Color Zones Research Articles

Survey of Microbial Populations in Buried‐Valley Aquifer Sediments from Northeastern Kansas

AbstractTwenty‐two aseptically collected sediment core samples were obtained from below the water table (60 to 280 feet deep) at four pristine sites along a major buried‐valley aquifer system in northeastern Kansas. Samples were examined for total numbers of bacteria, viable aerobic bacteria, protozoa, and fungi. Contiguous samples were obtained in some transition zones of sediment texture or color in order to detect possible population shifts over small vertical distances related to changes in sediment characteristics. Total counts of bacteria varied between 106 and 108 per gram of dry sediment. Viable bacterial counts varied between 0 and 108 colony forming units per gram, usually being higher in sandy or gravelly sediments than in silty or clayey sediments. The relationship between sediment texture and microbial population density was confirmed statistically. Total numbers of bacteria correlated highly with variations in sediment sand and clay content. The population densities of viable bacteria and protozoa correlated moderately with these indicators of sediment texture. In some samples, populations of viable bacteria approached the total count of bacteria and the diversity of bacterial colony types appraoched that found in surface soil. Protozoa were found at low population densities in the coarser textured samples. The protozoa were similar to types commonly encountered in surface soil. No actinomycetes, fungi, or algae were detected in any samples.

Erythema multiforme

Erythema multiforme (EM) is an acute, self-limited cutaneous or mucocutaneous disorder, characterized by the development of symmetrically distributed, fixed, red lesions. Some lesions evolve concentric zones of color to form “targets,” the hallmark of EM. The spectrum of disease known as erythema multiforme includes the more common and familiar form, designated EM minor (von Hebra), and a more serious mucocutaneous process, designated EM major (Stevens-Johnson syndrome). Both forms of EM may follow a number of precipitating factors, primarily infections or drugs. EM minor most frequently follows an infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV), and in those cases, the disease often recurs with subsequent HSV infection. Recently, the presence of HSV specific antigens and nucleic acids were demonstrated within the epidermis of cutaneous lesions of recurrent EM minor. These findings, together with results of immunopathology studies, support the concept that EM lesions may result from an immune-mediated response to HSV present in the skin at those sites. In EM major, drug exposure is more frequently the precipitating factor. There is evidence to suggest that in those cases, a toxic mechanism directed at the skin may be important. Recent studies carefully detailing the usual clinical course and histologic features of EM, together with investigative studies examining potential pathomechanisms, have begun to yield a clearer picture of this disease process such that a more rational approach to therapy is now possible.

Ion-pair adsorption film colorimetry ? A new simple method for ppb level of aluminum ion in water sample

A new, highly sensitive and simple colorimetric method for trace aluminum(III) with 2,2′-dihydroxyazobenzene, H2L, is described, based on the ion-pair adsorption of the anionic Al chelate, [A1L2−, with crystal violet cation, CV+, on the surface of Polyvinylchloride film plasticized with dioctylphthalate. The blue violet species, CV+[A1L2]−, is enriched onto the transparent film, leading to a remarkable enhancement of the sensitivity, and the detection limits are 3 ng/ml by spectrophotometry and 5 ng/ml by visual colorimetry, respectively. Using spectrophotometer, a linear calibration curve is obtained over the concentration range of 0 to 50 ng/ml of Al. Further, the color system, consisting of red ([A1L2]−), yellow (H2L), and blue violet (CV+), gave clear color changes suitable for visual determination of aluminum with an applicable range of 0 to above 3000 ng/ml. The four different color zones are khaki for 0–5 ng/ml, reddish-brown for 5–200 ng/ml, blue violet for 200 ng/ml-3μg/ml, and colorless for more than 3μg/ml. The proposed method has been successfully applied for the determination of aluminum in tap waters.

