Color Break Research Articles

A distinct lineage of Watermelon mosaic virus naturally infects honohono orchid (Dendrobium anosmum) and passionfruit (Passiflora edulis) in Hawaii

An orchid nursery in Honolulu, Hawaii reported honohono orchids ( Dendrobium anosmum cv. Little Sweet Scent) with deformed flowers displaying colour break (Fig. 1) and mild chlorotic streaking of the leaves (Fig. 2). Eight orchid plants…

Fruit development and maturity of mrig bahar Nagpur mandarin fruits

Maturation is the most important stage of fruit development which is most active phase, involving high metabolic activity and cellular changes which lead to changes in colour, aroma, flavour and texture of fruits. The knowledge of these changes may be widely used to evaluate fruit maturity period of Nagpur mandarin. A change in peel colour is one of the indices used for maturity. Considering this, an experiment was carried out during 2010-11 at College of Horticulture; Dr. P.D.K.V., Akola comprising four stages of maturity in Randomized Block Design with five replications. The chlorophyll, carotenoid pigments and physico-chemical analysis of Nagpur mandarin fruits of mrig bahar was done. The significant difference was found in all characters recorded at different stages. The maximum fruit weight, volume and size were recorded in matured deep orange colour stage. Chlorophyll 'a' decreased from 0.0855 mg/ g fruit weight in fully developed green stage to 0.0224 mg/g (fruit weight) in matured deep orange colour stage. The decreasing rate of chlorophyll 'a' content was very rapid in fruit sample between fully developed green stage 0.0855 mg/g to colour break stage 0.0399 mg/g. Similar results were recorded in chlorophyll 'b' and total chlorophyll content in fruits. The progressive increase in carotenoid content was observed during advancement of fruit maturation.

Effect of harvesting at different nodes on growth and flower yield of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus Linn) in second season crop

The present study was under taken in a commercial floriculture farm under protected cultivation with three cultivars of carnation during July 2010 to February 2011. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with factorial concept. Harvesting of carnation flower stalk at 3 rd node from the ground level recorded minimum number of days to sprouting of buds than other harvesting nodes i.e. , 2 nd , 4 th and 5 th nodes. Days to first flower bud appearance, colour break stage and days to harvest was also minimum with harvesting at 3 rd node in cultivars Domingo, Dover and Keiro. And the length of lateral, length of flower stalk and flower, diameter of flower stalk and flower, number of flower stalks per plant, fresh flower weight and vase life was maximum with harvesting at 3 rd node than other harvesting heights in cultivar Domingo.

β-glucanase and polygalacturonase activities are different in longkong (Lansium domesticumCorr.) fruit at two separation positions

Longkong fruit drop was visually checked at two different positions: between the peduncle and the calyx (separation zone 1; SZ1), and between the calyx and the fruit (separation zone 2; SZ2). After color break, 10 weeks after full bloom (WAFB), the breaking strength (BS) at SZ1 only slightly decreased, while BS at SZ2 declined considerably and continued to decrease until the fully ripe stage at 15 WAFB. Fruit drop at SZ1 was induced by exposure of the fruit to ethylene, while at SZ2 separation required an external force exerted on the fruit. This study reports the change in polygalacturonase (PG) and β-glucanase activities at the two positions during fruit coloration and exposure to ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) after harvesting at 13 WAFB. The results indicate that at both positions, PG and β-glucanase activities were stable during fruit coloration, indicating that changes in PG and β-glucanase activities were not responsible for the separation zones weakening at this stage. After harvest, in the non-treated, control fruit, β-glucanase activity in SZ1 increased slightly but PG activity was stable. When longkong fruit were exposed to ethylene both PG and β-glucanase activities increased. In contrast, PG and β-glucanase activities decreased after exposure to 1-MCP. In SZ2, PG and β-glucanase activities increased with or without exposure to ethylene; after 1-MCP treatment, PG and β-glucanase activities were lower than the control. These data indicate that both enzymes participate in the cell separation process at both positions in response to ethylene, but other enzymes are also involved. It is postulated that the differential enzyme activities at the two positions, at different stages, provide a benefit to the survival of the plant depending on environmental conditions.

