Color Contact Research Articles

Colored Cosmetic Contact Lenses

To identify the microbiological profile and evaluate the clinical course and outcomes in patients who developed severe infectious keratitis after colored cosmetic contact lens wear. This case series includes 13 patients who developed severe infectious keratitis after colored cosmetic contact lens wear. A detailed history regarding contact lens availability and storage and handling techniques was taken. All patients underwent standard diagnostic microbiological evaluation followed by culture-guided topical antimicrobial therapy. Of 13 patients, 8 were male and 5 were female, with mean age at presentation of 19 ± 3.8 years. All patients were emmetropic, and lenses were worn solely for cosmetic purposes. Seven lenses were dispensed without prescription or fitting from an unlicensed optical shop, 5 patients had shared lenses with friends/relatives, and 1 patient obtained the lens from the garbage. None of the patients followed the recommended contact lens handling and storage techniques. The causative microorganisms included Pseudomonas aeruginosa (54%), Staphylococcus aureus (25%), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (17%), with 1 case of viral keratitis. In 62% of cases, ulcer size was ≥5 × 5 mm and posttreatment corrected visual acuity was 6/24 or less. All patients responded well to topical antimicrobials, and none required surgical intervention. Over-the-counter use of decorative lenses as a cosmetic aid is rapidly increasing. Easy and unmonitored availability of these cosmetic lenses is followed by severe sight-threatening complications in young emmetropic individuals.

Ring keratitis due to topical anaesthetic abuse in a contact lens wearer

A 38‐year‐old woman wearing hydrogel coloured contact lenses presented to the clinic with a painful red eye and epiphora. On biomicroscopy, a large corneal epithelial defect and ring infiltrate were observed. She had been using topical anaesthetic drops for 10-days. After cessation of the anaesthetic drops, the corneal lesions resolved completely in two weeks. On evaluation of a contact lens user with atypical keratitis, misuse of topical anaesthetics should also be considered.

Peer Review Group for therapeutics prescribers

This day will be dedicated to teaching and promoting the latest developments in medical contact lens practice.We shall start with Dr Sarah Janikoun and a “Mini guide to contact lenses”, which takes a look at medical contact lens treatments. She will then discuss: “Is the problem the solution?” Dr Ursula Vogt will then examine the challenge of “Fitting irregular corneas” with contact lenses. During the workshop you will have the opportunity to handle lenses, and learn which lenses to use, when and for whom. Consultant ophthalmologist Andrena McElvanney will talk you through the very important subject of “Therapeutic contact lenses”. The morning session will conclude with an examination of “Coloured contact lenses”. This course gives you the opportunity to exchange views and engage in discussion in a friendly atmosphere with other ophthalmologists.

