Color Zones Research Articles

Addressing cities’ color issues and planning urban colors with regional features to preserve the history and culture of cities: the case of Suzhou, Wuxi, and Changzhou (China)

ABSTRACT Although there are many remarkable examples of color traditions from different parts of the world, many cities still face color-related issues, such as lack of regionality and clutter. Since the color issues of different cities vary, the solutions must also be different. This paper examines the old urban areas of Suzhou, Wuxi, and Changzhou in China as a case study to investigate how to solve urban color problems and shape the architectural color with regional characteristics. By exploring the spatial distribution of color categories and the interval distribution of color attribute values, this paper finds that the increase in colored buildings (especially along the main roads) and the excessive chromaticity of new buildings affect the regionality of urban colors. Therefore, we propose restoring urban color by establishing color zoning and controlling chromaticity to increase cultural diversity, promote economic vitality, and enhance people’s sense of belonging. The planning of urban color and the establishment of color patterns with regional characteristics are of positive significance for the development of urban history, culture, and habitat.

Investigation of red-emitting CaMoO4: Eu3+ phosphor by partitioning of substitutional PO4 3- ions via solid-state reaction method.

To investigate the impact of PO4 3- anionic groups, the trivalent europium ion-doped calcium molybdate (CaMoO3-PO4:xEu3+, where x = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5mol%) phosphors were synthesized using the solid-state reaction method. The detailed study of the phosphor materials was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), optical diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The XRD results indicate that the substitution of PO4 3- anion and Eu3+ dopant ion did not affect the crystal structures of the CaMoO4 phosphors. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption analysis revealed the change of absorption edge of both un-doped and Eu3+-doped CaMoO4-PO4 phosphors. Under the 394 nm UV-excitation, the recorded PL spectra showed an intense peak at 615 nm corresponding to the Eu3+: 5D0 → 7F2 transition. The results of the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) diagram reported that the color of the emissions lies in the red color zone and there is no change in the CIE coordinates of the overall emission for Eu3+-doped CaMoO4-PO4 as Eu concentration changes. Thus, these observations led to finding the best red components for white light-emitting diode applications.

Tourmaline composition probes serpentinite-derived fluid mobility in subduction zones

Serpentinite dehydration in subduction zones plays a pivotal role in geochemical cycling on Earth. A number of geochemical studies on arc magmas have elucidated the contributions of serpentinite-derived fluids to mantle sources. However, due to complex geological overprints during subduction zone processes, discerning serpentinite signatures in exposed metamorphic rocks within fossil subduction zones remains challenging. In this study we address these difficulties through in-situ investigations of tourmaline, the geochemistry of which reflects the host environment as well as potential fluid-induced processes. The presence of zonations in tourmaline makes it an excellent recorder of consecutive geological events. Integrated major and trace elements along with in-situ boron isotopes of tourmaline from the high-pressure Sopron area (Hungary) in the Eastern Alps were used to unravel fluid action sourced from serpentinite. Despite the presence of color zoning, tourmaline in the orthogneiss (Tur-G) has low XMg [Mg/(Mg + Fe)] of ca. 0.3–0.6 and δ11B values of around −11 ‰, along with variable trace element compositions. Petrological observations and geochemical analyses suggest that the inner domains of Tur-G are of igneous origin, while the outer rims are likely affected by subsequent metamorphic events. Tourmaline in metasomatized kyanite-quartzite (Tur-K) veins exhibits distinct geochemical zoning, and preserves metamorphic cores and fluid-induced rims. The inner domains of Tur-K display low XMg (<0.6), relatively high trace element concentrations and δ11B values of less than −10 ‰, whereas the overgrowths exhibit extremely high XMg values (>0.99), low trace element concentrations and high δ11B values reaching up to +21 ‰, clearly indicating the incorporation of serpentinite-derived Mg-11B-rich fluids. Through comparison with other metamorphic and metasomatic tourmalines in (ultra)high-pressure rocks globally, we establish that tourmaline with high XMg > 0.85 and δ11B values >0 ‰ may serve as an effective proxy for detecting serpentinite-derived fluids in subduction zones.