Effect of duration of night interruption on growth and flowering of Chrysanthemum cv. Kikiobiory

The study was conducted to determine the effect of duration of night interruption using incandescent bulbs on sustained quality flower production of potted standard Chrysanthemum cv. Kikiobiory. The different night interruption (NI) treatments i.e. control, <5 sec. flash, 30-, 60-, 90- and 120- min. significantly (p<0.05) affected allthe vegetative and floral parameters. The plant height, number of leaves and root suckers per plant increased with the increase duration of NI treatments with maximum at 120- min. NI (90.42 cm, 34.75 and 12.10, respectively). The days taken to flower bud appearance, colour break stage and full bloom were delayed, whereas flower quality with respect to duration of flowering and flower diameter were deteriorated with increase in duration of NI treatments. The days taken to flower bud appearance, colour break stage and full bloom were highest at 120- min. NI (136.84, 183.22 and 202.25 days, respectively) which delayed the flowering by 63.94 days, where full bloom flower appeared in March. There was reduction in duration of flowering and flower diameter with increased NI duration with lowest at 120 min. NI (7.83 days and 15.69 cm). It was observed that increase (120 min.) in night interruption increased the vegetative growth and delayed the flowering; however, flower quality was deteriorated. Thus, it was concluded that 60 min. NI improved flower quality with sustained flower production in potted Chrysanthemum cv. Kikiobiory.

The effect of different concentrations of pre-harvest gibberellic acid on the quality and durability of ‘Obilnaja’ and ‘Black Star’ plum varieties

The research work aimed at investigating the effect of pre-harvest gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment on the quality of ‘Obilnaja’ and ‘Black Star’ Japanese plum varieties. GA3 was sprayed onto the trees during the fruit color break at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm concentrations. After pre-cooling, the plums were placed in modified atmosphere packages and exposed to the following conditions as follows: short storage-transportation (ST) [20 days at 2 °C and 90% relative humidity (RH)]; distribution center (DC) (5 days at 6 °C and 80% RH), and shelf life conditions (SL) (2 days at 20 °C and 70% RH). Pre-harvest GA3 treatments increased the fruit weight and size. Treatment of GA3 at 50, 75, and 100 ppm increased the fruit flesh firmness and total soluble substances (TSS) values in both the plum varieties during storage, transport, and marketing; it also limited the weight loss during the marketing process. Treatment of GA3 had no significant effects on the color, titratable acidity (TA), and the total phenolic and antioxidant activity values of plums. Pre-harvest GA3 treatment at 50 ppm GA3 can be thus recommended for both the plum varieties due to its effect on the fruit quality.

Enzymatic changes in plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) subjected to some chemical treatments and cold storage.

The objective of the present work is to see the effect of different chemical treatments on pectin methylesterase (PME) activity and softening of the fruits. Purple plums (cv. Satluj) fruits were harvested at colour break stage and treated for 5- minutes in aqueous solutions of salicylic acid at 138, 276 and 414ppm, Ascorbic acid at 10,000, 20,000 and 30,000ppm, and Gibberelic acid at 20, 40 and 60ppm. For control the fruits were dipped in distilled water. Treated fruits were stored at low temperature conditions for 40days. Physico chemical characteristics and PME activity were determined at 10day interval. The colour of the fruits improved with respect to a* and b* values progressively throughout the storage, whereas, fruit firmness decreased. Total sugars and PME activity increased before showing a declining trend. Pre-storage application of salicylic acid (414ppm) significantly delayed colour development. Fruits treated with salicylic acid (414ppm) retained highest firmness, total sugars and PME activity at the end of storage.

Temporal and spatial variations on accumulation of nomilin and limonin in the pummelos

Limonoids are the important secondary metabolites in the citrus. In this study, the accumulation of limonoids at different fruit developmental stages and distribution among different genotypes, tissues and developmental stages were investigated in 12 pummelo varieties. The large variations on limonoids concentration were found among different varieties, which ranged from 233.78 mg/kg FW to 4090.41 mg/kg FW in the seeds at full color stage of the fruit. Classification of pummelos based on the limonoids content divided 12 varieties into three groups. It was matched well with the geographic origination of the pummelo varieties, suggesting that the accumulation of limonoids was mainly determined by the genotype of the pummelo. Accumulation of the limonoids in different tissues was highly variable, and in a tissue specific fashion. The trend of the change on the levels of nomilin and limonin in the seeds and segment membrane were corresponded to the physiological development of the fruit. The rapid accumulation of nomilin and limonoids was observed from the physiological ripening of the seeds. It suggested that physiological maturation of the seeds is a key point that the seeds accelerate the accumulation of nomilin and limonin. In most of pummelo varieties, 10% color break of the fruit was a phenotypic landmark associated with the maximum level of nomilin accumulated in the seeds.