Comment from the Field: Transforming Bodies: Prosthetics Seminar

Organized by Dr. Ria Cheyne, Lecturer in Disability Studies and Deputy Director of the Centre for Culture and Disability Studies at Liverpool Hope University, this seminar took place in November 2010. It was the first of three seminars in the series Transforming Bodies: New Directions in Medical Humanities and Cultural Disability, funded by the Wellcome Foundation to engage with key topics at the intersection of medical science, disability, and culture. Professor Stuart Murray from the University of Leeds opened the proceedings by underlining the multidisciplinary nature of all three seminars, which seek to address directly the dearth of conversations between medical practitioners and cultural theorists. Murray argued that an interdisciplinary engagement with the theme of prosthetics is crucial, particularly since a tension has grown up between cultural theorists' use of as part of a critical vocabulary, where the term may have status as merely an unreflective metaphor, and the fact that constitutes a material reality of twenty-first-century life. Moreover, the science of prosthetics offers a challenge to our notion of normality, since prosthetic interventions increasingly extend human embodiment into hyper-ability in addition to their original function of the body which is disabled by lack. Dr. Julie Anderson from the University of Kent gave the first presentation, Intimate Aids, Public Scrutiny: Ex-Servicemen, Artificial Limbs and Queen Mary. Using authentic photographic material from the World War I period, this paper examined the role of military hospitals as sites of spectacle, where patients and their prostheses were constructed as objects of curiosity. In establishments such as Roehampton Hospital, wounded servicemen's management of their prosthetic limbs was scrutinized not only by medical staff, but also by members of the public, and even members of the royal family, such as Queen Mary, who were invited to marvel at technical interventions in the men's damaged embodiment. Dr. Anderson pointed out that this prurient interest in rehabilitated bodies lay in juxtaposition to the private process of psychological and physical adjustment among the ex-servicemen. Dr. Anderson's fascinating presentation of the lived reality of adjusting to prosthesis use at a point now beyond living memory was to meet an absorbing counterpoint later in the day when Sarah Deans explored present-day attitudes to the rehabilitation process. In the same panel, online materials from the British Optical Association Museum's gallery of artificial eyes, spectacles, and contact lenses were presented by its curator, Neil Handley, who indicated the museum's commitment to opening this rich resource to wider professional and public audiences alike. In this sense, Handley's presentation proved an illustration of exactly the kind of dynamic encounter to which the seminar was committed. Handley outlined a history of ocular prosthetics, arguing that the development of artificial eyes was of principal benefit not to the prosthetic wearer, but to other people, because it was designed to deflect attention and prevent revulsion. Handley's paper showed how the museum also engages with the symbolic meaning of eyes: he argued that there has been a recent shift in the cultural value pertaining to some ocular prostheses with the entry into the commercial market of, for example, coloured contact lenses. Handley's point led to a lively post-panel discussion about the growing trend to use prostheses as body-enhancing supplements, rather than as solely a means of making good a loss or absence. The actress and activist Aimee Mullins was mentioned as an example of a prosthetic limb user who commissions legs to enhance her body as well as to replace missing parts. From the Centre for Biomedicine and Society, King's College London, Dr. Alex Faulkner gave a presentation entitled Policing Prosthetics: Conflicting Pressures on Orthopaedic Implants, which traced the development of prosthetic practice from its basis in hardware prosthetics to a field which now includes the potentiality of regenerative techniques using orthobiology and nanotechnology. …

Acanthamoeba on Sabouraud′s agar from a patient with keratitis

A 25-year-old transgender patient came with complaints of watery discharge, red eye and photophobia in the left eye since 2 days. The patient had a history of wearing colored contact lenses since 4 years and cleaning the lens with tap water. Culture of lenses on Mac Conkey and blood agar yielded Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sabouroud's agar showed yeast cells and double-walled cysts of Acanthamoeba species. On further incubation of Sabouroud's agar, the cysts transformed to trophozoites. Parallel results were obtained on tap water agar. The previous therapy of moxifloxacin was changed to local Neosporin application.

Widespread Disregard of Photographic Documentation Standards in Plastic Surgery: A Brief Survey

Sir: Reliable photographic documentation is fundamentally based on photographic documentary standards that were defined decades ago.1,2 In this article, we raise the question of whether articles published in the top plastic surgery journals adhere to these standards. We analyzed all publications showing photographic documents published in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins), the Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery (Elsevier) and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (Springer) in 1 year. Overall, 249 publications with patient photographs were analyzed keeping the following photographic documentary standards in view (Table 1).Table 1: Number of Articles Split into Anatomical Regions with Correct Standardized Photographic Documentation Camera angles: Obvious deviations from the standard camera angles described previously1,3 were marked as faulty. Special emphasis was put on comparability between preoperative and postoperative photographs. Posing position: Obvious deviations from the standard posing position described previously1,3 were marked as faulty. In case of differing photographic documentary standards such as the upper limb positioning in breast photographic documentation, each standard was accepted as correct, provided that the standard was consistent between preoperative and postoperative photographs. Background: Each type of monochrome background was accepted. Clothes: Absence of any piece of clothing in the photographed area was assessed as correct. Hairdo: Hair hiding parts of the face, especially the forehead, was marked as faulty. Jewelry: Absence of any piece of jewelry including watches, glasses, and hearing devices was assessed as correct. Makeup: Each obvious makeup product including lash mascara and lipstick was marked as faulty. Mimic: Each visible tension of the mimic muscles, especially smiling, was assessed as a deviation from the photographic documentary standards. Photographic section: For facial photography, we analyzed whether attention was paid to the minimal photographic section, in particular, whether the whole face, and not only close-ups, was photographed. The most important element of photographic documentation is the patient positioning and the angles of photography. Slight deviations from the standards, in particular, differences between preoperative and postoperative photographs, lead to severe distortions of the result. This point has been demonstrated by photographs of a “photographic neck lift” and a “photographic rhinoplasty.”4,5 Facial photographic documentation is most challenging. Any deviation from complete relaxed mimic musculature would clearly affect the result of the photographic documentation. Although it is not easy to detect deviations from the standard mentioned above, we still observed them in 11.3 percent of the publications. Moreover, we were astonished that in one-third of all publications, facial photographic documents with obvious makeup are shown. Of course, photographic documentary standards with regard to absence of any jewelry and clothes are more a matter of taste. Nevertheless, we observed gross negligence of style in photographic documents of the buttock with the pants partly pulled down, of the abdomen with the patient wearing over-the-knees boots, and of a patient's face with colored contact lenses with different colors in different photographs. Although standards of photographic documentation were established years ago, there appears to be a lack of adherence to them in general practice. The importance of following the standards cannot be emphasized enough (Fig. 1).Fig. 1.: Percentages of articles with deficient photographic documentation in the different categories.Stefan Riml, M.D. Agnieszka T. Piontke Lorenz Larcher, M.D. Peter Kompatscher, M.D. Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Surgery Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch Feldkirch, Austria