Spectroscopic characterization of rare natural pink diamonds with yellow color zones

A set of 28 uncommon pink diamonds with yellow color zones are identified among thousands of natural pink diamonds examined. The pink color in these diamonds is caused by the 550 nm absorption band associated with plastic deformation, and is concentrated along straight lamellae (also known as deformation lines). These pink diamonds are type Ia with nitrogen concentrations ranging from 118 to 313 ppma, predominantly as A-centers, i.e., type IaA ≫ B (proportion of B-center < 10 %) to IaA > B (proportion of B-center = 11–26 %).Yellow color zones are observed on or beneath the surface of these faceted pink diamonds. Yellow fluorescence and occasionally yellow phosphorescence excited by long-wave (365 nm) or deep UV (<225 nm), corresponding to the yellow color zones, are commonly observed in yellow diamonds colored by the 480 nm absorption band. PL mapping conducted on the diamond surface and along the depth of the pink diamonds in this study reveals that the yellow color zones have features associated with the 480 nm absorption band. Some of these features are associated with nickel-related defects, and are only detected within the yellow color zones. This suggests that the yellow color zones formed in a different growth episode or from a different diamond-forming fluid than the remaining volume of the diamond with pink body color. Post-growth plastic deformation created defects giving rise to the 550 nm absorption band, producing a pink body color to diamond that was presumably colorless, and producing brown color in zones that may have had pre-existing yellow color. Three diamonds in this study contain eclogitic mineral inclusions, indicating that they formed in association with mantle eclogite, prior to plastic deformation.

L-Asparaginase producing ability of Aspergillus species isolated from tapioca root soil and optimized ideal growth parameters for L-Asparaginase production

This research was designed to isolate the predominant L-asparaginase-producing fungus from rhizosphere soil of tapioca field and assess the suitable growth conditions required to produce maximum L-asparaginase activity. The Aspergillus tubingensis was identified as a predominant L-asparaginase producing fungal isolate from 15 isolates, and it was characterized by 18S rRNA sequencing. The L-asparaginase-producing activity was confirmed by pink color zone formation around the colonies in modified Czapek Dox agar plate supplemented with 1% L-Asparagine. The optimal growth conditions required for the L-asparaginase production by A. tubingensis were optimized as pH 6.0, temperature 30 °C, glucose as carbon source, 1.5% of L-Asparagine, ammonium sulphate as nitrogen source, rice husk as natural L-Asparagine enriched source, and 8 days of the incubation period. The L-Asparaginase activity from A. tubingensis was excellent under these optimal growth conditions. It significantly used rice husk as an alternative to synthetic L-Asparagine. As a result, this may be considered a sustainable method of converting organic waste into valuable raw material for microbial enzyme production.

Community-Centric Approach: Bhabinkamtibmas Strategies in Mitigating Covid-19 Transmission Within The Cultural Landscape Of Hukurila

The escalation of Covid-19 in Indonesia, including Maluku, underscores varying levels of public awareness concerning health protocols, notably non-compliance with mask-wearing, public gatherings, and other breaches of Covid-19 regulations. This article delves into the pivotal role of Bhabinkamtibmas, an integral part of the police force, in addressing these community issues. The research aims to elucidate Bhabinkamtibmas' strategies in curtailing the virus's spread in the indigenous community of Negeri Hukurila, employing a community-centric approach with qualitative methods like in-depth interviews, observations, and document studies. Research findings highlight Bhabinkamtibmas' active participation in health education, mask distribution, and vaccination programs. They are also integral to the 3T strategy, establishing health centres, innovating health protocols in restaurants, fortifying places of worship, conducting vaccinations, implementing colour zoning, and forming Covid-19 data task forces. Bhabinkamtibmas goes beyond education, fostering security and discipline in the community's adherence to health protocols during the pandemic. Collaborating with Babinsa, they actively curb virus spread through socializing health protocols, participating in evacuations, and overseeing quarantine measures. Despite distinct roles, Bhabinkamtibmas and Babinsa maintain synergy, underscoring the need for community involvement and cross-institutional collaboration for optimal Covid-19 management.