The study of 4 cases of myeloid neoplasm with t (5;12) (q33;p13) and the literatures review

目的分析伴有t（5；12）/ETV6-PDGFRβ异常髓系肿瘤的临床和实验室特点。方法采用骨髓细胞短期培养法制备染色体标本，R显带技术进行染色体核型分析；采用PDGFRβ双色断裂重排探针和荧光原位杂交（FISH）技术检测该基因重排；应用多重RT-PCR技术检测ETV6-PDGFRβ融合基因，并对其中1例PCR产物进行测序分析；应用流式细胞术进行免疫分型分析；4例患者均接受伊马替尼治疗，随访治疗结果和生存期。结果4例患者中3例为骨髓增殖性肿瘤（MPN），1例为急性髓系白血病（AML）-M2。核型分析3例t（5；12）（q33；p13）为原发性异常，1例t（5；12）（q33；p13）为继发性异常，并经FISH证实为PDGFRβ基因重排；多重RT-PCR检测结果显示ETV6-PDGFRβ融合基因阳性，BCR-ABL融合基因阴性；免疫分型结果显示4例患者骨髓标本均有CD13、CD33和CD34表达；伊马替尼治疗后，其中2例患者获分子学缓解，1例获血液学和完全细胞遗传学缓解，1例在伊马替尼治疗后，ETV6-PDGFRβ融合基因短暂转阴，由于与AML相关的原发性异常的存在，使得病情迅速恶化、死亡。结论伴t（5；12）/ETV6-PDGFRβ髓系肿瘤较少见，具有独特的临床和实验室特点。t（5；12）在MPN中多为原发性异常，患者伊马替尼治疗效果颇佳，预后良好，而在AML中可能多为继发性异常，预后尚不明确。FISH技术是检测PDGFRβ基因重排的可靠手段。

Investigation into various fungicides and alternative solutions for controlling postharvest diseases in papaya fruit

In Australia, Sportak® (a.i., prochloraz) has been registered since the early 1980's for the postharvest control of both anthracnose and stem-end rots in papaya fruit, despite the persistence of fruit breakdown due to disease during transit and at market destinations. Consequently, the Australian papaya industry has been concerned over the efficacy of prochloraz and whether substitute or alternative solutions were available for better disease control, particularly during times of peak disease pressure. This study therefore investigated the effects of various postharvest treatments for disease control in papaya. Fruit were harvested at colour break from coastal farms in Far North Queensland and treated with commercial rates of various fungicides, including prochloraz, imazalil, thiabendazole and fludioxonil. Additional solutions known to inhibit disease were examined, including chitosan and carnauba wax both with and without ammonium carbonate (AC). Following treatment, fruit were ripened and assessed for quality over their shelf life. Fludioxonil when applied as a hot dip was found to be a more efficacious treatment for control of disease in papaya than prochloraz. The other fungicides were moderately effective, as both thiabendazol and prochloraz exhibited an intermediate response and imazalil was the least effective. Disease severity was lowest in fruit treated with AC followed by chitosan, whilst chitosan delayed degreening. Overall, the study found that hot fludioxonil provided an effective replacement of the currently registered chemical prochloraz, and that alternate solutions such chitosan and AC may also be beneficial, particularly for low chemical input farming systems.

Reduction of cold damage during cold storage of Hass avocado by a combined use of pre-conditioning and waxing

To reduce cold damage (CD) and loss of quality during cold storage of early season Hass avocados (22.9–26.3% dry matter), a pre-conditioning treatment that consisted on pulp hydrocooling to 6°C in a 0.3% CaCl2 solution was effective in comparison to a control group of fruit pre-conditioned at 6°C for 3 days in a cold room. Half of the fruit from both pre-conditioning treatments were waxed and stored at 3±1°C for 1, 23 and 46 days. After each storage time, quality parameters such as: epidermis and pulp damage, fruit firmness, % weight variation, colour, respiration, ethylene production, ethanol and acetaldehyde were assessed. Results demonstrated that the hydrocooling pre-treatment alone does not completely reduce lenticelosis but in combination with waxing resulted in a three fold reduction of internal damage and retarded fruit colour break. The use of waxing, independently of the initial pre-conditioning treatment, retarded fruit colour break, minimized quality loss, reduced metabolism and ethylene production and allowed to extend the commercialization period of the fruit at room temperature after storage at 3°C for 46 days.

