Color Blindness Research Articles

Hired by Artificial Intelligence: Digital Inclusion Practices for People With Disabilities

Artificial intelligence (AI) rapidly advances across various industries, including healthcare, finance, education, robotics, entertainment, and commerce. Human resource (HR) management plays a crucial role in AI, helping employees feel valued and creative. However, AI-powered systems often neglect the needs of people with disabilities, who often face barriers in digital environments. This paper aims to investigate digital inclusion practices for people with disabilities in AI-driven human resource management systems. It proposes a heuristic evaluation method for software accessibility assessment based on international standards. The objectives include researching best practices for digital workplace inclusion, studying international standards for software accessibility, and researching AI-powered recruitment systems. An experiment assessed the accessibility of color schemes for people with color blindness.

Protection of racism from the anti-racism movement: taking colorblindness racial discrimination as an example

After the emergence of many great anti-racism movements, the supporters of traditional racism have significantly decreased. However, racism, or more precisely, liberal racism, including its specific form - color-blind racism, has replaced traditional racism and still exists in large numbers in society. Racism seems to have found new ways of survival in anti-racism concepts such as liberal racism and color blindness. To analyze the new forms of racism that exist in today’s society, this article takes colorblindness racism as the analytical object. Starting from the dual role of color blindness in the anti-racism movement, it points out that a large number of new forms of racism are prevalent under the guise of anti-racism, revealing the challenges and limitations faced in current anti-racism activities in order to provide assistance for future anti-racism work.

A review on achromatopsia: Exploring genetic basis, diagnostic innovations, and therapeutic prospects

Achromatopsia (ACHM) is a rare inherited retinal disorder characterized by partial or complete color blindness, which impacts individuals' quality of life and daily functioning. This review delves into the genetic basis, diagnostic innovations, and therapeutic prospects associated with ACHM. The main objective is to comprehensively explore the current understanding of ACHM, including genetic mutations, diagnostic techniques, and management approaches, while also discussing potential therapeutic interventions. Achromatopsia primarily results from mutations in genes encoding cone photoreceptor proteins, such as GNAT2, ATF6, PDE6H, PDE6C, CNGA3, and CNGB3. Various diagnostic methods, including electroretinography (ERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), are pivotal in confirming ACHM diagnosis by assessing cone function and structural abnormalities in dysfunctional cone cells. This review also highlights gene therapy interventions aimed at restoring cone function, highlighting promising advancements in preclinical and clinical settings. Additionally, it discusses the clinical features of ACHM, such as reduced visual acuity, photophobia, and color vision impairment, emphasizing the need for tailored management strategies to increase patients' quality of life. This review underscores the complex genetic landscape of ACHM and the importance of accurate diagnosis through advanced diagnostic modalities such as ERG and OCT. While there is currently no cure for ACHM, management approaches focus on symptom alleviation and improving patients' daily functioning. Gene therapy has emerged as a promising avenue for potential treatment, with ongoing research aiming to address the underlying genetic defects and restore cone photoreceptor function. The findings of this review hold clinical relevance by providing insights into the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of ACHM, guiding healthcare professionals in delivering personalized care to affected individuals. Continued research and advancements in gene therapy offer hope for future therapeutic interventions, highlighting the importance of updating the latest developments in the field of ACHM.

De-etiolation is Almost Colour Blind: the Study of Photosynthesis Awakening Under Blue and Red Light.

The synthesis and assembly of functioning photosynthetic complexes in chloroplasts developing from etioplasts during the de-etiolation of angiosperm seedlings are imperative for the plant's autotrophic lifestyle. This study compared de-etiolation process under monochromatic red or blue light of equal photon flux density during a 24-hour illumination period of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings. The aim was to elucidate the impact of these light wavelength on the etioplast-to-chloroplast transformation and the initiation of light-dependent photosynthetic reactions. Both treatments lead to the formation of functional young chloroplasts; however, the etioplast-to-chloroplast transition and the assembly of photosynthetic complexes occurred unevenly, with individual steps tuned by red or blue light. Ultrastructural analysis suggested faster prolamellar bodies disassembly under blue light, while low temperature fluorescence studies indicated a slower transformation of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide, and chlorophyll a, under these conditions. Red light further promoted the synthesis of chlorophyll b and LHCII antenna proteins. However, the efficiency of antennae in dissipating excess absorbed energy was higher for seedlings de-etiolated under blue light; the maximum quantum yield of the photosystem II reached 0.81 after 24-hour de-etiolation, equivalent to mature plants. Blue light seemed to enhance the development of well-functioning photosystems (I and II) and antennae. These findings are important for gaining a deeper understanding of photoreceptor regulation of de-etiolation and for utilizing selected light regimes to improve crop yield.

