Standard Color Research Articles

Layered B2O3/CsPbBr3 perovskite composite embedded using glass as microreactor with enhanced stability and high-efficiency light extraction

Lead halide perovskite quantum dots are considered to be one of the best candidates for the next generation of light conversion materials. However, their practical application is greatly hindered by its intrinsic poor stability and once exposed to air, heat moisture and illumination. Here, we report a novel reaction scheme that allows the simultaneous production of high-quality CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (NCs), self-healing process that optimized the crystallinity of CsPbBr3 NCs, and the formation of a protective coating layered structure of a densely packed two-dimensional B2O3 crystals with the assistance of water. Due to the inherent refractive index mismatch in the B2O3-CsPbBr3-B2O3 (B-C-B) laminated structure, excellent light extraction efficiency was achieved. The resulted layered B2O3/CsPbBr3 perovskite composite showed exceptionally high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY ∼90%) and excellent stability over 2 years under normal storage condition. A high-performance backlight liquid crystal display (LCD) was designed as B2O3/CsPbBr3 @ K2SiF6: Mn4+ (KSF: Mn4+) @ polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) monolithic film, which featured an optimal white emission (with correlated color temperature of 5327 K), that covered 130% of NTSC standard color gamut area of CIE1931, thereby demonstrating a great application potential in the optoelectronics industry.

Condition and Coloration of Lingual Lures of Alligator Snapping Turtles

The lingual lures of Macrochelys (alligator snapping turtles) are believed to be the only prey-capturing lures within the mouths of modern reptiles. To date, no formal assessment of lure condition in Macrochelys has been published, and few researchers record lure data. Herein, we report damaged or missing lures from 25 Macrochelys temminckii (Alligator Snapping Turtle; 7 adults, 18 juveniles) from a sample of more than 2000 lure assessments in 4 states, indicating this is a rare occurrence. We also describe lingual lure color observed in these assessments and introduce standardized terminology and color categories. We suggest researchers record data on the condition and coloration of the lingual lure to further our understanding of this ecological and evolutionary adaptation.

FEATURES OF COLOR LASER MARKING ON METALS

In the research carried out at the Rezekne Academy of Technology, the technology for color laser marking on chromium-nickel base and other metal bases was used in industrial production from the point of view of the repeatability and stability of the produced color markings. The study and research was done during the Erasmus internship by the authors at the Academy of Technology in Rezekne, Latvia. For this purpose, an AISI 304 color palette consisting of fifteen colors was developed and implemented. After the practical experiments, the dependence of the obtained colors on the various parameters of the laser processing was analyzed. The resulting colors were then tested using optical, scanning electron and atomic force microscopy, and the configuration of the oxide films was determined by Raman spectroscopy. The resulting colors are of appropriate uniformity, brightness and cover almost all spectral zones, and the resulting colors are of many times better quality than other metallic bases. A color standardization and palette repeatability test was also performed by evaluating the reflectance spectra of the formed colors. The color palette demonstrated high repeatability for all but one particular color. In parallel, the stability of the color markings was studied in terms of environmental, mechanical and chemical resistance. The resulting colors show high resistance to most environmental conditions; however, exposure to very high temperatures and extreme humidity (100 °C, 90%) and to low temperatures and extreme humidity (-40 °C, 90%) results in degradation of several colors. Colored brands show high hardness and excellent mechanical resistance to external influences and exceptional resistance to various chemicals, except for acid solutions and salts.

Methods for real-time feature-guided image fusion of intrasurgical volumetric optical coherence tomography with digital microscopy.

4D-microscope-integrated optical coherence tomography (4D-MIOCT) is an emergent multimodal imaging technology in which live volumetric OCT (4D-OCT) is implemented in tandem with standard stereo color microscopy. 4D-OCT provides ophthalmic surgeons with many useful visual cues not available in standard microscopy; however it is challenging for the surgeon to effectively integrate cues from simultaneous-but-separate imaging in real-time. In this work, we demonstrate progress towards solving this challenge via the fusion of data from each modality guided by segmented 3D features. In this way, a more readily interpretable visualization that combines and registers important cues from both modalities is presented to the surgeon.