Yield estimation in papaya

Fruit yield is an important parameter recorded in many experiments on papaya (Carica papaya L.). Yield measurement is a time consuming procedure of weighing individually the harvested fruits throughout the harvesting season. Therefore, present experiment was conducted on twelve uniformly fruited plants of a near-homozygous dioecious papaya line, Pune Selection-3. Actual yield was recorded by individually weighing all the harvested fruits after colour break. At the same time, estimated yield of each plant was calculated by multiplying number of fruits with average fruit weight of the plant which was estimated by nine different methods comprising selecting varying numbers of fruits from different positions (bottom, middle and top) on the fruiting column. The method where average fruit weight was calculated by selecting one/two/three fruits each from bottom and top ends, and midpoint of the fruiting column provided the best yield estimate with 9.0/8.5/7.6% deviation, respectively from the actual yield. The study recommends estimation of fruit yield by calculating average fruit weight by selecting one fruit each from bottom and top ends, and midpoint of the fruiting column and then multiplying it with total number of fruits.

Prevalence and Clinico-Pathological Attributes of c-MYC Rearranged High-Grade B-Cell Non Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHL): Single Centre Experience

Introduction: MYC rearrangement in high-grade B-cell NHL(non-burkitt), either as single hit or double hit, has significant prognostic and therapeutic implications. There is remarkable paucity of data on frequency and clinico-pathological features of MYC-rearranged large B-cell lymphomas from developing world.Method: This study included de-novo high grade B-cell NHL cases (>15 years of age) registered at Tata Memorial Centre between January 2013- December 2014. Demography details, clinical features (stage at presentation, bone marrow involvement, presence and extent of extranodal involvement, B-symptoms, international prognostic index),original histopathological diagnosis, chemotherapy and radiotherapy details were recorded from electronic medical or paper case records. Response to therapy, relapses or death if any, status at last follow up, dates of relapse and/or death and last follow up were recorded. All cases were reviewed by expert hematopathologists to categorize the high grade B-cell NHL as per the WHO-2008 classification of hematopoietic malignancies. All cases with adequate formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) blocks were evaluated by FISH for c-MYC , BCl-2 and BCl-6 using Vysis dual colour break apart probes. Cases which showed >10% cells with split signal were considered to harbor rearrangement.Result: A total of 114 cases of de-novo high-grade B-cell NHL with adequate FFPE blocks were evaluated. Based on WHO 2008 classification, 112 cases were classified as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBL)) and 1 each as Burkitt's (BL) and B- cell lymphoma unclassifiable -intermediate between DLBL and BL(BCLU). A total of 9/112 (8%) cases of DLBL showed MYC rearrangement. One of these 9 cases had both MYC and BCl-2 rearrangement. BCLU did not demonstrate MYC or BCl-2 rearrangement. The Ki-67 index was variable (40-95%)in MYC rearranged cases. The median age of the c-MYC rearranged cases was 55 year (range-23-79 years). 88% were males. Advanced stage disease, bulky mass and extranodal disease was seen in 67%, 44% and 55% of cases respectively. All but one patient had high LDH, however none of the patients had elevation more than 2XULN. These patients received rituximab based chemoimmunotherapy (RCHOP-4,RCEOP-4, REPOCH-1) and 77% achieved complete response. At median follow up of 5 months, 1 year-overall survival and progression free survivals were 80% and 75% respectively.There were no significant differences in clinical features (except higher proportion of males in the c-MYC rearranged subset), LDH levels, ki-67 index , response to therapy and survival between DLBL with or without c-MYC rearrangementConclusion: In our study 8% of all DLBL cases showed c-MYC rearrangement. The frequency of double hit lymphoma was less than 1% (0.8%). DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Charge and color breaking constraints in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model associated with the bottom Yukawa coupling

Testing the stability of the electroweak vacuum in any extension of the Standard Model Higgs sector is of great importance to verify the consistency of the theory. Multi-scalar extensions as the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model generically lead to unstable configurations in certain regions of parameter space. An exact minimization of the scalar potential is rather an impossible analytic task. To give handy analytic constraints, a specific direction in field space has to be considered which is a simplification that tends to miss excluded regions, however good to quickly check parameter points. We describe a yet undescribed class of charge and color breaking minima as they appear in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, exemplarily for the case of non-vanishing bottom squark vacuum expectation values constraining the combination μYb in a non-trivial way. Contrary to famous A-parameter bounds, we relate the bottom Yukawa coupling with the supersymmetry breaking masses. Another bound can be found relating soft breaking masses and μ only. The exclusions follow from the tree-level minimization and can change dramatically using the one-loop potential. Estimates of the lifetime of unstable configurations show that they are either extremely short- or long-lived.