Genetic analysis of a Chinese pedigree affected with Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome and a literature review

To explore the genetic etiology of a Chinese pedigree affected with Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome (BOFS) and summarize the prenatal phenotype of BOFS patients. A pedigree with BOFS which had presented at the Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University in December 2021 was selected as the study subject. Clinical data of the pedigree was collected. The fetus was subjected to routine prenatal ultrasound scan. Trio-whole exome sequencing (trio-WES) was carried out for the fetus and its parents, and candidate variant was verified by Sanger sequencing. Relevant literature was searched from the database to summarize the prenatal phenotype of BOFS patients. Ultrasound exam suggested the fetus had cleft lip and palate. Its father had presented with high palatal arch, prematurely grayed hair, occult cleft lip, congenital preauricular fistula, red-green color blindness and unilateral renal agenesis. Its grandfather also had high palatal arch, prematurely gray hair, protruding ears, congenital preauricular fistula and hearing disorders. Trio-WES revealed that the fetus and its father had both harbored a heterozygous c.890-1G>A variant of the TFAP2A gene. The same variant was not found in its mother. Sanger sequencing confirmed that its grandfather had also harbored the same variant. Based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), the variant was rated as likely pathogenic (PVS1+PM2_Supporting). Combined with 36 similar cases retrieved from the literature, the prenatal phenotypes of BOFS patients had included growth restriction (25/37), renal abnormalities (10/37), cleft lip and palate (5/37) and oligohydramnios (5/37). The c.890-1G>A variant of the TFAP2A gene probably underlay the pathogenesis of BOFS in this pedigree. Discovery of the novel variant has enriched the mutational spectrum of the TFAP2A gene. The common prenatal phenotypes of BOFS have included growth restriction, renal abnormalities, cleft lip and palate and oligohydramnios. Delineation of the intrauterine phenotype of BOFS may facilitate its prenatal diagnosis, clinical diagnosis, treatment and genetic counseling.

Reviewing the prevalence of refractive errors and color blindness among commercial drivers

Road traffic crashes pose a significant global public health concern, claiming the lives of approximately 1.19 million people each year. A worrisome trend surfaces as a considerable majority of these fatalities involve vulnerable road users, encompassing not only drivers of heavy and light vehicles but also pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists. Visual impairments play a significant role in these tragic events, further exacerbating the risks faced by road users. Whether due to poor eyesight or other vision-related challenges, impaired visual perception contributes to the vulnerability of individuals on the road. This review aimed to systematically analyze the currently available research and articles to determine the prevalence of color vision defects and refractive errors among commercial drivers. The primary objective was to investigate whether refractive errors and color vision defects pose a risk factor for road safety among commercial drivers. A primary search of databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and others was conducted using relevant keywords. Articles published between 2010 and 2023 were considered, resulting in 16 cross-sectional studies being included for analysis. Prevalence rates were calculated using weighted averages based on sample sizes. Among commercial drivers, the prevalence of color vision impairment was lower (4.35%) compared to refractive errors (23.42%). Individuals with protanopia were at higher risk of road traffic accidents (RTAs). Complex issues such as alcoholism and visual impairments contributed to higher RTA frequencies in certain populations, emphasizing the multifaceted nature of road safety challenges.

Multiple Eye Diseases Detection using Convolutional Neural Network

Many eye cases that will arise in the next few years will require early diagnosis for rapid intervention. Polyophthalmia diagnostic methods such as physical examination, examination and diagnosis will be limited to medical and professional methods. Therefore, automated processes are needed. There have been some studies on computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) of polyocular disease using tools such as experts, but these are limited to their knowledge base and therefore not accurate. Early diagnosis of polyophthalmia allows rapid intervention and treatment. This application uses convolutional neural networks for computer-aided diagnosis of various eye diseases and can be used by a common person outside the clinic. This algorithm was trained using transformation learning on a dataset of 100 poliocular disease images from Google image searches for “normal human poliocular disease” and “human poliocular disease.” It leverages the ImageNet model built using a convolutional neural network classifier and transforms its knowledge using transfer learning to train a new model. The new model can classify polyocular disease images into “normal” and “diseases such as bulging polyophthalmia, glaucoma, uveitis, strabismus, dry polyophthalmia, and color blindness.” The system is designed to use deep convolutional neural networks to take images as input and classify the images such as human polyocular disease and “human polyocular disease.” Multiple eye disease detection system using a neural network developed by VS Code. Here we are using python 3.8 as frontend and Mysql Server as backend.