Estimating Surface Concentrations of Calanus finmarchicus Using Standardised Satellite-Derived Enhanced RGB Imagery

Calanus finmarchicus is a keystone zooplankton species that is commercially harvested and is critical in sustaining many important fisheries in the North Atlantic. However, due to their patchy population distributions, they are notoriously difficult to map using traditional ship-based techniques. This study involves the use of a combined approach of standardized ocean colour imagery and radiative transfer modelling to identify reflectance anomalies potentially caused by surface swarms of C. finmarchicus in the northern Norwegian Sea. Here, we have standardized satellite eRGB imagery that depicts a distinct ‘red’ patch, which coincides with in situ measurements of high surface concentrations of C. finmarchicus. Anomaly mapping using a novel colour matching technique shows a high degree of anomaly within this patch compared to the surrounding waters, indicating the presence of something other than the standard bio-optical model constituents influencing the optics of the water column. Optical closure between modelled and satellite-derived reflectance signals is achieved (and the anomaly is significantly reduced) through the addition of C. finmarchicus absorption into the model. Estimations of the surface concentrations of C. finmarchicus suggest between 80,000 and 150,000 individuals m−3 within the extent of the identified red patch. Furthermore, analysis of the impact of C. finmarchicus absorption on the OC3M algorithm performance points to the potential for the algorithm to over-estimate chlorophyll concentrations if C. finmarchicus populations are present in the surface waters.

Injection-Molded Isotactic Polypropylene Colored with Green Transparent and Opaque Pigments.

Polypropylene (PP) belongs among the most important commodity plastics due to its widespread application. The color of the PP products can be achieved by the addition of pigments, which can dramatically affect its material characteristics. To maintain product consistency (dimensional, mechanical, and optical), knowledge of these implications is of great importance. This study investigates the effect of transparent/opaque green masterbatches (MBs) and their concentration on the physico-mechanical and optical properties of PP produced by injection molding. The results showed that selected pigments had different nucleating abilities, affecting the dimensional stability and crystallinity of the product. The rheological properties of pigmented PP melts were affected as well. Mechanical testing showed that the presence of both pigments increased the tensile strength and Young's modulus, while the elongation at break was significantly increased only for the opaque MB. The impact toughness of colored PP with both MBs remained similar to that of neat PP. The optical properties were well controlled by the dosing of MBs, and were further related to the RAL color standards, as demonstrated by CIE color space analysis. Finally, the selection of appropriate pigments for PP should be considered, especially in areas where dimensional and color stability, as well as product safety, are highly important.

Color and NICU Design.

The appropriate use of color in healthcare settings has been a topic of interest for designers and researchers, and the need for evidence-based standards evident. The purpose of this article is to summarize recent research on color as applicable to neonatal intensive care units and to propose standards for color in these settings. Research on this topic is limited due to difficulties associated with constructing research protocols, challenges in setting parameters for the independent variable (color), and the need to simultaneously address infants, families, and caregivers. For our literature review, the following research question was developed: Does the use of color in the design of the neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) impact health outcomes in newborn infants, families, and/or staff? Using Arksey and O'Malley's framework for conducting a structured literature review, we (1) identified the research question, (2) identified relevant studies, (3) selected studies, and (4) collated and summarized the results. Only four papers were found regarding NICUs, so the search was expanded to include related healthcare and authors reporting on best practice. Overall, the primary research focused on behavioral or physiological outcomes including the role of wayfinding and art, the impact of lighting on color, and tools for evaluating the impact of color. Best practice recommendations sometimes reflected the primary research but occasionally provided contradictory advice. Based on the reviewed literature, five topics are addressed: palette malleability; the use of the primary colors, blue, red, and yellow; and the relationship between light and color.

Open AccessLack of association between coat color abnormalities in Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) and the coding regions of the MC1R and KIT genes.