A Simple Procedure to Separate Natural from Synthetic Amethyst on the Basis of Twinning

Dr. Karl Schmetzer recently showed h o w near-flawless to flawless natural amethyst could be separated from synthetic amethyst on the basis of the presence of Brazil twinning i n the natural stones. Whereas Dr. Schmetzer's procedure required a special apparatus, the authors have determined that a standard gemological polariscopeis more than adequate to make the separation i n most cases. Although some synthetic amethyst does show evidence of twinning, in the synthetic stones examined thus far i t has taken a form that i s distinctly different from the Brazil twinning seen i n most natural amethysts. The presence of certain inclusions as well as the nature of the color zoning seen in natural versus synthetic amethysts is of primary use in making a separation. However, where there are no inclusions or color zoning, the presence of Brazil twinning in the natural amethyst will usually make the distinction.

Fluid inclusion study of gem tourmaline from Xinjiang, China

Reported in this paper are the results of geological and fluid inclusion studies of gem-grade tourmaline in pegmatite veins from Altay, Xinjiang. The homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in the tourmaline range from 230° to 350°C with a salinity of 0.2−4.5 NaCl% equiv. The composition of fluids corresponds to the NaCl-CaCl2-H2O system in terms of the measurements of first melting temperature of fluid inclusions. By comparing the homogenization temperatures of different color zones in the gem tourmaline, it is suggested that it has undergone an intermittent growth process. Careful observation of the section parallel to thec axis of greenish blue tourmaline provides evidence of the occurrence of cat-eye tourmaline similar to that found in Brazil and other parts of the world. Attention should be paid to such kind of tourmaline as viewed from its economic importance.

Measurement and specification of the colors of the polychromatic roof of the altamira cave

AbstractColor measurements were carried out in September, 1981, and again in January, 1982, on a total of 102 color zones in 12 different figures in the polychromatic roof of the Paintings Room of the Altamira Cave. The comparative study was carried out to evaluate any seasonal variations in reflectance and color between these two months, in which the humidity of the rock base for the paintings differs widely. No differences outside of experimental error were found.

Ellenbergerite, a new high-pressure Mg-Al-(Ti,Zr)-silicate with a novel structure based on face-sharing octahedra

Ellenbergerite occurs as purple millimetre-size grains associated with talc, kyanite, clinochlore, rutile, and zircon in composite inclusions within decimetre-large pyrope crystals (90–98 mole percent end-member) in the quartzite layer of the Dora Maira massif, Western Alps, from which coesite has been recently reported (Chopin 1984). It is hexagonal, a=12.255(8), c=4.932(4) A, Z=1, space group P63. Mohs hardness 6.5; Dmes 3.15, Dcal 3.10; no cleavage. Uniaxial negative and vividly pleochroic,ω colourless,e colourless to deep lilac with colour zoning. The intensely coloured variety hasω 1.6789(5),e 1.670(1); microprobe analysis yields SiO2 39.1, P2O5 0.45, Al2O3 25.1, TiO2 4.0, MgO 22.2, FeO 0.20, sum 99.05 wt.% including H2O 8.0 (coulometrically). The formula calculated on a O28(OH)10 basis (implying 7.5 wt.% H2O) is Mg6.71 Fe0.03 Ti0.61 Al6.00 Si7.92 P0.08 O28(OH)10 The colour zoning is due to nearly complete Ti⇌Zr substitution. In addition ellenbergerite may contain more than 8 wt.% P2O5 with strictly correlated changes of Si, Mg, Al and Ti+Zr contents, over 80% of which represent the SiAl⇌PMg substitution.

Pink Diamonds from Australia

During the first few months of 1985, the New York office of the GIA Gem Trade Laboratory examined more than 150 gemquality fancy pink diamonds, most of which had similar color, spectra, luminescence, color zoning, surface textures, and inclusions. This dramatic increase in the number of pink diamonds offered in the trade recently, along with the fact that a great majority exhibit similar physical properties, suggested a source of pink dianionds. This observation, together with information received from several diamond dealers to the effect that pink diamonds had been recovered from the Australian deposits, suggests that most or all of the above-mentioned stones originated in Australia. This article reports on the gemological properties of these new pink diamonds and describes a number of characteristics that, seen in combination in a stone, are indicative of Australian origin.