Iris color and texture: A comparative analysis of real irises, ocular prostheses, and colored contact lenses

AbstractIn this work, we analyzed the color and texture of irises, ocular prostheses, and cosmetic colored contact lenses measured by means of a multispectral system, which provides the CIE L*a*b* colorimetric coordinates of a high resolution image pixel by pixel. The same subject, who has dark brown irises, participated in the measurement of all the contact lenses. The CIE L*a*b* colorimetric coordinates were analyzed to classify the samples into three major groups (brown, blue and green) using a new algorithm developed for this purpose. This classification allowed us to carry out a comparison of the color associated with each set of samples, using the corresponding color gamuts in the CIE L*a*b* color space. Furthermore, we analyzed the iris color reproduction achieved by prostheses and contact lenses in terms of CIEDE2000 color differences, and obtained closer results with prostheses. In addition, we performed an analysis of texture by means of the color spatial distribution of all samples. This was achieved by means of two statistical approaches: first order statistics of image histograms and second order statistics using co‐occurrence matrices. The results suggest that the texture associated with real irises, ocular prostheses and colored contact lenses is very different. This study provides useful information about the color and texture of irises that may help to establish a strategy for improving the techniques used in the manufacturing process of prostheses and colored contact lenses to obtain a better and more realistic appearance. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2011

The Epidemiology of Cosmetic Treatments for Corneal Opacities in a Korean Population

PurposeTo describe etiologies and clinical characteristics of corneal opacities leading patients to seek cosmetic treatments.MethodsThe medical records of 401 patients who presented for cosmetic improvement in corneal opacities between May 2004 and July 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. The following parameters were analyzed: age, gender, cause of corneal opacity, time course of the corneal disease, associated diseases, prior and current cosmetic treatments, visual acuity, location and depth of the corneal opacity, and the presence of either corneal neovascularization or band keratopathy. A single practitioner examined all patients.ResultsThe most common causes of corneal opacity were ocular trauma (203 eyes, 50.6%), retinal disease (62 eyes, 15.5%), measles (38 eyes, 9.5%), and congenital etiologies (22 eyes, 5.5%). Prior treatments included iris colored contact lenses (125 eyes, 31.1%) and corneal tattooing (34 eyes, 8.46%). A total of 321 of 401 eyes underwent cosmetic treatment for corneal opacities. The most common treatment performed after the primary visit was corneal tattooing (261 eyes, 64.92%).ConclusionsThis is the first study to investigate the causes and clinical characteristics of patients presenting for cosmetic treatment of corneal opacities rather than for functional improvement. Various cosmetic interventions are available for patients with corneal opacities, and these should be individualized for the needs of each patient.

