Color Variability Research Articles

"Warm in Winter and Cool in Summer": Scalable Biochameleon Inspired Temperature-Adaptive Coating with Easy Preparation and Construction.

The highly reflective solar radiation of passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) increases heating energy consumption in the cold winter. Inspired by the temperature-adaptive skin color of chameleon, we efficiently combine temperature-adaptive solar absorption and PDRC technology to achieve "warm in winter and cool in summer". The temperature-adaptive radiative cooling coating (TARCC) with color variability is designed and fabricated, achieving 41% visible light regulation capability. Comprehensive seasonal outdoor tests confirm the reliability of the TARCC: in summer, the TARCC exhibits high solar reflectance (∼93%) and atmospheric transmission window emittance (∼94%), resulting in a 6.5 K subambient temperature. In the winter, the TARCC's dark color strongly absorbs solar radiation, resulting in a 4.3 K temperature rise. Compared with PDRC coatings, the TARCC can save up to 20% of annual energy in midlatitude regions and increase suitable human hours by 55%. With its low cost, easy preparation, and simple construction, the TARCC shows promise for achieving sustainable and comfortable indoor environments.

Standardizing HER2 immunohistochemistry assessment: calibration of color and intensity variation in whole slide imaging caused by staining and scanning

In the evaluation of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) immunohistochemistry (IHC) — one of the standard biomarkers for breast cancer— visual assessment is laborious and subjective. Image analysis using whole slide image (WSI) could produce more consistent results; however, color variability in WSIs due to the choice of stain and scanning processes may impact image analysis. We therefore developed a calibration protocol to diminish the staining and scanning variations of WSI using two calibrator slides. The IHC calibrator slide (IHC-CS) contains peptide-coated microbeads with different concentrations. The color distribution obtained from the WSI of stained IHC-CS reflects the staining process and scanner characteristics. A color chart slide (CCS) is also useful for calibrating the color variation due to the scanner. The results of the automated HER2 assessment were compared to confirm the effectiveness of two calibration slides. The IHC-CS and HER2 breast cancer cases were stained on different days. All stained slides and CCS were digitized by two different WSI scanners. Results revealed 100% concordance between automated evaluation and the pathologist’s assessment with both the scanner and staining calibration. The proposed method may enable consistent evaluation of HER2.

Weakly supervised human skin segmentation using guidance attention mechanisms

Human skin segmentation is a crucial task in computer vision and biometric systems, yet it poses several challenges such as variability in skin colour, pose, and illumination. This paper presents a robust data-driven skin segmentation method for a single image that addresses these challenges through the integration of contextual information and efficient network design. In addition to robustness and accuracy, the integration into real-time systems requires a careful balance between computational power, speed, and performance. The proposed method incorporates two attention modules, Body Attention and Skin Attention, that utilize contextual information to improve segmentation results. These modules draw attention to the desired areas, focusing on the body boundaries and skin pixels, respectively. Additionally, an efficient network architecture is employed in the encoder part to minimize computational power while retaining high performance. To handle the issue of noisy labels in skin datasets, the proposed method uses a weakly supervised training strategy, relying on the Skin Attention module. The results of this study demonstrate that the proposed method is comparable to, or outperforms, state-of-the-art methods on benchmark datasets.

Auto-pore segmentation of digital microscopic leather images for species identification

In leather images, precise pore segmentation is a necessary medium for accurate species prediction. However, due to foreground color, texture, size, and boundary variability, traditional methods encounter false segmentation. This paper proposes a deep learning-based novel auto-pore segmentation network (ApSnet). It aims to automatically segment the species-definite pores from novel digital microscopic leather image data. The ApSnet learns the pore regions from raw and the corresponding ground-truth images. The images undergo patch-based image augmentation to fasten the learning process. The depth and the concatenations of the existing Unet are reduced to design the simple and shallow ApSnet. The weighted average loss function strengthens the image understanding to segment the accurate pore pixels. The experimental analysis affirms the superior performance of the proposed ApSnet against Unet, Unet++, and I-Unet. The study also validates ApSnet with KDSB18 and KVasir-SEG datasets for medical image segmentation. It also tests the robustness of ApSnet on the leather images with fuzzy textures. Finally, the k-nearest neighbor (KNN) model learns and classifies the features from the ApSnet segmented images with 97.4% accuracy. Thus, the analysis proves that precise pore segmentation is indispensable in interpreting species-distinct pore features. Therefore, the present work develops a human–computer interactive platform for accurate leather species prediction by designing a computationally efficient ApSnet-based segmentation model.

