Color Layers Research Articles

Artiodactyl footprint Pazhanipeda kiyani ichnog. ichnosp. nov. From Miocene Agha Jari Formation, Gotvand area, Zagros Mountains, SW Iran

ABSTRACT Zagros Mountains in the southwest Iran was created by the closure of the Neo-Tethys and collision of Arabian and Eurasian plates. The Fars Group (Miocene to Pliocene) formed during this collision. The Agha Jari Formation (upper Miocene- lower Pliocene) is uppermost rock unit of the Fars Group, which has high potential for terrestrial vertebrate ichnology. This formation mostly deposited in the continental environment and a section of the formation studied in the east Gotvand, north Khuzestan province, southwest Iran. Agha Jari Formation, includes alternations of sandstone, siltstone, and marl in red to brown colour layers in the studied section. Numerous vertebrate footprints have been reported from the middle part of the formation in Gotvand section, among which artiodactyl footprints are abundant and diverse. Re-examination of artiodactyl footprints led to the discovery of a new ichnogenus and ichnospecies, Pazhanipeda kiyani, characterised by small-sized didactyl hooves, asymmetric and gracile imprints, and a wide interdigital angle. Based on the comparison of size, morphology and asymmetry of digit imprints with artiodactyl hooves, goats were considered as track makers of Pazhanipeda kiyani.

Precise in-situ detection of inorganic pigments in ancient architectural color paintings by HH-XRF

The handheld X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (HH-XRF) is commonly used to detect the inorganic elemental composition of pigments on-site. However, the accuracy of in-situ detection results can be affected by the characteristics of the painted surface contaminants and the layered structure of pigments in ancient architectural color paintings. To mitigate this error, a method was proposed that combined the XRF spectra of inorganic pigments with the elemental concentration values obtained through principal component analysis (PCA). Additionally, this study discussed the typical surface contaminants and pigment layering found in color paintings separately. Firstly, experiments were conducted on dust accumulation layers of varying thicknesses. The results indicated that the condition of color paintings after pretreatment of dust accumulation tended to resemble the situation with thin dust accumulation during in-situ testing. A fitting formula was derived to establish a relationship between field testing and laboratory testing results. Secondly, experiments were conducted using various combinations of pigment layers. Based on the findings, it was hypothesized that there was a connection between XRF detection results and the maximum concentration value of a single element (as determined by XRF, in an unmixed or unlayered pigment sample without dust or smoke accumulation). The test results were fitted using a Polynomial formula, providing evidence for the existence of a nonlinear functional relationship between these two variables. Finally, an empirical formula for predicting the concentration values of the top color layer with different base colors was proposed. This study offered a precise method for accurately assessing pigments of ancient architectural color paintings through in-situ testing.

Multifunctional-hierarchical flexibility metasurfaces for multispectral compatible camouflage of microwave, infrared and visible.

The prevalent use of multispectral detection technology makes single-band camouflage devices ineffective, and the investigation of technology for camouflage that combines multispectral bands becomes urgent. The multifunctional-hierarchical flexibility metasurfaces (MHFM) for multispectral compatible camouflage of microwave, infrared, and visible, is proposed, fabricated, and measured. MHFM is primarily composed of an infrared shielding layer (IRSL), a radar absorbing layer (RAL), and a visible color layer (VCL). Among them, IRSL can block thermal infrared detection, and RAL can efficiently absorb microwave band electromagnetic (EM) waves. The VLC can display black (below 28°C), purple (28°C∼31°C), green (31°C∼33°C), and yellow (above 33°C) at different temperatures to achieve visible camouflage. Simulation results show that MHFM can achieve absorption higher than 90% in the 2.9∼13.9 GHz microwave band. Theoretically, the emissivity of MHFM in the infrared spectral range 3∼14 µm is less than 0.34. In addition, the MHFM consists of high-temperature-resistant materials that can be used normally at temperatures up to 175°C, providing excellent high-temperature stability. The measurement results show that the camouflage performance of the MHFM is in excellent agreement with the proposed theory. This study proposes a new method for multispectral camouflage that has broad engineering applications.