How colour evasiveness reproduces whiteness in Swedish universities

ABSTRACT We analyse how the whiteness of science and technology in Swedish universities is reproduced using four interviews with undergraduates involved in groups that work on making their courses more inclusive. Combining discourse analysis with a phenomenological focus on bodies, we begin with their nuanced understandings of gender inequality. We contrast these with their professions of ignorance about ‘race’ and racism and how they naturalise their ignorance. We explore how they create relations of proximity that ‘other’ students of colour and embed racialised distinctions within equalities work. We understand this within a broader colour evasiveness (an extension of colour blindness) in which whiteness is conflated with Swedishness.

Vat photopolymerization printing of functionalized hydrogels on commercial contact lenses

Contact lenses are widely used for vision correction and cosmetic purposes. Smart contact lenses offer further opportunities as functionalized non-invasive devices capable of simultaneous vision correction, real-time health monitoring and patient specific drug delivery. Herein, a low-cost vat photopolymerization technique is developed for directly 3D printing functionalized structures on commercially available contact lenses. The process enables controlled deposition of functionalized hydrogels, in customizable patterns, on the commercial contact lens surface with negligible optical losses. Multi-functional contact lenses can also be 3D printed with multiple materials deposited at different regions of the contact lens. Herein, the functionalities of colour blindness correction and real-time UV monitoring are demonstrated, by employing three suitable dyes incorporated into 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) hydrogel structures printed on contact lenses. The results suggest that 3D printing can pave the way towards simple production of low-cost patient specific smart contact lenses.

Identifying colours in the absorption spectrum with an app

This study addresses the challenges faced by students with colour blindness during the exploration of light spectra, emphasizing the crucial adaptation of educational materials for effective learning. The proposed solution, characterized by its low-cost and straightforward implementation, involves the use of smartphone apps, notably the ‘ColorADD,’ to assist students who cannot perceive colours in understanding spectral phenomena. This topic is integrated into the curricula of both high school and undergraduate physics courses in Portugal and Brazil. This approach represents a tangible opportunity to promote inclusive scientific education, fostering active participation and ensuring equal opportunities for colour-blind students without compromising their overall visual perception.

Prevalence of color blindness in school children at Mansoura district, Egypt

Prevalence of color blindness in school children at Mansoura district, Egypt

Prevalence and causes of ocular morbidity among school children in urban and rural areas

Background: Poor vision impairs the performance of school children and has a negative impact on their future. The prevalence of blindness in school children is estimated to be 0.8/1000 in the age group of 0–15 years. Most children with an uncorrected refractive error are asymptomatic; hence, periodic visual screening and primary eye care reduce the prevalence of refractive error and ocular morbidity. Objective: To study the prevalence of ocular morbidity among school children in urban and rural areas. Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted in two randomly selected private schools in urban area and two randomly selected government schools in rural area among school children aged 6–15 years studying in standards I–X. They were selected from each class by systematic random sampling. Detailed history and ocular examination were carried out for all children. Results: The prevalence of ocular morbidity among study participants was high (20.3%). The major cause of ocular morbidity was refractive error in 17.4% of the cases. Age group of 5–7 years, being urban school child, illiterate parents were significantly associated with ocular morbidity (P < 0.05). Gender and religion were not associated with ocular morbidity. The most common ocular morbidity was refractive error (17.4%). Color blindness (1.5%), conjunctivitis (1.3%), and stye and chalazion (1.1%) were other ocular morbidities. Conclusion: Most cases of ocular morbidity were preventable or treatable if detected early. Hence, strategies including prevention at the primary and secondary level form core of any strategies to reduce ocular morbidities in school going children.

Racism in counseling and psychotherapy: Illuminate and disarm.