High-intensity ultrasound improves color and oxidative stability of beef from grain-fed and pasture-fed Nellore cattle

This research aimed to evaluate the influence of high-intensity ultrasound (HIU) levels (control: 0; high: 747.79; ultra-high: 1344.17 Wcm−2) on pH, instrumental color (redness, R630/580, hue angle and chroma) and oxidative stability (lipid and protein oxidation) of Psoas major (PM) muscle from Nellore cattle raised in two feeding systems: grain and pasture. Using a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach, the relations (P > 0.05) between exogenous (HIU levels) and endogenous (pH, color, lipid and protein oxidation) variables were observed. In beef from grain-fed animals the pH was directly and negatively related to lipid oxidation (γ = −0.321), hue angle (γ = −0.847) and chroma (γ = −0.442) and protein oxidation (γ = −0.752). In PM from pasture-fed HIU exhibited a negative relation with lipid (γ = −0.144) and protein (γ = −0.743) oxidation, suggesting a possible positive influence on the oxidative stability of meat and a positive relation with redness (γ = 0.197) and R630/580 (γ = 0.379). The HIU positively influenced the color and oxidative stability of beef from Bos indicus cattle, and a synergistic effect of HIU and feeding system on beef from pasture-fed animals.

BAWGNet: Boundary aware wavelet guided network for the nuclei segmentation in histopathology images

Precise cell nucleus segmentation is very critical in many biologically related analyses and disease diagnoses. However, the variability in nuclei structure, color, and modalities of histopathology images make the automatic computer-aided nuclei segmentation task very difficult. Traditional encoder–decoder based deep learning schemes mainly utilize the spatial domain information that may limit the performance of recognizing small nuclei regions in subsequent downsampling operations. In this paper, a boundary aware wavelet guided network (BAWGNet) is proposed by incorporating a boundary aware unit along with an attention mechanism based on a wavelet domain guidance in each stage of the encoder–decoder output. Here the high-frequency 2 Dimensional discrete wavelet transform (2D-DWT) coefficients are utilized in the attention mechanism to guide the spatial information obtained from the encoder–decoder output stages to leverage the nuclei segmentation task. On the other hand, the boundary aware unit (BAU) captures the nuclei’s boundary information, ensuring accurate prediction of the nuclei pixels in the edge region. Furthermore, the preprocessing steps used in our methodology confirm the data’s uniformity by converting it to similar color statistics. Extensive experimentations conducted on three benchmark histopathology datasets (DSB, MoNuSeg and TNBC) exhibit the outstanding segmentation performance of the proposed method (with dice scores 90.82%, 85.74%, and 78.57%, respectively). Implementation of the proposed architecture is available at https://github.com/tamjidimtiaz/BAWGNet.

Mixture design and multivariate image analysis to monitor the colour of strawberry yoghurt purée

Food colour is a commercial added value, since it represents the first appealing factor for consumers. In this context, this study was aimed at evaluating the effect of strawberry yoghurt purée (SYP) formulation on the corresponding colour and on its variation over time, which is mainly due to degradation and browning phenomena. To this aim, a combined approach was used that included mixture design and multivariate analysis of RGB images. Strawberry purée, sugar, lemon juice and two types of thickener were mixed in different proportions by I-optimal mixture design to obtain 44 SYP formulations. The samples were subjected to light and temperature stress conditions for five weeks; during this time the RGB images of the samples were acquired using a flatbed scanner, along with the images of the corresponding control samples. The dimensionality of the acquired images was reduced by two different approaches: i) the conversion of images into signals, namely colourgrams, which can be seen as the colour fingerprint of the imaged samples, and ii) the calculation of the median values of various colour-related parameters. The colourgrams dataset was then subjected to exploratory data analysis using Principal Component Analysis, while the median values of colour-related parameters were analysed using Response Surface Methodology and Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis. The aim of data analysis was both to find the best colour parameters to describe colour variability over time, and to investigate the cause-effect relationship between mixture proportions and colour response. The results highlighted that, among the considered colour parameters, relative green (i.e., the ratio of green to lightness) and red could be used to monitor colour changes. Colour variation due to stress conditions was more pronounced for samples with a high percentage of strawberry purée, and the type of thickener also affected the colour degradation kinetics.