Tourmalines from Appalachian-Caledonian massive sulfide deposits; textural, chemical, and isotopic relationships

Tourmaline is a common gangue mineral in several strata-bound massive sulfide deposits of the Appalachian-Caledonian orogen. Most of the tourmaline-rich deposits occur in dominantly metasedimentary terranes such as Bleikvassli, Norway; Black Hawk, Maine; Ore Knob, North Carolina; and Elizabeth, Vermont. Minor amounts of tourmaline are also known in association with volcanic-hosted deposits in the Appalachians and in the Trondheim district of Norway. The tourmaline forms isolated euhedral crystals or crystal aggregates in massive sulfide and adjacent wall rocks; in a few areas, it is found in conformable tourmaline-rich layers (tourmalinites). Associated minerals may include quartz, plagioclase, phlogopite, and dolomite, with pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, galena, and sphalerite. Many of the tourmaline crystals are optically zoned, in which brown zones concentrically alternate with pale yellow or green zones. A few specimens of tourmaline intergrown with massive sulfide (e.g., Ore Knob) display fine, delicate growth lamellae similar to those commonly observed in hydrothermal (vein) sphalerites, skarn garnets, and sphalerites from the massive sulfide deposits of the Kuroko district, Japan.Detailed geochemical studies indicate that the tourmalines have characteristic major and trace element compositions. Electron microprobe analyses show that, with rare exception, the tourmalines are Mg-rich dravites (avg. FeO/(FeO + MgO) = 0.21). Abrupt transitions between color zones within some tourmaline are accompanied by relative variations in FeO/(FeO + MgO) of as much as 30 percent; yellow-brown zones are more Mg rich than blue or green zones. In contrast, the fine growth lamellae are not characterized by such variations in chemistry. Spectrographic analyses of pure mineral separates indicate that the tourmalines also contain high average contents of Cr (78 ppm), Cu (77 ppm), Pb (114 ppm), Sr (98 ppm), and V (195 ppm), while uniformly low in Li (7 ppm) and Mn (382 ppm). In all analyzed samples, fluorine is much more abundant than chlorine; the average F/Cl ratio is 33.Tourmalines from tourmalinites and massive sulfide deposits are typically characterized by heavier delta 18 O values (9.5-15.5ppm) and less variable, heavier delta D values (generally -45 to -60ppm) than tourmalines from unmetamorphosed igneous pegmatites. The latter typically have delta 18 O < 9.5 per mil and delta D < or = -60 per mil. Oxygen isotope fractionations between quartz and tourmaline (delta = 1.27-4.01) do not correlate directly with inferred grade of subsequent metamorphism, although in areas of high metamorphic grade the delta values approach those of igneous quartz-tourmaline pairs. The delta 18 O values of quartz and tourmaline are believed to reflect variation in the oxygen isotope compositions of the host lithologies. The similar, narrow range in hydrogen isotope composition for tourmaline in all studied deposits is compatible with a modified seawater origin for the tourmaline- and sulfide- forming fluids.The distinctive textural and chemical characteristics of the tourmalines reported here have both exploration and genetic significance. Though it may have undergone recrystallization and some accompanying chemical and isotopic exchange during regional metamorphism, tourmaline in the massive sulfide deposits is an early formed, perhaps diagenetic, mineral in which fine lameliar zoning may be a preserved premetamorphic feature. In any case, the tourmalines from the massive sulfide deposits are Mg-rich dravites with trace element and stable isotope compositions substantially different from those of the Fe-rich schorls typical of most granitic rocks. These geochemical and isotopic signatures are attributed to the original environment of formation of the associated sulfide deposits and suggest that Mg-rich tourmaline may be a valuable prospecting guide in the search for massive sulfide deposits.

Upper-mantle metasomatism beneath a continental rift: clinopyroxenes in alkali mafic lavas and nodules from Sruth West Uganda

AbstractClinopyroxenes are dominant in highly potassic, silica undersaturated mafic volcanics occurring on the western rim of the uplifted, rifted East African craton. A kimbcrlite style of eruption provides nodules of alkali clinopyroxenite (clinopyroxene + titaniferous phlogopite+titanomagnetite, apatite, sphene, and rare corroded olivine) which have similar bulk chemistry to the feldspathoid-bearing lavas. Many nodules display metasomatic textures supporting a formation from the alteration of pre-existing material; clinopyroxene growth is characterized by complex, non-oscillatory colour zoning. Comparison of natural clinopyroxene chemistry with published data for elinopyroxenes crystallized from synthetic potassium-rich mafic material, suggests that a significant proportion of the nodules crystallized at upper-mantle pressures. Neither garnet- nor orthopyroxene-bearing nodules have ever been recorded from south-west Uganda, suggesting that metasomatism of the local mantle has proceeded far enough to obliterate all recognizable remnants of four-phase lherzolite.