High‐Performance Semitransparent Color Organic Photodiodes Enabled by Integrating Fabry–Perot and Solution‐Processed Distributed Bragg Reflectors

AbstractOrganic photodiodes (OPDs) have recently garnered attention as a competitive alternative to their inorganic counterparts, given their inherent advantages in solution processability, mechanical flexibility, and cost‐effective manufacturing. In this work, a novel method for fabricating high‐performance semitransparent color OPDs by integrating Fabry–Perot (FP) interferometer‐based color‐filtering electrodes and solution‐processed distributed Bragg reflectors (sDBRs) is introduced. The FP electrode provides color control by modulating the metal oxide layer thickness, irrespective of the photoactive layer's color. To overcome limitations related to light absorption and device transparency, this work employs a sDBR as a selective window reflector, allowing the OPD to retain its color while preserving semitransparency. The experimental findings demonstrate the successful integration of these components, resulting in semitransparent red, green, and blue (RGB) OPDs exhibiting significantly improved detectivity. The fabricated RGB‐OPDs achieve detectivity values of 4.07, 3.49, and 4.22 × 1010 cm Hz1/2 W−1 for red, green, and blue, respectively. This research highlights the efficacy of FP and sDBR color filters in realizing high‐performance color sensors and offer novel opportunities for semitransparent OPD integration with other optoelectronic devices.

Skin tumor grown within an altarpiece from the 16th century

Fragments of the so-called "Straußfurt Retable", temporarily acquired by Nazi leader Hermann Goering and therefore later suspected as looted art, are exemplary for problems of provenance investigation in poorly documented objects. The central shrine is acarved high relief showing the coronation of the virgin Mary. Damages from the end of WWII are described and illustrated in the literature. Avery astonishing dermatologic finding, however, was never mentioned, or never seen: alarge exophytic "skin"-colored tumor on the cheekbone of Christ, covered by the coherent original color layer with fine crevices in the basal edges. Only on closer examination does it become clear that the protrusion could not have existed in this location from the beginning. Its (relative!) growth is aresult of "working" of wood fibers without cell proliferation, with nearly no longitudinal, but very considerable transverse shrinkage. This tumor represents masses of vertical fibers belonging to abranch that was above the surface of the wood. The starting point of the tumor growth was a"knot" in the Lime wood that would not have been suspected by the carver-500years ago.

Infrared initiation of frontal polymerization with density variation multi-layered resins for variable colored layers via photothermal effect

Infrared initiation of frontal polymerization with density variation multi-layered resins for variable colored layers via photothermal effect

The parton-level structure of Higgs decays to hadrons at N3LO

We present the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) corrections for Higgs boson decays to hadronic final states at next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order (N3LO) in the strong coupling constant αs. In particular, we consider the Higgs boson decay to massless bottom quarks and the Higgs boson decay to a pair of gluons in the limit of a heavy top quark. The tree-level five-parton, the one-loop four-parton, the two-loop three-parton, and the three-loop two-parton matrix elements are integrated separately over the inclusive phase space and classified by partons appearing in the final state and by colour structure. As a check, we reproduce known results for the inclusive hadronic decay rates at N3LO. We study patterns of infrared singularity cancellation within the colour layers of the integrated expressions and we comment on the similarities between H → boverline{b} and γ∗→ qoverline{q} . We anticipate that our result will be an essential ingredient for the formulation of N3LO subtraction schemes.

Video-Rate Switching of High-Reflectivity Hybrid Cavities Spanning All Primary Colors.

Dynamically tunable reflective structural colors are attractive for reflective displays (electronic paper). However, it is challenging to tune a thin layer of structural color across the full red-green-blue (RGB) basis set of colors at video rates and with long-term stability. In this work, this is achieved through a hybrid cavity built from metal-insulator-metal (MIM) "nanocaves" and an electrochromic polymer (PProDOTMe2 ). The reflective colors are modulated by electrochemically doping/dedoping the polymer. Compared with traditional subpixel-based systems, this hybrid structure provides high reflectivity (>40%) due to its "monopixel" nature and switches at video rates. The polymer bistability helps deliver ultralow power consumption (≈2.5mWcm-2 ) for video display applications and negligible consumption (≈3µWcm-2 ) for static images, compatible with fully photovoltaic powering. In addition, the color uniformity of the hybrid material is excellent (over cm-2 ) and the scalable fabrication enables large-area production.