Cu nanoparticle geometry as the key to bicolor behavior in Oregon sunstones — an application of LSPR theory in nanomineralogy

Abstract The coloration mechanism of Oregon sunstone is a classic and controversial topic in mineralogy because of the unique co-existence of anisotropic (green-red) and isotropic (red) color zones within single feldspar crystals. After nearly 50 years of research, no models proposed to date have satisfactorily accounted for all observed optical phenomena. Here we present high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses of samples prepared by focused ion beam extraction along specific crystal directions. In both the anisotropic and the isotropic color zones, we observed Cu nanoparticles (NPs) included within plagioclase but with different geometries. In the isotropic (red) zone, NPs were randomly distributed nano-spheres or nano-ellipsoids (8.7-12 nm in diameter) with an aspect ratio of 1-1.3. In contrast, in dichroic (green/red) zones, NPs were directionally-aligned nano-rods (8.5-21 nm along the long axis) with an aspect ratio of ~2.5. We applied localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) theory to simulate absorption spectra, and we developed a model to explain the observed optical properties. LA-ICP-MS and polarized UV-Vis spectroscopy were also performed to confirm our conclusions. This study systematically reveals the existence and optical influence of variably shaped metal-NP inclusions in feldspar crystals. Furthermore, it demonstrates the necessity of including LSPR in the canon of mineral coloration mechanisms. Cu-NP-bearing labradorite has been shown to exhibit third-order non-linear optical properties, and approaches that incorporate NP shapes as well as sizes will assist in the design of NP-embedded optical materials with tailored optical behaviors.

Correlation of pathological examination with indocyanine green (ICG) intensity gradients: a prospective study in patients with liver tumor

BackgroundIntraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging has been shown to be a new and innovative way to illustrate the optimal resection margin in hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. This study investigated its accuracy in resection margin determination by looking into the correlation of ICG intensity gradients with pathological examination results of resected specimens.MethodsThis was a prospective, single-center, non-randomized controlled study. Patients who had liver tumors indicating liver resection were recruited. The hypothesis was that the use of intraoperative near-infrared/ICG fluorescence imaging would be a promising guiding tool for removing hepatocellular carcinoma with a better resection margin. Patients were given ICG (0.25 mg/kg) 1 day before operation. Resected specimens were inspected under a fluorescent imaging system. Biopsies were taken from tumors and normal tissue. Color signals obtained from ICG fluorescence imaging were compared with biopsies for analysis.ResultsTwenty-two patients were recruited for study. The median size of their tumors was 2.25 cm. One patient had resection margin involvement. Under ICG fluorescence, the tumors typically lighted up as yellow color, wrapped by a zone of green color. Tumors of 17 patients (77.3%) displayed yellow color and were confirmed malignancy, while tumors of 12 patients (54.5%) displayed green color and were confirmed malignancy. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to measure the sensitivity and specificity of the green color to look for a clear resection margin. The area under the curve was 85.3% (p = 0.019, 95% confidence interval 0.696–1.000), with a sensitivity of 0.706 and specificity of 1.000.ConclusionThe use of ICG fluorescence can be helpful in determining resection margins. Resection of tumor should include complete resection of the green zone shown in the fluorescence image.

Isolation, Screening, Identification, and Assessment of Laccase-Producing Fungi Isolated From Different Environmental Samples

ABSTRACT: One of the extracellular enzymes involved in ligninolytic is lacasse, secreted by white and brown rot fungus. The class of blue copper proteins that includes laccases consists of N-glycosylated multicopper oxidases. Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes, and Basidiomycetes are all fungi that contain laccase; many of these are white-rot fungi that break down lignin. Due to their wide range of substrate specificity, laccases have been the focus of extensive research over the past few decades. Their latest applications include anything from the textile pulp and paper industries to culinary applications and bioremediation techniques. Laccases are also used in organic synthesis, where phenols and amines are common substrates. Dimers and oligomers are produced due to the coupling of reactive radical intermediates in these reactions. The current investigation gathered 50 white rot fungi, and the most incredible laccase-producing organisms in submerged fermentation were looked into. Ten of the 21 cultures displayed a reddish-brown color zone. Of these ten isolates (PTD 19, PTD 4, PP2J15, LKT 34, ITC 1, NRL 7, GOJ 7, PTD2, PP2J, and PKT12), only PP2J15 and GOJ 7 displayed the most reddish-brown color zone. The isolation of white rot fungus, their molecular characterization, and testing for laccase production are all covered in this Paper. Talaromyces verruculosus and Cladosporium cladosporioides were identified as the PP2J15 and GOJ 7 strains based on sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis with reference taxa.