Assessment of Color Reproducibility and Mitigation of Color Variation in Whole Slide Image Scanners for Toxicologic Pathology.

Digital pathology workflows in toxicologic pathology rely on whole slide images (WSIs) from histopathology slides. Inconsistent color reproduction by WSI scanners of different models and from different manufacturers can result in different color representations and inter-scanner color variation in the WSIs. Although pathologists can accommodate a range of color variation during their evaluation of WSIs, color variability can degrade the performance of computational applications in digital pathology. In particular, color variability can compromise the generalization of artificial intelligence applications to large volumes of data from diverse sources. To address these challenges, we developed a process that includes two modules: (1) assessing the color reproducibility of our scanners and the color variation among them and (2) applying color correction to WSIs to minimize the color deviation and variation. Our process ensures consistent color reproduction across WSI scanners and enhances color homogeneity in WSIs, and its flexibility enables easy integration as a post-processing step following scanning by WSI scanners of different models and from different manufacturers.

Multiwavelength Temporal Variability of the Blazar PKS 1510–089

We perform correlation and periodicity search analyses on long-term multiband light curves of the flat-spectrum radio quasar PKS 1510−089 observed by the space-based Fermi-Large Area Telescope in γ-rays, the SMARTS and Steward Observatory telescopes in optical and near-infrared (NIR), and the 13.7 m radio telescope in Metsähovi Radio Observatory between 2008 and 2018. The z-transform discrete correlation function method is applied to study the correlation and possible time lags among these multiband light curves. Among all pairs of wavelengths, the γ-ray versus optical/NIR and optical versus NIR correlations show zero time lags; however, both the γ-ray and optical/NIR emissions precede the radio radiation. The generalized Lomb–Scargle periodogram, weighted wavelet z-transform, and REDFIT techniques are employed to investigate the unresolved core emission–dominated 37 GHz light curve and yield evidence for a quasi period around 1540 days, although given the length of the whole data set it cannot be claimed to be significant. We also investigate the optical/NIR color variability and find that this source shows a simple redder-when-brighter behavior over time, even in the low-flux state.

Exploring the morphological and genetic diversity of Egyptian basil landraces (Ocimum sp.) for future breeding strategies

BackgroundBasil (Ocimum sp.) exhibits significant morphological and genetic diversity. This variation provides an opportunity to identify novel traits that can be used in breeding programs to improve the productivity, quality, and disease resistance of basil plants. The integration of morphological and genetic data for basil varieties can improve our understanding of biodiversity, conservation, and breeding programs.ResultsIn 2019, we conducted a comprehensive investigation on 25 basil landraces collected from 12 Egyptian governorates to explore their morphological and genetic diversity. Morphological characterization revealed variability in plant vigor, flower color, cyme shape, and leaf shape, indicating distinct growth patterns and potential for specific applications. Productivity and biochemical evaluation demonstrated significant variation in yield and oil distillation, identifying top-performing landraces L5, L11, and L24 that can be used in breeding programs to optimize performance and reduce environmental impact. The genetic diversity of the landraces was investigated using 11 SCoT primers revealed high levels of genetic diversity among landraces, with a wide range of polymorphism variation. The phylogenetic analysis identified two distinct clades, providing valuable insights into genetic diversity and relationships between different landraces. An interesting observation was made in the study, whereby L6 and L13, collected from Fayoum and Port-Said, respectively, were found to be the closest landraces. Following closely were L7 and L14, which were also collected from the same governorates. These findings have significant implications for the conservation of these landraces, as they may have evolved from similar species.ConclusionsThis study sheds light on the genetic diversity and relationships among 25 Egyptian basil landraces. Using SCoT markers, a high level of polymorphism was detected, indicating significant variation in the genetic makeup of the landraces. The study also revealed interesting observations regarding the relationships among the landraces, with some landraces appearing to have evolved from similar species. The phylogenetic analysis provided insights into the genetic relationships among the landraces, which can guide conservation efforts and breeding programs. Overall, this study provides valuable information for researchers, breeders, and farmers involved in the conservation, breeding, and utilization of basil genetic resources in Egypt.