A Novel Introgression Line Library Derived from a Wild Melon Gives Insights into the Genetics of Melon Domestication, Uncovering New Genetic Variability Useful for Breeding.

A collection of 30 melon introgression lines (ILs) was developed from the wild accession Ames 24297 (TRI) into 'Piel de Sapo' (PS) genetic background. Each IL carried an average of 1.4 introgressions from TRI, and the introgressions represented 91.4% of the TRI genome. Twenty-two ILs, representing 75% of the TRI genome, were evaluated in greenhouse (Algarrobo and Meliana) and field (Alcàsser) trials, mainly to study traits related to domestication syndrome such as fruit weight (FW) and flesh content (FFP), as well as other fruit quality traits as fruit shape (FS), flesh firmness (FF), soluble solid concentration (SSC), rind color and abscission layer. The IL collection showed an impressive variation in size-related traits, with FW ranging from 800 to 4100 g, reflecting the strong effect of the wild genome on these traits. Most of the ILs produced smaller fruits compared with PS; however, unexpectedly, the IL TRI05-2 produced bigger fruits, likely due to new epistatic interacions with the PS genetic background. In contrast, the genotypic effect for FS was smaller, and few QTLs with notable effects were detected. Interestingly, variability was also observed for FFP, FF and SSC, rind color and abscission layer formation. Genes in these introgressions are candidates for having been involved in melon domestication and diversification as well. These results confirm that the TRI IL collection is a very powerful tool for mapping traits of agronomic interest in melon, allowing the confirmation of previously reported QTLs and the identification of new ones to better understand the domestication process of this crop.

Bilayer PVA composite film with structural color for high-performance and multifunctional sensing

Intelligent E-skins attract lots of attention for their potential in health monitoring, human-computer interaction, and soft-body robotics. In this work, a colorful multifunctional E-skin sensor with a Janus structure was constructed by solution casting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with clay and carbon nanoparticles on a patterned PDMS template. The halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and carbon nanoparticles (C) derived from Chinese ink were introduced into PVA to obtain a nano-reinforced layer (top) with structural color and multi-functional layer (bottom) for detection of pressure, temperature, and humidity. Uniformly dispersed HNTs greatly improves the mechanical properties of PVA (up to 46.8 MPa at 303.9% strain). The difference in water absorption of the two layers provides excellent sensitivity to humidity, so it can be used as contactless password unlocking, closing and blooming of bionic flowers, and humidity alarm. The device can achieve object capture and release within 12 s by turning on and off the xenon light. Furthermore, the sensor responds distinctly to pressure and can track human activities such as drinking motion and finger bending, which can also detect the temperature by resistance change. This work provides a materials design strategy for E-skin aimed to applications in robotics, artificial intelligence, prosthetics, and health monitoring.

Photonic crystals with rainbow colors by centrifugation-assisted assembly of colloidal lignin nanoparticles

Photonic crystals are optical materials that are often fabricated by assembly of particles into periodically arranged structures. However, assembly of lignin nanoparticles has been limited due to lacking methods and incomplete understanding of the interparticle forces and packing mechanisms. Here we show a centrifugation-assisted fabrication of photonic crystals with rainbow structural colors emitted from the structure covering the entire visible spectrum. Our results show that centrifugation is crucial for the formation of lignin photonic crystals, because assembly of lignin nanoparticles without centrifugation assistance leads to the formation of stripe patterns rather than photonic crystals. We further prove that the functions of centrifugation are to classify lignin nanoparticles according to their particle size and produce monodispersed particle layers that display gradient colors from red to violet. The different layers of lignin nanoparticles were assembled in a way that created semi-closed packing structures, which gave rise to coherent scattering. The diameter of the lignin nanoparticles in each color layer is smaller than that predicted by a modified Bragg’s equation. In situ optical microscope images provided additional evidence on the importance of dynamic rearrangement of lignin nanoparticles during their assembly into semi-closed packing structures. The preparation of lignin nanoparticles combined with the methodology for their classification and assembly pave the way for sustainable photonic crystals.