The relationship between the intestinal microbiome and body mass index in children with cystic fibrosis

BackgroundThe nutritional status of children with cystic fibrosis (CF), as assessed by their body mass index percentile (BMIp), is a critical determinant of long-term health outcomes. While the intestinal microbiome plays an important role in nutrition, little is known regarding the relationship of the microbiome and BMIp in children with CF. MethodsPediatric patients (< 18 years old) with CF and healthy comparison patients (HCs) were enrolled in the study and stool samples obtained. BMIp was categorized as Green Zone (BMIp > 50th), Yellow Zone (BMIp 25th–49th) and Red Zone (BMIp < 25th). Intestinal microbiome assessment was performed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing; microbial richness, diversity, and differential species abundance were assessed. ResultsStool samples were collected from 107 children with CF and 50 age-matched HCs. Compared to HCs, children with CF were found to have lower bacterial richness, alpha-diversity, and a different microbial composition. When evaluating them by their BMIp color zone, richness and alpha-diversity were lowest in those in the Red Zone. In addition, an unclassified amplicon sequence variant (ASV) of Blautia, a known butyrate-producing anaerobe, was of lowest abundance in children in the Red Zone. ConclusionChildren with CF have a dysbiotic intestinal microbiome with specific changes that accompany changes in BMIp. Longitudinal assessments of the microbiome and its metabolic activities over time are needed to better understand how improvements in the microbiome may improve nutrition and enhance long-term survival in children with CF.

Special Colors and Optical Effects of Oregon Sunstone: Absorption, Scattering, Pleochroism, and Color Zoning

Special Colors and Optical Effects of Oregon Sunstone: Absorption, Scattering, Pleochroism, and Color Zoning

Compositional Variation and Crystal-Chemical Characterization of a Watermelon Variety of Tourmaline from Anjanabonoina, Central Madagascar

A polychrome tourmaline crystal from Anjanabonoina pegmatite (Madagascar) was characterized using a multi-analytical approach. The sample showed a complex concentric zoning and a wide range of colors typical of the variety known as “watermelon”. The sample was cut perpendicularly to the c axis. The basal slice exhibits a rim characterized by narrow, differently colored layers parallel to the prism faces and a relatively homogeneous triangular core. Four main pronounced color zones were identified from the rim to core: a dark green rim (M1RVS); a pale green rim (M1RVC); a pale pink rim (M1CR); and a brownish yellow core (M1CG). Compositional variations in the basal slice were studied by scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe analyses (WDS mode). The Li content was determined via micro-laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. To deeply characterize the sample, single crystal structure refinement was also performed on fragments extracted from the four zones. The results show that the polychrome tourmaline sample consists of two different species: the three outer zones are Mn-rich fluor-liddicoatite, whereas the inner zone is Mn-rich fluor-elbaite. The structural and compositional characterization of the color zoning shows that each step of the tourmaline growth is related to a change in the geological environment.

Method for identification of &lt;i&gt;acinetobacter baumannii&lt;/i&gt; bv. &lt;i&gt;tryptophandestruens&lt;/i&gt; and its subbiovars A and B