For the first time in its 130-year history, the American Psychological Association formally admitted to its ugly racist past and acknowledged how White supremacy continues to pervade the profession. Although the apology spans the entire field of psychology, the primary focus of this article is on how the profession of counseling and psychotherapy has reinforced and contributed to the oppression of people of color. First, we contend that psychology mirrors cultural racism/White supremacy and represents the major framework from which psychologists and other social scientists with power and privilege located the source of problems within people of color, their family values/structures, and their communities. Second, we maintain that the concept of professionalism has resulted in four legitimizing pillars of counseling and psychotherapy in which polarities are created that value universalism over relativism, individualism over collectivism, objectivism over subjectivism, and empiricism over experientialism. These four foundations of a White epistemology channel and subsidize racism by equating racial/cultural differences with pathology; promoting color and power blindness; blaming the victim; dehumanization and objectification; and denial of different racial realities. Last, we offer solutions for dismantling racism in counseling and psychotherapy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The Impact of Colour Vision Defect on Consumer’s Fruits Selection Process while Purchasing from Retail Fruit Shops in Bangladesh

Color Vision Defect affects about one in twelve males and two hundred women worldwide, according to research. CVD has a big impact in almost every marketing and branding circumstance, especially when product color is the key. This study began with a Red-Green CVD test of 522 Dhaka residents. Since few research have measured color blindness in Bangladesh, this study can be used as one of the Bangladesh color vision deficiency baseline results. The important factor of this study is whether this result is comparable to Bangladesh’s earlier result and whether Bangladesh has a lower/higher CVD prevalence than other nations. The most common CVD is Red-Green Colour Vision Defect. Green fruits turn yellow and red when maturing and CVD patients have trouble distinguishing neighboring colours like Red, Green, Brown, etc. After examining baskets of green and ripe yellow, red, and partly reddish fruits, this study evaluated the findings. This study found out that people with color vision defects had trouble choosing fruits from baskets. Furthermore, the study tested hypotheses to determine severity of Red-Green CVD and found out it to be less than expected probably due to coping mechanism, experience etc. in Red-Green CVD subjects.

INCREASING LEVEL OF EYE HEALTH WITHHEALTH EDUCATION COLOR BLINDNESS SCREENING METHODIN THE BULAKDAWUNG STUDY GROUP KEDIRI

Implementation of increasing level of eye health using health education using color blind screening method in the Bulakdawung Study Group Kediri showed that increasing in the knowledge of parents and children regarding eye health through health education using color blind screening method with 100% results of not experiencing color blindness. Parents need to maintain eye health by providing nutrition/diet to children with a source of vitamin A, need to prevent eye trauma when children play, and to give health education to prevent eye trauma in children. In play groups, it is necessary to provide supplementary food rich sources of Vitamin A periodically every 2-3 months and eye health education to children in study groups.

The construction of genetics teaching resources related to colour blindness and their application in genetics teaching.

Red-green colour blindness is a classic example for the teaching of X-linked recessive inheritance in genetics course. However, there are lots of types of color vision deficiencies besides red-green colour blindness. Different color vision deficiencies caused by different genes may have different modes of inheritance. In recent years, many research achievements on colour blindness have been made. These achievements could be used as teaching resources in genetics course. Here, we summarize the construction of genetics teaching resources related to colour blindness and their application in genetics teaching in several chapters such as introduction, cellular and molecular basis of genetics, sex-linked inheritance, chromosomal aberration, gene mutation and advances in genetics. Teacher could use the resources in class or after class with different teaching methods such as questioning teaching method and task method. It may expand students' academic horizons and inspire students' interest in genetics besides grasping basic genetic knowledge.