Skrining Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Dan Total Fenol Kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora Pierre Ex a. Froehner) Di Daerah Petungkriyono Pekalongan

<p>Coffee is herbs having high economic value which has long been used to drink for a long time in the Pekalongan.Coffee robusta constituting a variety of coffee having distinction from other coffee varieties robusta coffee because quality in stir by means of processing, the climate the planting and growing trees coffee influences the decomposition of a chemical compound which is found in soil and organic influence on the ripening fruit.</p><p>This report is written with non experimental method, the extraction of coffee beans macerated using ethanol 96 %, a compound of a metabolite secondary identified by test color and chromatography thin layers, the determination of the total phenol done with spektrofotometri UV-Vis and expressed in mg GAE / grams extract.</p><p>The research results show that robusta coffee beans that grows in Petungkriyono Pekalongan secondary of a metabolite compounds containing an alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, triterpenoid, and phenol.Testing to the total phenol which is found in a seed of the coffee robusta obtained a total value of as much as 565,5 GAE / g. Phenol.</p>

Effect of vacuum heat treatment on tribological properties of metal-doped CuS/MoS2 coating

The tribological properties of metal-CuS/MoS2 composite coatings were improved by selecting the metal materials and optimizing the heat treatment process. The composite coatings were prepared by magnetron cosputtering of copper or aluminum metals, CuS, and MoS2. Then, the prepared Cu-CuS/MoS2 and Al-CuS/MoS2 were subjected to vacuum heat treatment at 220, 320, and 420 °C. The structure and tribological properties of the composite coatings were analyzed by scanning electron microscope, energy spectrum, x-ray diffraction, Raman spectrum, and multifunction friction tester. The results showed an island-like growth and a dense noncylindrical cross-sectional morphology of the metal-CuS/MoS2 composite coating. Metal- and CuS-doped MoS2 solid solution is a practical component in composite coatings. The wear scar of the composite coatings showed different color layers at different annealing temperatures due to composition deviation. After heat treatment at 320 °C, the friction coefficient of Cu-CuS/MoS2 coating was reduced to a minimum of 0.08. After heat treatment at 420 °C, the Al-CuS/MoS2 coating showed three different color layers of wear scar, and good tribological properties were obtained. The friction coefficient of the Al-CuS/MoS2 coating was as low as 0.06, and the adhesion of the Al-CuS/MoS2 coating was expressed in the HF1 level. The results show that the vacuum heat treatment can stimulate the action of CuS by forming a solid solution with MoS2, complementing the missing S atom during the sputtering deposition of MoS2 and improving the lubrication of the composite coating. In addition, although the action mechanisms are different, Cu and Al doping are all conducive to obtaining composite coatings with better tribological properties.

Analysis of Color Measurement Methods for Single-sided and Double-sided Digital Printing with Silk Fabrics

Digital printing is a new technology that combines innovative design with cutting-edge technology, and it represents a breakthrough in the field of dyeing and finishing. Silk is the most widely used medium among double-sided digital printing industry. Owing to the gaps caused by different weaving methods, silk products are generally translucent and loose in structure, therefore, the color measurement of textile fabrics also has the same problem as that of translucent materials. The final color visualization is the result of combining the fabric yarn color with the voids in the area, which make it difficult to directly measure the colors of the printed fabrics with traditional spectrophotometer. The color measurement method of double-sided digital printing was always vague, and the difficulty of measuring the color of double-sided digital printing is increased for silk, a translucent material. In this paper, sixty colors of different hues, chroma and lightness are printed on four different types of silk fabrics in order to solve this industry problem. The L∗ (Lightness), a∗ (Red/Green) and b∗ (Blue/Yellow)values of each color layer were measured after stacking the four types of fabrics from one to multiple layers respectively and placing them on top of a standard white board and a standard black board as a backing, respectively, to calculate the color difference between the actual color and the design color of the silk fabric, as well as the color difference before and after stacking. The fabric properties and color properties that influence fabric color measurement are then investigated. The results show that thickness is the most important factor influencing fabric color measurement, and during measuring thin fabrics, multiple layers need to be overlaid. The effect of gloss on the number of layers in fabric color measurement is inversely proportional. The b∗ value is not significantly correlated with color measurement, whereas L∗ and a∗ are positively correlated with the number of layers when measuring color. Moreover, based on the fabric thickness, gloss, L∗, a∗ and b∗ value, the regression model was proposed, and a color measurement method suitable for silk fabrics with different fabric properties and color properties is proposed.