Effect of Spinning Systems on Properties of Dyed Egyptian Cotton Yarns after Mercerization Treatment

The effects that spinning technology and spinning parameters have on the color strength (K/S), strength, and breaking elongation of post dyed and mercerized yarns are investigated in this study. The emphasis of the study is on the selection of long stable Egyptian cotton varieties, namely Giza 80, Giza 86, and extra long stable Giza 92. The cotton samples are spun by using compact, ring, and open end spinning technologies. For the purpose of this study, different yarn counts and twist multipliers are used. The mechanical properties, such as the tensile strength and breaking elongation of the produced yarn are investigated and compared before and after the mercerization treatment (slack and tension), followed by a reactive dyeing process. All of the samples are prepared for dyeing after mercerization. The dyeing performance in terms of the K/S is studied. When the results are examined, it is found that the samples that have undergone (bleaching + slack mercerization + reactive dyeing) generally have higher K/S values than samples that have undergone (bleaching + tension mercerization + reactive dyeing) and (bleaching + non-mercerization + reactive dyeing) respectively. Open-end spun yarns have a higher K/S compared to the compact and ring spun yarns with the lowest count yarn and twist level. The strength percentages are higher for compact, then ring and finally open-end spun yarns respectively with tension mercerization. There is no noticeable difference in the elongation% for all of the treatment processes. The authors have used quality engineering reproducibility and repeatability (R&R) tools to guarantee the repeatability and reproducibility of the results in this research paper.

DETECTION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ODONTOGLOSSUM RINGSPOT VIRUS (ORSV) JAVA AND BALI ISOLATES

<p>Orchids are one of the most important ornamental plants and cultivated in tropical countries, including in Indonesia. Virus infections become an important limiting factor in orchids cultivation because it causes significant losses of the plants. Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) is one of the most reported viruses infecting orchids and spread widely in the world. The common symptoms are mosaic with line pattern and necrotic ringspot on leaf surface, and also color breaking on flowers. The purpose of this research was to find out the occurrence of ORSV infecting orchids in Java and Bali, genetic relationship among ORSV isolates based on similarities of coat protein (CP) gene, and to analyze the pathogenicity test of ORSV Java and Bali isolates. Survey and samples collection were conducted in seven locations cultivating orchids in Java and Bali. Detection with Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) showed that ORSV was infected three leaf samples of Phalaenopsis sp., called ORSV BOC, ORSV KRB and ORSV TNBB isolates. The results showed 474 bp-amplified DNA band as the expression of ORSV CP gene. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequences of CP gene showed that ORSV BOC have similarity close to ORSV Germany, whereas ORSV KRB and ORSV TNBB leads to speciation that possible to be a new strain. Pathogenicity test using various healthy plants showed that ORSV BOC may infected and cause systemic symptoms on Chenopodium amaranticolor, Nicotiana tabacum, Dendrobium sp., Cymbidium sp., Chattleya sp., Phalaenopsis sp., Liparis sp., Spatthoglotis sp. and Pectelis sussanae (L.) Raf.</p><p><br /><strong>Keywords:</strong> ORSV, orchids, coat protein, RT-PCR</p>

Using ecological reducing agents instead of sodium sulphide in dyeing with CI Sulphur Black 1

Although low‐cost sodium sulphide is used as a reducing agent in most sulphur dyeing processes, it is considered to be environmentally unfavourable because of the resultant contaminated wastewater and the toxic hydrogen sulphide generated during the dyeing process. In the present paper, hydrazine sulphate, glucose, and sodium borohydride in the presence of sodium hydroxide were used as ecologically safe reduction systems for the CI Sulphur Black 1 dyeing of cotton fabric, and results were compared with those obtained using sodium sulphide. Dyeing processes were carried out at 90 °C for 60 min, and the colour yield (the K/S value), dyeing fastness, and breaking strength of dyed fabrics after soaping were measured. Response surface methodology was employed for experimental design and optimisation of results. Mathematical model equations were derived and statistical analysis carried out by computer simulation programming using Minitab v.15. At a dosage of 0.8 g l−1 of CI Sulphur Black 1, the optimum sodium borohydride reduction system (sodium borohydride 0.47 g l−1, sodium hydroxide 0.65 g l−1) exhibited the highest colour yield and the lowest chemical oxygen demand of the residual dyebath.