VISUAL OUTCOME OF TRAUMATIC OPTIC NEUROPATHYAFTER STEROID TREATMENT IN KARIADI HOSPITAL

Introduction: The occurrence of Traumatic Optic Neuropathy (TON) often occurs in the form of head injuries resulting from traffic accidents. TON is an important cause of impaired visual function which may be improved with steroid therapy. Objective: To determine the visual outcome in patients with TON treated with steroids in Kariadi Hospital, Semarang Methods: This research was a retrospective study. Thirty patients (20 males and 10 females) with TON in ophthalmology clinic, Kariadi Hospital Semarang between Januari 2019 and December 2020. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and color blindness test were included data from medical record. Steroid therapy were divided into 3 groups. Intraveous steroid injection alone, intravenous steroid followed with oral steroid, and oral steroid alone. The Wilcoxon and paired-t test as comparison test of pre-post therapy in one group and friedman test as comparison test in 3 groups. Results: There were 5 cases that received intravenous steroid, 18 cases received intravenous steroid with oral steroid, and 7 cases received oral steroid. There were difference visual acuity in intravenous steroid with oral steroid (p = 0.001), visual acuity in oral steroid (p = 0.017), and color blindness test in intravenous steroid with oral steroid in pre-post therapy groups (p = 0.036). There were no difference in visual acuity, color blindness test, and contrast sensitivity between pre-post therapy groups when compared between 3 groups (p= 0.692, p =0.368, p=0.273). Conclusion: Patients with TON had better visual outcome after treated with intravenous steroid followed with oral steroid.

Colour blindness prevalence and its awareness in primary school children of Karachi.

Objective: To Assess and compare different types of color blindness in primary school children also to appraise the self-awareness levels regarding this ailment amongst them. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Different Primary Schools of Karachi in Collaboration with Department of Physiology, Jinnah Medical and Dental College Karachi. Period: 1st October 2020 to 1st December 2020. Methods: 146 primary school children of both genders aged between 5 to 12 years were assessed by prescribed questionnaire and Ishahara Chart for color blindness. Result: Out of the 148 students who underwent screening, only 16 were diagnosed with color blindness, indicating a prevalence of 10.8% among primary school children in Karachi. Of these 16 students, males exhibited a higher incidence of color blindness (56.25%) than females (47.35%). Conclusion: The incidence of color blindness is higher in males than females with significant association with family history and night blindness. Colour blindness unawareness also significantly found in this study. It is recommended to have an eye checkup at the start of school and to have regular eye examination to avoid any hindrances and get the right help.

Color blindness and semantic knowledge: Cognition of color terms from elicited lists in dichromats and normal observers

AbstractColor blindness (color vision deficiency) affects ~8% of males and ~ 0.4% females worldwide. Here we use the elicited lists method to investigate their semantic knowledge regarding “basic color terms” and their relationships. Lists were obtained from color vision deficient and normal observers. 32 dichromats (15 protanopes, 17 deuteranopes) and 32 normal trichromats (17 females, 15 males) diagnosed by a battery of color tests (Ishihara, City University Test, anomaloscope) wrote monolexemic lists of colors. Psychological salience of terms (ln(CSI)), adjacency between pairs of terms (ADJ; MDS) and the presence of clusters of terms defined on the basis of the Universals and evolution hypothesis were analyzed. All four groups of participants showed the same semantic memory structure: lists started with the cardinal primaries cluster (blue, red, yellow, green), followed by the achromatic primaries cluster (black and white), or the derived cluster (brown, orange, violet, pink, purple, and gray). After the clusters (cardinals, achromatics, and derived), a highly variable number of non‐basic terms appeared. This number was higher in normal trichromats. Non‐basic terms were not part of any cognitive cluster. The similarity in the lists of trichromats and dichromats suggest that both may acquire similar semantic knowledge about color terms. Several potential explanations are considered.

Color Quest: An interactive tool for exploring color palettes and enhancing accessibility in data visualization.

Data visualization plays a vital role in modern scientific communication across diverse domains, shaping the understanding of complex information through color choices. However, the significance of color palette selection goes beyond aesthetics and scientific communication, encompassing accessibility for all, especially individuals with color vision deficiencies. To address this challenge, we introduce "Color Quest," an intuitive Shiny app that empowers users to explore color palettes for data visualization while considering inclusivity. The app allows users to visualize palettes across various types of plots and maps envisioning how they appear to individuals with color blindness. In addition, it enables users to visualize palettes on their own custom-uploaded images. This short communication presents the app's design, interactive interface, and transformative potential in enhancing data visualization practices. Developed using open-source standards, Color Quest aligns with accessibility discussions, offering a practical tool and platform for raising awareness about inclusive design. Its open-source nature fosters transparency, community collaboration, and long-term sustainability. Color Quest's practicality renders it indispensable for scientific domains, simplifying palette selection and promoting accessibility. Its impact extends beyond academia to diverse communication settings, harmonizing information dissemination, aesthetics and accessibility for more impactful scientific communication.