Correlation between the developed layer's color and crystallographic orientation of pure copper during long-term color etching with Beraha˗I

In situ optical microscopy investigation was performed on a Cu99.9 copper sample during color etching with Beraha˗I etchant for approximately 48 min in a microfluidic cell. The color change of the individual grains was analyzed by measuring light intensity change for different (RGB) wavelengths. Using these values, the luminance was calculated and visualized as a function of time. Crystallographic orientations of the examined grains were also determined by electron backscatter diffraction so that the layer-developing mechanisms could have been assigned to specific directions. Our experiment showed that not only the resulting color depends heavily on the orientation, but the different grains' planar density also affects the etching characteristics. It was shown that besides the cyclic color change originating from thin film interference, a significant contribution of the developed film's color comes from the absorption properties of the layer. Relying on these characteristics, a method was proposed to differentiate grains based on their planar density. Our experiments showed that grains close to the more dense orientations, like (100) and (111) developed a bright white color and kept it during the whole etching process. In contrast, grains that were close to sparse orientations (i.e., farthest from (100) orientation), like (122) or (133) developed a dark brown color. Grains with more general directions demonstrated a similar cyclic color change as previously examined on other materials, such as ferrite in the case of low-carbon steel and cast iron.

Concentration of rainbow k-connectivity of a multiplex random graph

We consider a multiplex random graph G(n,m,p) with m independent color layers over a common vertex set V of order n. In each layer, the edges are independent following the Erdős-Rényi model with edge probability p=c(ln⁡n+(k−1)ln⁡ln⁡n)/mn for some constant c>1. A rainbow path in this context means a path with all edges from distinct layers. For a graph G∈G(n,m,p), let rck(G) be its rainbow k-connectivity, namely the smallest required number of layers so that any pair of vertices in G can be connected by k internally vertex-disjoint rainbow paths. We show that with high probability, rck(G(n,m,p)) is concentrated on three consecutive numbers. These numbers are at distance Θ(ln⁡n/(ln⁡(ln⁡n+(k−1)ln⁡ln⁡n))2) to the diameter of the graph.

The efficiency of Color Models layers at Color Images as Cover in text hiding

The color images are used widely as a cover in hiding of the information. Since the variety of applications of the color image there are several color models of color image. Most color models consist of three layers. The nature of the color mode of the cover plays a main role in determining the robustness and security of hiding algorithm.
 The objective of this paper tests the layers, components, of the color models of cover color images, to figure out which color layer of each color model is best (less affected) to use as a cover to hide information within each color model in the hiding process. The experiments concentrate on the hiding texts in two positions of each layer, 7th bits and 8th bits (LSB). Mean Square Error (MSE) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) were used to measure the affected of hidden text in layers. The tests were done on nine colors models: RGB, HSV, HIS, HSL, HSB, YCbCr, La*b*, LUV and CMYK.
 The results show that some of color models have best layer to hide text such as YCbCr, HSI, CMYK, HSL and LUV . In other color models which have been tested, there is not a distinctive layer. The layer H is the worst because any hiding leaves a clear impact on the cover image.