Color differentiation in "fried egg" stalagmites

The yellow and white color zones in fried egg stalagmites, which are deposited from a single water source, are due to crystal texture differences, not chemical or mineralogic factors. The outer zone is porous calcite marked by intergrown crystals and fluid inclusions which reflect and refract the light yielding a white appearance. The inner core is continuous, translucent calcite yielding its true transmitted yellow color. The irregularities in the outer zone are probably caused by incomplete coalescence of the crystallite precursors. The variation may be related to the thickness of the water layer depositing the calcite.

Geology and alteration-mineralization zoning in the central portion of the Yandera porphyry copper prospect, Papua New Guinea

Copper mineralization at Yandera is associated with low-K tholeiite-calc-alkaline porphyry intrusives into the middle Miocene Bismark Intrusive Complex. Three episodes of porphyry emplacement are recognized, the youngest generating intrusive breccia pipes.A broad area of secondary biotite alteration with peripheral epidote-chlorite is superimposed upon the igneous terrain, postdating all igneous events within it. Fracture-controlled calcic and phyllic/argillic alteration zones symmetrically disposed about an elongate central core of sulfide-barren quartz veining overprint the secondary biotite and epidote-chlorite.Ore-grade mineralization of > or =0.3 percent copper equivalent flanks both sides of the two main centers of quartz veining within the central core and is also localized into breccia pipes.Inclusions of hydrosaline melt, homogenizing- between 270 degrees and 470 degrees C, occur in vein quartz through the central core and, to a much lesser extent, the calcic zone immediately haloing it. Moderately saline liquid-dominant gas-liquid inclusions homogenizing between 270 degrees and 380 degrees C and vapor-dominant gas-liquid inclusions occur in vein quartz of the quartz core, calcic, and phyllic/argillic alteration zones. The moderately saline fluid probably boiled indicating a hydrostatic depth of 1,200 + or - 300 meters for the hydrothermal system.Electron microprobe analyses of secondary biotite indicate a systematic variation in molecular Mg/Fe ratio across the system, the most phlogopitic coinciding with the central core. This composition zoning correlates with color zoning of the biotite.

Comparative Evaluation of the Difco Disc Assay Method for Detecting Penicillin in Milk and Milk Products

The Difco disc assay method to detect antibiotic residues was evaluated and compared with the Bacillus subtilis disc assay and the Sarcinia lutea cylinder plate methods. The Difco method, using both color change and zone of inhibition as indicator, was able to detect penicillin to levels as low as 0.002 units per ml. Of 5200 raw milk samples analyzed for presence of penicillin in a commercial laboratory, the B. subtilis disc assay method identified and confirmed as positive 12 samples (0.239%). The Difco disc assay method identified 61 samples as positive for inhibitor, of which 48 (0.92%) were confirmed as positive for penicillin. Of 37 of these latter samples, analyzed also by the S. lutea cylinder plate method, 29 (78.4%) yielded positive results. The Difco procedure was found effective as a test method for detecting penicillin in finished fluid milk products.

Vegetation indicators for terrain evaluation in a prairie environment

Natural vegetation can be a useful indicator of terrain conditions and thus has significant geotechnical implications especially in identifying moisture, groundwater conditions, and strati-graphic changes. A pilot study was initiated to study physiographic, climatic, biotic, and compensating factors as they affect plant communities in the Langham area, near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. The study area is located at the transition between the Dark Brown and Black Soil Zones, which are colour zones of the surface soil horizon as influenced by climate and vegetation. It is suggested that the findings at Langham can be extrapolated over a wide band across the province where the soil zones and geomorphic units are similar. It was found that trees or shrubs are more reliable indicators of soil moisture conditions than low-growing plants and that plant communities are better indicators than individual species. In some places, the recognition of changes in vegetation patterns could make a significant contribution to geotechnical projects. A direct correlation was found between the number of species occurring in a plant community and soil moisture conditions. Drier sites had fewer species.