A study of the suitability of disposable coloured contact lenses for a South African clinic based population

Optometrists have always considered the fitting of all types of contact lenses to be an integral part of the scope of practice of their profession. However, since the introduction of disposable cosmetic coloured contact lenses into the market, the frequency of over the counter sales of contact lenses has significantly increased. Patients often present with contact lens complications at the University of Kwa-Zulu Natal clinic and local practices. It is sometimes reported that the lenses were purchased over the counter, from an optometry practice or another non-registered vendor. A common observation in these instances has been that the lenses do not fit optimally and that the incidence of complications associated with tight fitting lenses was much higher amongst the African patients as opposed to those of other race groups. A clinical observational study utilizing convenience sampling of 240 subjects was undertaken to evaluate the fitting criteria of disposable cosmetic coloured contact lenses on a South African clinic based population. All patients requesting the lenses chose their preferred colour and were fitted with Freshlook ColorBlends, Images or Expressions Colors lenses. Lenses were evaluated after 20-25 minutes and then classified into tight, ideal or loose fits according to the lower lid push-up test, lenscentration, post blink movement and version lag and upgaze lens movements. The ages of the subjects ranged from 16 to 45 years with a mean of 24.13 ± 5.66 years. Seventy (29.2%) were males and 170 (70.8%) were females. The majority (62.9%) of the lenses fitted on the subjects were rejected according to the fit criteria. The African subjects had the highest percentage of rejected fits (82.8%) whilst 75% of the White subjects had acceptable fits. The main reason for lens fits being rejected was that they displayed charac teristics of a tight fit (96%) with only 4% of the fits being rejected due to being too loose. These results highlight the need for contact lens manufacturing companies to realize that those lenses that they design and which undergo clinical trials on Caucasian eyes do not necessarily fit well on the majority of patients in this part of the world. The reasons for this may be related to differences in corneal profiles of the different population groups with some being more suitable to particular lens designs than others. It is recommended that the public and practitioners be educated about the potential dangers of over the counter sales of contact lenses and that pre-fitting evaluations consultations of all contact lenses are an essential part of contact lens care.

The Factors Related to Purchasing Over-the-counter Medications Online

We conducted a Web-based survey of approximately 40,000 Internet users on the purchase of over-the-counter (OTC) medications online in March 2009. The valid response rate was 97.8% and the number of responses was 39,208. The number of people who had purchased OTC medications online was 4,653 (11.9%), prescription medicines 792 (2.0%), and medical contact lenses 1,993 (5.1%). As a result of the multiple logistic regression analysis, independent variables with odds ratios (ORs) >1.5 were experience of purchasing prescription-only medicine online (OR=4.997, 95%CI=4.288-5.824), regular supplement use (OR=2.384, 95%CI=2.233-2.548), experience of purchasing colored contact lenses online (OR=2.206, 95%CI=1.632-2.983), no time to visit drugstores (OR=2.092, 95%CI=1.928-2.270), usage of Web sites of uncertain reliability (OR=1.992, 95%CI=1.857-2.137), and experience of purchasing therapeutic contact lenses online (OR=1.796, 95%CI=1.597-2.020). As some people have purchased prescription-only medicine or medical devices and had problems with drug information sources, the development of awareness of medical and pharmaceutical supplies and health and medical information literacy are key priorities to ensure safe OTC medication sales systems.

Characterization of the human iris spectral reflectance with a multispectral imaging system

We present a multispectral system developed and optimized for measurement of the spectral reflectance and the color of the human iris. We tested several sets of filters as acquisition channels, analyzed different reconstruction algorithms, and used different samples as training sets. The results obtained show that a conventional three-channel color camera (RGB) was enough to reconstruct the analyzed reflectances with high accuracy, obtaining averaged color differences of around 2-3 CIEDE2000 units and root mean square errors of around 0.01. The device developed was used to characterize 100 real irises corresponding to 50 subjects, 68 prostheses used in clinical practice, and 17 cosmetic colored contact lenses.

Polyurethane hydrogel colored contact lens with gradient water content

A colored contact lens was fabricated by chemically bonding a layer of polyurethane (PU) hydrogel color ink to the bulk soft clear lens. The water content of the PU hydrogel was lower than that of the soft contact lens bulk materials, which provided the appropriate gradient water content of the colored lens. The gradient water content of the colored lens reduced the dehydration of the colored lens and minimized the interface stress between bulk lens surface and color ink layer. The colored lens showed much better comfort and dryness ratings than those of the other commercial color lens and even the clear soft lens used in this study. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007