Whitening Effect of Juglans regia Dry Husk Extract on Primary and Permanent Teeth.

Walnut is a common member of the family Juglandaceae. Recently, the evaluation of the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the parts of walnut has received increased interest. Many reasons are responsible for teeth discolouration because teeth can absorb ingredients from tea, coffee, and food. Stains from these ingredients could stay in the porous enamel layer. Traditional whitening chemicals have some side effects, the most common of which is tooth sensitivity and mild or moderate gingival irritation. The aims of this comparative experimental study were to evaluate the whitening effect of Juglans regia dry husk extract and compare it with that of traditional prophylactic pumice. Forty human teeth were collected. Amongst these teeth, 20 were permanent, and the other 20 were primary. Each group was randomly divided into a study group (treated with dry husk extract) and a control group (treated with traditional pumice). Tooth colour was measured with Easy VitaShade Advanced 4.0, and the readings of lightness, chroma, and hue (a∗ represents the green to red axis and b∗ represents the blue to yellow axis) were documented for each tooth before and after polishing. A statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (version 22; Chicago, Illinois, USA). Data were analysed using Shapiro-Wilk, Wilcoxon sum rank, and Wilcoxon signed rank tests, and the level of significance was set to 0.05. A normality test was conducted using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and it showed that the colour variables were not normally distributed. With regard to tooth lightness, significant differences were observed in the primary and permanent teeth and Juglans regia exerted a much better whitening effect than pumice at p < 0.05. This study supports the use of Juglans regia dry husk extract in dentistry as a natural product with a whitening effect. It has utilisation potential in dentistry due to its beneficial properties and highly active components.

Postharvest characteristics of Ataulfo mango grown in Soconusco, Chiapas

Objective: To determine the main indices of evolution of postharvest maturity of theAtaulfo mango from Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico.Design/methodology/approach: The analyzed variables were color of skin L*, a* and b*, starch, total soluble solids (°Brix), pH, skin instrumental firmness, and color/skin firmness correlation.Results: It was found that, as fruit maturity progresses, from stage 1 to stage 5, the values of the variables skin color L, a* and b*, TSS and pH also increase, but starch concentration and instrumental firmness of the fruit decrease. The negative correlation between color L, a* and b* with the firmness of the fruit, suggest the use of the color variable, as a measure of the maturity of the Ataulfo mango.Limitations on study/implications: The evolution of mango ripening has been studied in varieties such as Tommy Atkins, Keitt, Alphonso, among others, and in Ataulfo grown in other regions of Mexico. Knowing the physicochemical evolution process of the Ataulfo mango grown in Soconusco, Chiapas, is essential for producers.Findings/conclusions: The results obtained could be useful to determine the maturity stage of the Ataulfo mango fruit under the environmental conditions of Soconusco, Chiapas.

Organoleptic Test of Eco-enzyme : Fermentation of Banana Peel Waste

Prevention of environmental damage can be done by recycling household waste both organic and inorganic. One of them is by making eco-enzymes made from banana peel waste which is found in the environment. This study aims to determine the level of respondents' liking based on organoleptic test variables. This research method is an experiment that includes making eco-enzymes, and organoleptic tests consisting of aroma, color and texture variables. Data analysis was carried out in a qualitative descriptive way by looking at the level of respondents' liking. The results showed that the average respondent chose a brown color with a percentage of 90%, yellow 7%, and colorless 3%. The scent variable respondents chose sour odor by 70% and other aromas 30%. While the texture of all respondents chose the composition of liquid eco-enzyme. This is due to the metabolic activity of microorganisms that result in the breakdown of substrates by bacteria resulting in changes in the aroma, color and texture of banana peels. The conclusion of this study is that the use of banana peel as the basic ingredient for making eco-enzyme affects the respondents' level of liking. Eco-enzyme can be used as a natural fertilizer for plant growth and can reduce household waste.