Phytotoxic effect of GF-120 NF fruit fly bait on fruit of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Nadorcott): Influence of bait characteristics and fruit maturity stage

The phytotoxicity of the fruit fly bait GF-120 NF (containing 0.24 g/L spinosad and fruit fly attractants including a protein hydrolysate, ammonium acetate and a number of additives including sugar, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate and soybean oil) on fruit of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Nadorcott) was investigated in an orchard in Mpumalanga, South Africa. Trials were conducted on ‘Nadorcott’ mandarin fruit at different stages of maturity. Droplets of GF-120 were applied on marked areas at the stylar ends of fruit in the orchard. The effects of GF-120 concentration, droplet size, droplet coverage and bait wetness on incidence of phytotoxicity were determined.Phytotoxicity of GF-120 was recorded on ‘Nadorcott’ mandarin fruit which were at the green and colour-break stages. Incidence of burn increased with increasing concentration of GF-120. Phytotoxicity of GF-120 was accentuated with increasing droplet size, droplet coverage and prolonged wetness of bait droplets. No phytotoxicity was observed when GF-120 was applied on Nadorcott mandarin at full rind colour development.Alternative methods of GF-120 application other than ground-based canopy sprays would therefore have to be sought for ‘Nadorcott’ mandarin orchards, especially if baiting is to start early before full colour development. Use of other fruit fly management techniques such as bait stations would also help avoid the risk of phytotoxicity on fruit of ‘Nadorcott’ mandarin at the green and colour break stages.

Loquat Fruit Lacks a Ripening-Associated Autocatalytic Rise in Ethylene Production

Loquat is considered as a non-climacteric fruit; however, there is an evidence of a climacteric-like maturation. Therefore, it seems its ripening behavior has yet to be satisfactory classified. Because autocatalytic regulation of ethylene production during fruit ripening is one of the primary features defining climacteric-like fruit maturation, we examined its ability of autocatalysis during ripening by applying the ethylene-releasing compound ethephon to the on-tree-fruit or ethylene to detached fruit of ‘Algerie’ loquat and measuring its ethylene and CO2 production. We also analyzed indoleacetic acid (IAA), gibberellin, cytokinin, and abscisic acid (ABA) contents as plant hormones involved in fruit ripening. The fruit response to ethephon (500 mg l−1) applied at color change was immediate producing increasing amounts of ethylene during the 4 h following the treatment, but 24 h after treatment onward values were similar to those produced by untreated fruit. Similar results were obtained when applying ethylene to detached fruit (10 µl l−1). Accordingly, applying ethephon (200 mg l−1) did not advance harvest; neither the color nor the percentage of fruit harvested at the first picking date differed significantly from the untreated fruit. Flesh firmness, total soluble solid concentration, and acidity of juice were not significantly altered either. IAA concentration reached the maximum value when fruit stopped growing, declining sharply at fruit color change; active gibberellins and cytokinins declined continuously during the fruit growth period, and ABA content sharply increased during ripening, peaking after fruit color break. Results indicate that ‘Algerie’ loquat lacks a ripening-associated autocatalytic rise in ethylene production, and suggest that a decline in gibberellin, cytokinin, and IAA concentrations might be needed to allow its ripening process to proceed.

Dyeing the Silk Fabric with Some Colour Plants and Comparing the Light Fastness and Breaking Resistance of the Acquired Colours

Silk has preserved its actuality and importance between the textile raw materials with its naturalness, softness, brightness and charm since the first and oldest ages of civilization. It is possible to dye silk fabric with plant dyes. In this study madder (Rubia tinctorium L.), walnut tree (Juglans regia L.), onion (Allium cepa L.), and leaves of olive tree (Olea europea L.) plants were used. Colouring made with the non-mordant method and 20 colouring made with the pre-mordant method. A comparative study performed in order to determine; the colour value, light fastness and breaking resistance of the 24 dyed silk fabrics.