowlands have cambic horizons (Bw), classified as Verisols and Inceptisols, respectively. The lowlands (P6, P10, P16, and P18) and midlands (P7, P8, P12, P15, and P17) are classified as fine, mixed, Iso-hyperthermic, and Typic Haplustalfs.

Changing MacAdam Ellipses with Adaptation

Modern light sources (light emitting diodes, organic light emitting diodes) have considerable flexibility in creating a wide range of colours and brightness of lighting devices and monitors in which they are used. Evaluation of the homogeneity of the chromaticity of radiation is carried out using the colour thresholds obtained in the McAdam experiment and named after their shape McAdam ellipses. This experiment was carried out under the same observation conditions. Their application in practice is limited and requires research in a wide range of observation conditions. To date, in colorimetry, there is a colour perception model CIECAM02, which is approved by the CIE (International Commission on Illumination). This model allows you to recalculate the chromaticity coordinates for observation conditions that are different from the initial conditions. In this work, a model of the CIECAM02 algorithm is implemented and a study is made of the transformation of McAdam ellipses under changing observation conditions. The result of the study demonstrates the change in the position of the ellipses on the CIE 1931 colour chart, as well as their shape. The data obtained allow us to speak about the relevance of further research on the perception of white colour radiation in a wide range of chromaticity and brightness in order to improve the algorithms of the colour perception model.

Impact of long-term resource conservation techniques on biogeochemical characteristics and biological soil quality indicators in a rice green-gram farming system.

Nutrient management in resource conservation practices influence the structural and functional microbial diversities and thereby affect biological processes and biochemical properties in soil. We studied the long-term effects of resource conservation technologies on functional microbial diversity and their interactions with soil biochemical properties and enzymatic activities in tropical rice-green gram cropping system. The experiment includes seven treatments viz., conventional practice (CC), brown manuring (BM), green manuring (GM), wet direct drum sowing, zero tillage, green manuring-customized leaf colour chart based-N application (GM-CLCC-N) and biochar (BC) application. The result of the present study revealed that microbial biomass nitrogen (N), carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) in GM practice were increased by 23.3, 37.7 and 35.1%, respectively than CC. GM, BM and GM-CLCC-N treatments provide higher yields than conventional practice. The average well color development value, Shannon index and McIntosh index were significantly higher by 26.6%, 86.9% and 29.2% in GM as compared to control treatment. So, from this study we can conclude that resource conservation practices like GM, GM-CLCC N and BM in combination with chemical fertilizers provide easily decomposable carbon source to support the microbial growth. Moreover, dominance of microbial activity in biomass amended treatments (GM, GM-CLCC N and BM) indicated that these treatments could supply good amount of labile C sources on real time basis for microbial growth that may protect the stable C fraction in soil, hence could support higher yield and soil organic carbon build-up in long run under rice-green gram soil.

Soil-MobiNet: A Convolutional Neural Network Model Base Soil Classification to Determine Soil Morphology and Its Geospatial Location.

Scholars have classified soil to understand its complex and diverse characteristics. The current trend of precision agricultural technology demands a change in conventional soil identification methods. For example, soil color observed using Munsell color charts is subjective and lacks consistency among observers. Soil classification is essential for soil management and sustainable land utilization, thereby facilitating communication between different groups, such as farmers and pedologists. Misclassified soil can mislead processes; for example, it can hinder fertilizer delivery, affecting crop yield. On the other hand, deep learning approaches have facilitated computer vision technology, where machine-learning algorithms trained for image recognition, comparison, and pattern identification can classify soil better than or equal to human eyes. Moreover, the learning algorithm can contrast the current observation with previously examined data. In this regard, this study implements a convolutional neural network (CNN) model called Soil-MobiNet to classify soils. The Soil-MobiNet model implements the same pointwise and depthwise convolutions of the MobileNet, except the model uses the weight of the pointwise and depthwise separable convolutions plus an additional three dense layers for feature extraction. The model classified the Vellore Institute of Technology Soil (VITSoil) dataset, which is made up of 4864 soil images belonging to nine categories. The VITSoil dataset samples for Soil-MobiNet classification were collected over the Indian states and it is made up of nine major Indian soil types prepared by experts in soil science. With a training and validation accuracy of 98.47% and an average testing accuracy of 93%, Soil-MobiNet showed outstanding performance in categorizing the VITSoil dataset. In particular, the proposed Soil-MobiNet model can be used for real-time soil classification on mobile phones since the proposed system is small and portable.