Exploration of the composition of ancient glass artifacts based on optimization algorithms

The Silk Road facilitated exchanges between East and West, where glass played a significant role. However, ancient glass artifacts are susceptible to weathering, leading to changes in their chemical composition. This article explores the relationship between weathering and explanatory variables of glass type, color, and decoration. It presents a method for predicting the weathering degree of glass artifacts and their chemical composition content before weathering. Descriptive statistics are used to calculate the weathering degree and variation of each chemical component content, allowing for quantification of the impact of weathering on the proportion of chemical components. Logistic regression is used to obtain regression coefficients of the weathering degree and other attributes. Various measures, including correlation coefficients and significance tests, are calculated to assess the predictive power of the explanatory variables. The proposed method is valid for predicting the chemical composition proportion data before weathering, which aids further research in the archaeological field. Overall, this article provides a comprehensive approach to understanding the effect of weathering on ancient glass artifacts and predicting their chemical composition content before weathering.

Genetic variability of mutant rice (Oryza sativa) genotype induced by gamma rays

Abstract. Ishak I. 2023. Genetic variability of mutant rice (Oryza sativa) genotype induced by gamma rays. Biodiversitas 24: 3300-3306. Rice seeds of Sidenuk cultivars were irradiated by gamma rays creating a broad spectrum of genetic variability among individual plants at M3 generation progeny. Gamma Irradiated seeds created Mutation among the somatic cells population in mature embryos at M1 generations. Somatic cell mutation influenced the genetic structures of gametes cells formation on gametogenesis at M1 plants. Observation of M2 plants showed that black and brown colors of rice's pericarp were found with rice's lemma, and palea color was different compared to the wild type (Sidenuk cultivars). Seven plants with black rice pericarp colors out of 330 were obtained at M2 plants. Chlorophyll mutation was observed at M4 generation; the results showed that chimera, green, and albino leaf blade was obtained in several individual plants. There were also the variability of Palea and lemma colors among individual plant such as green, white, and purple. The cellular biology approach will explain these mutations before molecular biology identification is made.

PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE ORGANOLEPTIC QUALITY OF CORN-COWPEA COOKIES MADE FROM COMPOSITE CORN AND COWPEA FLOUR AS AN ANTIDIABETIC ALTERNATIVE FOODS

Corn and cowpea from Kisar Island have been reported to have nutritional content. With its nutritional content, it will be very useful if it is combined into a cookies product that can be developed especially for diabetics. In order to be used in the manufacture of cookies, it is necessary to know the correct formulation between corn flour and cowpea flour, especially in local varieties from South West Maluku District, and also to know the organoleptic value of corn-cowpea cookies products. Thus, the purpose of this study was to test the organoleptic results of Corn-cowpea cookies with corn flour and cowpea flour as the basic ingredients. This study consisted of three combination treatments of corn flour and cowpea, namely P1 (50: 50), P2 (80: 20), and P3 (90: 10) with 3 replications. Assessment of organoleptic quality was carried out to 25 panelists which included crispness, texture, taste, color and smell. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively in the form of hedonic percentages of panelists on products with categories of strongly dislike, dislike, somewhat like, like, and really like. The results showed that on the crispness variable as much as 12% of the panelists really liked the P2 treatment (80: 20). On the texture variable, 20% of the panelists really liked the P2 treatment. For the taste variable, 8% of the panelists really liked the P3 treatment. On the color variable, 16% of the panelists really liked the P3 treatment, and for the smell variable, 12% of the panelists really liked P3. Based on these results, it can be concluded that for the variable of crispness and texture, the panelists liked the P2 treatment the most, while for the taste, color, and smell variables, the panelists liked P3 the most. Thus, the most acceptable treatment by the panelists was the combination treatment of corn and cowpea flour 80: 20 and 90: 10 (P2 and P3).

Impact of extreme climatic events on the total suspended matter concentrations in coastal waters using OceanSat-2 observations

Variations in rainfall and associated erosion levels on the land are the main factor that determines seasonal shifts in coastal ocean color variables. Extreme climate and weather events such as floods and rainfall induced landslides can cause significant impact on water quality property in coastal areas. Studies showing quantitative variability of total suspended matter (TSM) in coastal waters in response to extreme rainfall events are rarely attempted due to the lack of observational and cloud free satellite data products. Here, we investigate the effects of extreme floods that occurred during 14–19 August 2018 in the Western Ghats, and their impacts on TSM concentrations in coastal waters by analyzing OceanSat-2 images. Our results show that the TSM level during the flood stages was more than twice that of normal periods. The excess amount of sediment load from terrigenous sources transported through the rivers has impacted in high TSM concentrations (>23 mg/l) in the coastal waters as compared to normal conditions (<10 mg/l). Furthermore, we noticed that the strong wind mixing and its directionality had a significant impact on resuspension of TSM distributions and their dispersal pathways in Kerala coast.