The aim of the study was to increase diagnostic sensitivity for identification of A. baumannii bv. tryptophandestruens bacteria and assess prevalence of this biovar and its subbiovars among A. baumannii clinical isolates. There were examined 210 primary strains of A. baumannii isolated in 20212022 at Bacteriological Laboratory of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov, of which 42 strains were A. baumannii bv. tryptophandestruens. Tryptophandestruens biovar bacteria were identified by chromogenic biotransformation of sodium benzoate on a dense nutrient medium (g/l): peptone enzymatic 5.0; NaCl 5.0; FeCl3 6H2O (10% aqueous solution) 0.11 ml; bromothymol blue (1.6% aqueous solution) 3 ml; agar 15.0; NaOH (4% solution) 2.63 ml; distilled water 1 l; all components were dissolved by heating and added with sodium benzoate (CAS 532-32-1) 1.02.0; adjusted pH 7.20.2; sterilized at 121С, poured into Petri dishes. Bacteria of subbiovars A and B of biovar tryptophandestruens were identified by chromogenic biotransformation of L-tryptophan using the same nutrient medium supplemented with L-tryptophan (1.02.0 g/l) instead of sodium benzoate. Both nutrient media were used simultaneously. The A. baumannii cultures studied were seeded with a loop on the media sectors in the form of a plaque, incubated aerobically at 37С for 1824 hours, and analyzed final data as follows: the presence of a dark brown color zone of the nutrient medium around bacterial lawn on sodium benzoate- and L-tryptophan-containing medium indicated detection of subbiovar A of the tryptophandestruens biovar; in case of dark brown zone on sodium benzoate- but not L-tryptophan-containing medium around bacterial lawn identified biovar tryptophandestruens subbiovar B. The study revealed for the first time the chromogenic biotransformation of sodium benzoate (benzoic acid) and its importance as a marker for the biovar tryptophandestruens A. baumannii. Two subbiovars A and B of the tryptophandestruens biovar were found. A method was developed to identify the biovar tryptophandestruens A. baumannii and its subbiovars A and B by chromogenic biotransformation of sodium benzoate and L-tryptophan, which enhances diagnostic sensitivity by detecting the subbiovar B. The frequency of tryptophandestruens biovar distribution among primary clinical isolates of A. baumannii in 20212022 was determined: out of 210 strains of A. baumannii were 42 (20.03.5%) strains of bv. tryptophandestruens including subbiovar A 27 (12.92.3%), subbiovar B 15 (7.11.7%).

Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination Rates and Public Measures on Case Rates at the Provincial Level, Thailand, 2021: Spatial Panel Model Analyses.

The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) was a pandemic that caused high morbidity and mortality worldwide. The COVID-19 vaccine was expected to be a game-changer for the pandemic. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of COVID-19 cases and vaccination in Thailand during 2021. An association between vaccination and case rates was estimated with potential confounders at ecological levels (color zones, curfews set by provincial authorities, tourism, and migrant movements) considering time lags at two, four, six, and eight weeks after vaccination. A spatial panel model for bivariate data was used to explore the relationship between case rates and each variable and included only a two-week lag after vaccination for each variable in the multivariate analyses. In 2021, Thailand had 1,965,023 cumulative cases and 45,788,315 total administered first vaccination doses (63.60%). High cases and vaccination rates were found among 31-45-year-olds. Vaccination rates had a slightly positive association with case rates due to the allocation of hot-spot pandemic areas in the early period. The proportion of migrants and color zones measured had positive associations with case rates at the provincial level. The proportion of tourists had a negative association. Vaccinations should be provided to migrants, and collaboration between tourism and public health should prepare for the new era of tourism.

The Study of Colored Zones on the Surface of a Stela from the Peschanny IV Burial Ground

The Study of Colored Zones on the Surface of a Stela from the Peschanny IV Burial Ground

Novel and Efficient Plate Assay Method for the Screening of L-Asparaginase Producing Microorganisms

Microbes producing L-asparaginase are usually screened on plates containing L-asparagine and phenol red. The contrast of the colored zone formed by microorganisms varies from yellow and pink in this method and we cannot differentiate between L-asparaginase producers and non-producers. Later an improved method was developed for screening of extracellular L-asparaginase producing microbes with bromothymol blue as pH indicator instead of phenol red. The reported results were not very sharp for the isolates producing extracellular L-asparaginase as they produce dark blue colored zones at alkaline pH. The present method is novel, more sensitive, simple and rapid than the existing methods for screening of both bacteria and fungi producing L-asparaginase extracellularly. Nutrient asparagine agar and potato dextrose asparagine agar media stained with Gram s iodine solution were used for detection of extracellular L-asparaginase producing bacteria and fungi respectively. Plate detection assay with Gram s iodine exhibited clear zones around the colonies producing L-asparaginase. The present method is more accurate for screening of potent isolates based on the diameter of hydrolyzed zones formed. The reported method can be utilized to identify the prominent isolates producing L-asparaginase.

Applicability of the Broselow Pediatric Emergency Tape to Predict the Size of Endotracheal Tube and Laryngeal Mask Airway in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Surgery: A Retrospective Analysis.