Polyurethane hydrogel colored contact lens with gradient water content

AbstractA colored contact lens was fabricated by chemically bonding a layer of polyurethane (PU) hydrogel color ink to the bulk soft clear lens. The water content of the PU hydrogel was lower than that of the soft contact lens bulk materials, which provided the appropriate gradient water content of the colored lens. The gradient water content of the colored lens reduced the dehydration of the colored lens and minimized the interface stress between bulk lens surface and color ink layer. The colored lens showed much better comfort and dryness ratings than those of the other commercial color lens and even the clear soft lens used in this study. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007

Medical Uses of Cosmetic Colored Contact Lenses

To explore the clinical issues surrounding the use of hand-painted contact lenses for medical indications and to assess patient satisfaction with the use of these lenses for an unsightly eye. A questionnaire was sent to all patients visiting the contact lens department of Western Eye Hospital for a colored contact lens fitting during a 1-year period. The questionnaire related to patient satisfaction with the lenses and aspects of wear. Replies were received from 25 of a total of 33 patients. The average wearing time was 11.3 hours per day. Most (88%) patients wore lenses for cosmetic reasons, and 12% wore lenses for cosmetic and refractive purposes. Satisfaction was 76% regarding lens comfort and 88% regarding lens color. Provided lens care is satisfactory and the patient does not have unreasonable expectations, a tinted contact lens can be a useful device. In view of the cost implication, this is a valuable service provided by the hospital.

NAN0TECH MAKES YOUR BROWN EYES BLUE

BEAUTY IS IN THE EYE OF THE beholder, they say, but what if the beholder wants more beautiful eyes? Colored contact lenses have been steadily gaining popularity among those who want to add a little more pizzazz to their peepers. And these days, colored contacts aren't just for making eyes more dazzling. Vision care companies are making colored contacts that give athletes an edge and improve the appearance of disfigured eyes. Chemists from Ciba Vision and Bausch & Lomb told attendees of the American Chemical Society's recent national meeting in Washington, D.C., about the chemistry behind their companies' colored contact lenses. The talks were part of the Nanotechnology: Polymers and Colloids in Personal Care symposium, sponsored by the Division of Polymer Chemistry and cosponsored by the Society of Cosmetic Chemists, the Division of Colloid & Surface Chemistry, and the Women Chemists Committee. Walt Bassett, global head of R&D for fashion wear at Ciba Vision, ...

Over-the-Counter Decorative Contact Lenses: Cosmetic or Medical Devices? A Case Series

To illustrate the implications of the unauthorized sale and unmonitored wearing of decorative cosmetic contact lenses resulting in ocular complications and to determine the prevalence of the use of cosmetic contact lenses obtained from unlicensed providers by adolescents. Observational case report, structured interview, and survey in a retrospective, observational, clinical practice setting. Reported sources of contact lenses were categorized as provider and nonprovider, and associations within the data were reviewed by using a Pearson correlation and chi-square test. Twelve patients (eight female and four male) were seen urgently for acute eye pain and redness after wearing plano decorative contact lenses. None of the patients had previously worn a contact lens. None of the lenses were dispensed by eye care professionals. Four patients developed blinding infections requiring hospital admission. Causative organisms included staphylococci, Pseudomonas, and acanthamoeba. One patient required a penetrating keratoplasty. One hundred fifty-nine patients were surveyed. Thirty-seven (23%) used decorative contact lenses. Lenses were obtained from an unlicensed provider 51% of the time. Education about lens care and handling was significantly associated with acquiring lenses from licensed providers (R = 0.74, P < 0.0001). Colored noncorrective contact lenses are being dispensed without a prescription or fitting from unlicensed vendors. Patients who acquire lenses from unauthorized providers are significantly less likely to be instructed on appropriate lens use and care. Consequently, uninformed lens wearers are experiencing acute vision-threatening infections and inflammation.