Morphological variations in some brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) genotypes

Fifteen brinjal genotypes were grown under field condition during the period from September 2019 to March 2020 to study the variation in their morphological characters. Based on the growth habit, the genotypes were classified as erect, semi-erect, and spreading types. Hair was observed generally on the leaf and stem while variability in spine, fruit color, and fruit shape were found among the genotypes. Days to first fruit harvest ranged from 79.67 to 103 days, while the leaf area ranged from 44.33 to 83.67 cm in the genotypes studied. The highest values for the fruit length and breadth had the means of 37.93 and 8.03 cm, respectively. The number of fruits per plant ranged from 9 to 23 with an average yield of 1.08 to 7.65 kg per plant. This study revealed significant morphological variations among the genotypes evaluated, which could be utilized into future breeding programs. Bangladesh J. Agri. 2023, 48(1): 123-129

NEW DATA ON THE FAUNA OF LEAF-BEETLES (COLEOPTERA, CHRYSOMELIDAE) FROM THE SOUTH OF THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST

Four species are recorded from Russia for the first time: Altica cirsicola Ohno 1960, Neocrepidodera recticollis (Jacoby 1885), Sphaeroderma tarsatum Baly 1874 and Cassida koreana Borowiec Cho 2011. A new colour form of Cryptocephalus flavoscutellaris Medvedev 1973 is described from Sakhalin. The variability of body coloration in Cryptocephalus nigrofasciatus Jacoby 1885 is discussed. The following synonymy is confirmed: Cryptocephalus nigrofasciatus Jacoby 1885 = Cryptocephalus turpis Chen 1942. Two taxa, Cryptocephalus sagamensis Tomov 1982 from South Korea and C. nigrofasciatus are probably conspecific. A new record of Altica caerulescens (Baly 1874) from Russia is provided and its differences from Altica viridicyanea (Baly 1874) are given. New data on the rare Aphthona ussuriensis Romantsov 2021 and Monolepta pallidula (Baly 1874) are presented. The status of three similar species of the genus Sphaeroderma Stephens 1831 (S. fuscicorne Baly 1864, S. akebiae Ohno 1964 and S. unicolor Kimoto 1965) is discussed. А new identification key to all species of this genus from the Russian Far East is compiled. Characters for distinguishing Cassida koreana Borowiec Cho 2011 from Cassida vespertina Boheman 1862 are given. Dorsal habitus photographs of adults and their genitalia are provided for all aforementioned species and their close allies.

Using Bayesian regulated neural network (BRNN) to predict the effect of plasma treatment on the fading effect of cotton fabric

The utilization of plasma treatment as a technique for fading the colours on textiles is an environmentally friendly approach. However, the challenge lies in the continuous adjustment of its parameters to attain desired fading colour effects. This is due to the unclear mechanism causing changes in fading effect as a result of alterations in plasma treatment parameters. This research endeavours to predict the alteration of fading effect after plasma treatment of cotton fabrics under varying parameters through the development of a prediction system based on a Bayesian Regulated Neural Network (BRNN) with 10-fold cross-validation. Through a modular approach, the inputs for the training of BRNN models include initial values of plasma treatment parameters such as colour depth, air (oxygen) concentration, water content, treatment time, and one of the CIE L*a*b* values and K/S values corresponding to cotton materials. The outputs, trained individually by four independent BRNN models, are the final values of four colour variables: CIE L*, CIE a*, CIE b* and K/S. The models were trained and validated through the Bayesian Regularization Algorithm and 10-fold cross-validation on 192 data sets, yielding fitted coefficients of determination R2 of 0.9956, 0.9976, 0.9980 and 0.9687, respectively. Approximately 87.5% − 91.67% of predicted colours were within the range of imperceptible or acceptable differences from actual colours. Hence, the developed artificial intelligence system can aid textile finishers in adjusting the plasma colour fading machine’s parameter settings and selected recipes, thus enhancing efficiency and reducing cost and trial time.