Étude des défauts de croissance dans les monocristaux de fluorite naturelle

X ray topographic studies on natural zoned fluorites from Valzergues (Aveyron, France) reveals the presence of growth zones and dislocations. The first are associated to successive colored zones and are probably due to heavy atoms which disturb the growth. The latter are seen always in blue zones, the yellow ones showing often an excellent crystallinity.

Pelage and molt in the black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque).

The pelage of the black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus) has been studied through the year using skin biopsies taken from young and mature individuals. Four pelages, natal, juvenile, adult summer, and adult winter are grown. Six types of hairs are identified and the annual cycle of the follicles producing the four types found in the adult animal is described.This species molts twice annually. The spring molt involves guard hair follicles only, with the undercoat shed by breakage. The autumn molt involves all follicles. The long guard hairs have a sensory function.The guard hairs increase in diameter progressively from birth to adult winter pelage. They are longest in the adult summer pelage, which also has the greatest difference between body areas in length and thickness of the hair. The fawn birth coat is the simplest, the adult winter pelage the most complex.Length–diameter regressions of the guard hairs through the four pelages reveal a steady progression.Study of the color banding of the hair in the four pelages, and upon five body regions revealed constant differences in the component contributed by each of four color zones. The hairs of the five body regions differ most in color in the fawn pelage and least in the adult pelage.Strong inference points to the same follicle as the source of the distinctively different summer and winter hairs, as well as of the age sequence found in the hair.Samples of guard hairs from O. h. sitkensis and from California and Vancouver Island specimens of O. h. columbianus showed significant differences between the three stocks in the length–diameter relationships of the hairs grown by each of these stocks.

Studies onCepaeaVII. Climatic selection inCepaea nemoralis(L.) in the Pyrenees

Studies on<i>Cepaea</i>VII. Climatic selection in<i>Cepaea nemoralis</i>(L.) in the Pyrenees

X‐Ray Topography in Coloured and Uncoloured Zones of Antozonite‐Fluorite

physica status solidi (b)Volume 20, Issue 2 p. K71-K72 Short Note X-Ray Topography in Coloured and Uncoloured Zones of Antozonite-Fluorite P. Asadi, P. Asadi Laboratoire de Minéralogie-Cristallographie, Sorbonne, ParisSearch for more papers by this author P. Asadi, P. Asadi Laboratoire de Minéralogie-Cristallographie, Sorbonne, ParisSearch for more papers by this author First published: 1967 https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.19670200244Citations: 5AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume20, Issue21967Pages K71-K72 RelatedInformation

Ferromagnetism and Colour Zoning in Some Malayan Cassiterite

Ferromagnetism and Colour Zoning in Some Malayan Cassiterite

Microbiological method for the determination of L-tryptophan.

Sebek, Oldrich K. (The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Mich.). Microbiological method for the determination of l-tryptophan. J. Bacteriol. 90:1026-1031. 1965.-The ability of Chrombacterium violaceum to utilize l-tryptophan for the synthesis of a purple pigment, violacein, served as a basis for the development of a quantitative estimation of this amino acid. The method consists of suspending washed colorless cells of the organism in an agar layer, placing a paper disc impregnated with a tryptophan solution on top of the layer, and allowing the system to incubate. As tryptophan diffuses into the agar, it is converted into violacein, and appears as a zone of striking purple color. Since the diameter of the zone is a function of the amount of tryptophan applied, the amino acid can be quantitatively estimated within the range of 10 to 320 mug per sample with 5.6% standard deviation. The method is fairly specific for free tryptophan, since only indole, indole-3-pyruvic acid, and, to a small degree, anthranilic acid interfere. Other amino acids, tissue homogenates, tryptophan in peptide linkage, or compounds related to this amino acid do not affect its determination. The bacterium does not utilize tryptophan for the synthesis of cellular material unless its growth has been initiated by another substrate.