Lentes de contato filtrantes coloridas nas discromatopsias: relato de casos

As autoras propõem a utilização de lentes de contato filtrantes coloridas para melhora da discriminação de cores e do ofuscamento, em portadores de discromatopsia, na impossibilidade de montagem de filtros coloridos em óculos. Foram adaptadas lentes de contato filtrantes coloridas em dois portadores de discromatopsias, um com deutanopia e outro com acromatopsia. No primeiro, adaptou-se lente rígida filtrante, de polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA), vermelha, no olho não dominante, com o objetivo de melhorar a discriminação de cores. No segundo, colocou-se lente filtrante gelatinosa, de uso diário, de coloração marrom escuro com pupila âmbar, visando melhorar o ofuscamento. No primeiro caso, o paciente manteve inalterada a acuidade visual e também o contraste, porém demonstrou melhora na discriminação das cores ao teste de PV-16. No segundo caso, houve melhora subjetiva acentuada do ofuscamento tanto em ambiente interno, como externo. A acuidade visual e a visão de cores permaneceram sem alterações. Os achados sugerem a possibilidade de contarmos com as lentes de contato filtrantes coloridas como importante auxílio para a melhora na discriminação de cores e ofuscamento, nas discromatopsias.

A Study on Non-Contact Line-of-Sight Detection Using Color Contact Lens.

A Study on Non-Contact Line-of-Sight Detection Using Color Contact Lens.

"Why don't he Like My Hair?": Constructing African-American Standards of Beauty in Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon and Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes were Watching God

How can he not love your hair? It's his hair too. got to love it. He don't love it at all. hates it. (Song 315) This last declaration, uttered by a feverish, distraught, dangerously mentally ill Hagar Dead to her mother Reba and her grandmother Pilate comes midway through one of the most heart-wrenching scenes in Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon. In the passage, grandmother, mother, and daughter discuss whether Milkman, the novel's central character, Hagar's hair. By the time the scene has ended, it doesn't matter that Pilate has offered credible reasons why Milkman couldn't not love Hagar's hair - 'How can he love himself and hate your hair?' Pilate asks - Hagar is certain that Milkman is only attracted to with distinctly European and insists, with deadly finality, 'He's never going to like my hair.' Ultimately, all Pilate can say in reply is, 'Hush. Hush. Hush, girl, hush' (315-16). African-Americans, with their traditionally African features, have always had an uneasy coexistence with the European (white) ideal of beauty. According to Angela M. Neal and Midge L. Wilson, Compared to Black males, Black females have been more profoundly affected by the prejudicial fallout surrounding issues of skin color, facial features, and hair. Such impact can be attributed in large part to the importance of physical attractiveness for all women (328). For black women, the most easily controlled feature is hair. While contemporary black sometimes opt for cosmetic surgery or colored contact lenses, hair alteration (i.e., hair-straightening permanents, hair weaves, braid extensions, Jheri curls, etc.) remains the most popular way to approximate a white female standard of beauty. Neal and Wilson contend that much of the black female's obsession about skin color and features has to do with the black woman's attempting to attain a high desirability stem[ming] from her physical similarity to the white standard of beauty (328). But just whom do African-American hope to attract by attaining this high desirability? While there is some debate as to whether the choice of one's hair style automatically signifies one's alliance with, or opposition to, white supremacy, anecdotal evidence clearly points to the straightening of black hair as a way to fit, however unconsciously, into an overall white standard of beauty.(1) What is often overlooked, however, are specific black-male expectations where black-female hairstyles are concerned. In much the same way that men gravitate toward certain styles, behaviors, and attitudes that are more likely to attract attention from women, male must rate, on some level, as at least a consideration when a female hair style is chosen. Of course, the reasoning a woman employs while choosing a hair style ranges much further than simply trying to attract some man. Above all, no doubt, wear their hair in a style that pleases them. However, as Erica Hector Vital put it in a recent article about cutting off her dreads and retaining a short, natural style, certain Toni Morrison characters, such as Hannah in Morrison's Song of Solomon, Sula in a novella of the same name, and the girl-child Pecola of The Bluest Eye, all fall prey to dishonor and grief without the presence of the mothering voices to grant the essential reminders: Don't let your slip show, don't sneak off with the neighborhood boys, don't forget to do your lesson, don't be a fool with your hair no man likes a bald-headed woman.(11) While Vital did go on to cut her dreads - as she certainly should have, since that was her preference - one of the questions she asked herself in those final moments in the barber's chair was, . what will the brothers think? (12). This consideration of the black male's is not always on the surface, but, like the black male's regard for the black female's likes, it is there, subterranean. …

Does a cosmetic coloured contact lens change the visual sensitivity of patients?

Recent work has shown that the dot‐matrix coloured DuraSoft 3 contact lens produces a slight depression of visual sensitivity. These studies have compared the tinted lens to a clear lens condition ...