Optical microscopy and SEM-EDS on wall-painting fragments from the St. George’s cathedral at Novgorod

This paper presents the latest data obtained from the analyses of fragments of Russian-Byzantine wall paintings recovered from the architectural excavations carried out in the church of St. George in the Yuriev Princely Monastery built in 1119 at Veliky Novgorod, one of the oldest cities in Russia and UNESCO World site. In the last 7 years the archaeologists of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow excavated the 12th century layers and extracted a large number of wall-paintings fragments, which are extremely important for the reconstruction of the history of Novgorod and for the study of Russian-Byzantine art in general. The pigments employed for the paintings and the painting techniques, together with color layers, substrates and mortars, have been studied and analyzed in the last two years in the Laboratory of the Architectural Archaeology and Multidisciplinary Methods for Architectural Research, Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The employed analytical methods were optical microscopy (OM), X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS). OM permits to distinguish the superficial painting method, the inclusions in the mortars, the intonaco and intonachino layers and the various substrates. XRF was applied for a first screening of the fragments and for the first pigment identification. The samples of painted mortar were then mounted in epoxy resin and polished for the analysis with SEM-EDS. The analytical data we possessed up to now indicate a very classical Byzantine technique with the use of expensive pigments such as lazurite and cinnabar, but also green earth, various types of ochres and mixtures of pigments. Special care was taken for the identification of the substrates.

Experimental evaluation of the impact of pigment-based colored interlayers on the temperature of BIPV modules

While colored photovoltaics are gaining popularity in the market for building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), several specific properties are not accounted for in standard PV performance models. This work shows how relying on the coloration efficiency alone can lead to significant errors regarding module temperatures. By comparing measured temperature data from a test installation featuring BIPV façade elements in multiple colors, little correlation is found between total optical losses (reflection and absorption losses) and module temperature. Instead, better correlation is found with total reflectance. This is attributed to the light absorbed in the pigment-based colored layers contributing to module heating, whereas reflected light does not. This is especially relevant for colors with high lightness, such as gray or beige, for which reflection losses are dominating absorption losses. When modelling colored BIPV products, it is therefore recommended to only consider reflection losses for the irradiance contributing to module heating, while continuing to also include absorption losses for the effective irradiance used in electrical performance modelling.

Mitigating chilling injury of pomegranate fruit skin

Pomegranate cv. Wonderful fruit are susceptible to chilling injury of the peel (CIp) when stored at 7 °C in modified-atmosphere bags for more than 3 months. The damage, manifested as superficial browning, appears first on the fruit skin, i.e., the outer colored layer of the peel. We previously suggested that susceptibility to CIp is associated with downregulation of PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE (PAL) in storage, whereas POLYPHENOL OXIDASE (PPO) expression is upregulated. To further explore the role of PPO and PAL in CIp disorder, we monitored their gene expression and enzyme activity in fruit skin collected at three phases of fruit development: premature fruit 7 days before harvest when the fruit is susceptible to CIp disorder; during commercial harvest when fruit skin is aging; and during the following 4 months of storage. In addition, prestorage washing of the fruit with CaCl2 and citric acid solutions, previously shown to reduce CIp incidence in pomegranate and other fruit and to manipulate the PAL-to-PPO ratio, was applied. We determined total phenol content and antioxidative capacity of fruit skin during cold storage, and analyzed the expression of antioxidation-related genes CATALASE, SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE, and GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE, and key anthocyanin-biosynthesis genes CHALCONE SYNTHASE, CHALCONE ISOMERASE, and DIHYDROFLAVONOL 4-REDUCTASE. Results suggested that increased skin susceptibility to CIp is related to high total phenol content, relatively high PAL activity/gene expression, and low anthocyanin levels. Although PPO activity and gene expression increased in cold storage, this pattern was observed in all tissues tested, irrespective of their susceptibility to CIp development. Similarly, no association was evident between antioxidation-related genes’ expression levels and CIp susceptibility. On the other hand, pre-storage treatments with CaCl2 and citric acid mainly decreased CIp incidence associated with increased antioxidation-related gene expression. Hence, the mechanism governing mitigation of CIp development by prestorage washing with CaCl2 and citric acid differs from that observed in native CIp-resistant pomegranate skin.