Residual Effect of Nutrient Management Practices in Lowland Rice Varieties on Growth, Productivity, Economics and Nutrient Uptake of Succeeding Black Gram in Rice–Black Gram Cropping Sequence

A field experiment was conducted during rabi seasons (December–March) of 2019–20 and 2020–21 to study the residual effect of nutrient management practices in lowland kharif rice varieties on succeeding black gram variety PU 31. The experiment was set in split plot design with four rice varieties in main plots (viz. CR 1009 sub-1, CR 1018, Pooja and Upahar) and six nutrient management practices in sub-plots [(viz. Control, 100% Recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF: 80-40-40 kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1), 50% RDF+FYM (@ 8 t ha-1), 50% RDF+Sesbania green manuring (@ 1.5 t ha-1), Rice crop manager (115.5 -32.7-52.8- 25.0 kg N, P2O5, K2O, ZnSO4 ha-1+FYM @ 3 t ha-1) and Real time nitrogen management (RDF+customised leaf colour chart (CLCC)] and each treatment was replicated thrice. Among different nutrient management practices in rice, rice crop manager exhibited highest number of pods plant-1 (31.3), seeds pod-1 (7.8), 1000 seed weight (39.6 g), seed yield (877 kg ha-1), haulm yield (2512 kg ha-1), gross return (Rs. 51352 ha-1), net return (`Rs. 38947 ha-1) and return Rs.`-1 invested (`Rs. 4.14) and highest uptake of N (78.83 kg ha-1), P (7.60 kg ha-1) and K (53.09 kg ha-1) in residual black gram. This was at par with 50% RDF+FYM @ 8 t ha-1 and significantly higher than all other nutrient managements in preceding rice. So, nutrient management as per rice crop manger and 50% RDF+8 t FYM ha-1 to the preceding rice crop had significant residual influence in achieving highest yield and economic returns from succeeding black gram in rice-black gram cropping sequence.

Optimized principal component analysis for camera spectral sensitivity estimation.

This paper describes the use of a weighted principal component analysis (PCA) method for camera spectral sensitivity estimation. A comprehensive set of spectral sensitivities of 111 cameras was collected from four publicly available databases. It was proposed to weight the spectral sensitivities in the database according to the similarities with those of the test camera. The similarity was evaluated by the reciprocal predicted errors of camera responses. Thus, a set of dynamic principal components was generated from the weighted spectral sensitivity database and served as the basis functions to estimate spectral sensitivities. The test stimuli included self-luminous colors from a multi-channel LED system and reflective colors from a color chart. The proposed method was tested in both the simulated and practical experiments, and the results were compared with the classical PCA method, three commonly used basis function methods (Fourier, polynomial, and radial bases), and a regularization method. It was demonstrated that the proposed method significantly improved the accuracy of spectral sensitivity estimation.

Technical Imaging for Private Practice Conservators

ABSTRACT Technical imaging is a powerful group of tools and techniques that allow a work of art to be visually recorded under various wavelengths of light to document the current condition, detect restoration and alteration, identify condition issues, characterize materials and their location, and create a visual baseline for future study. Museum conservation laboratories have a long history of technical imaging, and its products are equally valuable for artworks outside museum collections. This article explains how private practice conservators can carry out advanced technical imaging like their museum counterparts with robust, reliable, and accessible tools. In this practical guide to imaging techniques for the private practice conservator, commercially available equipment and methods used by conservation professionals are examined; visible, ultraviolet, and infrared imaging methods are the primary topics. The article describes the components and function of a general technical imaging system, reviews the major technical imaging techniques and modes, discusses the equipment currently used in the field based on the results of a survey distributed to AIC members, and makes recommendations for equipment and methods for private practice conservators. Imaging examples include a painting attributed to Jean-Michel Basquiat, a seventeenth-century European painting, and a Liquitex acrylic paint color chart from 1989.