Background This study aims to elucidate the applicability of the Broselow pediatric emergency tape in predicting the size of the endotracheal tube (ET) and laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in children of central India. Methods A retrospective review was conducted in the Department of Pediatric Surgery during the period of four years (January 2018 to December 2021), and all children between 1 month and 12 years of age who were admitted for routine surgery and were operated on were included. The goal was to assess the accuracy of Broselow pediatric emergency tape in predicting the size of ET and LMA in children and assess the applicability of this tape in an Indian setting based on observation and comparison with the predicted ET tube and LMA size based on the tape. The correlation was done between the predicted ET tube and LMA size and used ET tube and LMA size (the difference and mean). The Chi-square test was applied to test the difference between those matching and those not matching with their respective color zones with respect to weight, tracheal tube (LMA/ET) tube, and for both weight and tracheal tube, and then the p-value was calculated. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be significant. Results A total of 296 patients were included in the study. There were 230 males and 66 females. A maximum number of patients were in the white zone (56 patients). A total of 112 patients (37.8%) matched the zone with their weight; 192 patients (64.8%) matched their LMA/ET tube with their respective zones; 81 patients (27.36%) matched both their weights and tracheal tube (LMA/ET) size with the predicted values as per their respective zones. Pearson's Chi-square test was applied to assess the significance of the difference between the number of patients matching and not matching their weight, LMA/ET tube, and both weight and LMA/ET tube with their corresponding color zones as per the Broselow tape. For all the above parameters, the differences were found to be not significant for p-value <0.05. Conclusions Broselow tape (BT) is applicable in acute trauma settings where it can be used for estimating weight and ET/LMA sizes in an emergency situation where weight measurement is not feasible.

Effectiveness of Organic Waste Material Noise Dampening in Minimizing Noise Levels in Animal Feed Industry Machinery

Animal feed production machine specially in pellet machine to produce cylindrical animal feed, there is a pressing screw which high noise intensity. The industry has production machinery with high noise exposure and organic waste that can function as noise damping material. The aims of study to determine the effectiveness of noise absorbers from organic materials on machines. Methods of research is experimental. The object used the production machinery that will be intervened with organic damper on machines then measured by instruments: Sound Level Meter (noise intensity) and ArcGis 10.3 application for noise mapping areas. Analysis of research data with Wilcoxon test. The results showed that the noise intensity of machines exceeded the threshold limited value, an average of 96,75 and 97,35 dBA per 8 hours/day with the most red color zones. After using noise dampers, the noise intensity on the machine decreased to an average of 84,85 and 85,25 dBA/8 hours/day with the most green color zones. Statistical test results with a p-value of 0.000 show that there is a difference before and after the application of noise absorbers on machines. This study shows the effectiveness of organic waste material noise absorbers in minimizing noise levels in animal feed industry machinery.

Enterobacter hormaechei KIMS8 and Enterobacter cloacae KIMS10 isolated from Kapuas River, Kalimantan, Indonesia as indigenous multi-resistant bacteria to copper and dyes

Abstract. Irawati W, Timothy M, Soentoro SE, Pinontoan R, Yuwono T, Lindarto V. 2022. Enterobacter hormaechei KIMS8 and Enterobacter cloacae KIMS10 isolated from Kapuas River, Kalimantan, Indonesia as indigenous multi-resistant bacteria to copper and dyes. Biodiversitas 23: 6661-6668. Study on the characterization of multiple copper and dyes resistance in bacteria has so far been quite limited. It is, therefore, of interest to isolate and characterize such bacteria. The study was aimed to isolate bacteria from the Kapuas River in Indonesia and measuring copper resistance as well as dye-resistance and decolorization abilities. Copper resistance was determined by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of copper, while dye-resistance was measured by observing changes in colony color and clear zone formation and decolorization ability was determined by spectrophotometry. It was found that 2 out of the 15 isolated strains showed the highest copper resistance with the MIC of 7 mM. The two bacterial strains KIMS8 and KIMS10, were grown in solid media supplemented with 300 ppm of methylene blue or reactive black dye. Bacterial decolorization assays showed that KIMS8 was able to decolorize up to 90% methylene dye and up to 11.3% of reactive black dye whereas KIMS10 was able to decolorize 94.9% of methylene blue dye and 12.1% of reactive black dye. Molecular characterization by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of these two strains showed that KIMS8 and KIMS10 were identified as Enterobacter hormaechei and E. cloacae, respectively.

Characteristics of the Colour Zones and Inclusions in Unusual Multicoloured Quartz from Brazil

Characteristics of the Colour Zones and Inclusions in Unusual Multicoloured Quartz from Brazil