Coat color variations in cattle are known to be influenced by the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) and receptor tyrosine kinase (KIT) genes. The presence of coat color abnormalities, such as white spots and albinism, in Bali cattle was the focus of this study. This study aimed to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding region of MC1R and exons 2 and 3 of KIT associated with coat color abnormalities in Bali cattle. The study included the analysis of 48 Bali cattle, including 20 individuals with standard coat color, 15 with white spots, and 13 with albinism. Total DNA was extracted using a DNA Extraction Kit, and MC1R (coding region) and KIT (exons 2 and 3) gene amplifications were analyzed using forward and reverse primers with polymerase chain reaction product lengths of 1071, 234, and 448 bp, respectively. The determination of MC1R and KIT gene diversity was analyzed through direct sequencing. Melanocortin 1 receptor and KIT gene sequence data were analyzed using BioEdit and MEGA6 to identify SNPs associated with standard and abnormal coat color phenotypes (white-spotted and albino) in Bali cattle. No SNPs associated with coat color abnormalities were found in the coding region of MC1R and exons 2 and 3 of KIT genes in Bali cattle. However, the intron two regions of KIT contained the SNP g.70208534A>G, which showed a high degree of diversity. The AA genotype frequency was highest in albino Bali cattle, whereas the G allele frequency was highest and the A allele frequency was lowest in white-spotted Bali cattle. The results indicated that standard, white-spotted, and albino coat colors in Bali cattle could not be distinguished by analyzing the MC1R and KIT genes.

Prototype for rapid test devices to detect residues of sulfonamides in chicken carcasses from traditional breeders in Surabaya, Indonesia.

Sulfadiazine, one of the sulfonamide group's active compounds, is widely used for therapeutic production against several diseases. Veterinary drug residues can have a significant impact on human health conditions. This study aimed to develop a prototype of rapid test devices (RTDs) for detecting sulfadiazine residues on chicken carcasses based on the color indication. Seven samples of carcasses collected from traditional breeders in Surabaya-Indonesia were prepared and tested using RTDs. This sample represents the population considering that in the last report, the use of antibiotics was more than 40%, while the ability to monitor RTDs was estimated at 100. The standard color of purple by Hex code standard color or decimal code color was used to compare the positive samples. A light-emitting diode (LED) lamp was used to observe purple color. Analysis of sulfonamides resulting from RTDs was compared using a ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. Sulfonamides contamination levels of 50% and 100% were detected at concentrations of 0.472 μg/mL and 0.642 μg/mL, respectively. Sulfonamides contamination that was <0.395 μg/mL did not appear purple. The study's findings showed that RTDs can be used to detect sulfonamides residues at a limit of detection 0.5 mg/mL after a 45 min exposure to an LED operating at a wavelength of 980 nm (p < 0.05). The limitation of RTDs was not being able to monitor the presence of residues bound in fat samples. Rapid test devices can be developed for commonly monitoring devices due to the limited technology available in the market.

Emission Enhancement of Eu3+ Ions in LiY(PO3)4 Phosphate Phosphors via Anionic SO4 2− Substitution

Eu3+-doped LiY(PO3)4(1-x)(SO4)4x (LYSO:Eu) phosphors are synthesized by high-temperature solid-phase method. The crystal structure, microscopic morphology and photo-spectrographic characteristics are analyzed respectively. The phosphor exhibits the strongest excitation peak at 397 nm, which indicates that the sample can be effectively excited by the near-ultraviolet/ultraviolet LED chip. The characteristic emission peaks of Eu3+ ion 5D0→7FJ (J = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) are observed from the PL spectrum, and the orange emission peak originating from the magnetic dipole transition 5D0→7F1 of Eu3+ is located near 597 nm. When the SO4 2− concentration exceeds 22.5 mol%, the quenching of the phosphor occurs. The Eu3+ emission still retains 78.8% of the initial strength at 495 K, with excellent thermal stability. The emission intensity is decreased with the increase of SO4 2− concentration, indicating that the SO4 2− co-doping leads to an increase in the probability of non-radiative transitions. The best quantum efficiency of the LiY0.95(PO3)2.6(SO4)1.4: 0.05Eu3+ sample is 86.65%, and the CIE chromaticity coordinates of this sample are (0.653, 0.347), which are close to the international standard red color coordinates (0.67, 0.33). These results indicate that LYSO:Eu has a good application in NUV/UV excited white LEDs. Influence of anionic substitutions of SO4 2− on the optical properties is discussed.

RENAL14: Colorimetric Detection App as a Component of a Blood-Free Test Kit for Home Detection of Inflammation Markers

Background: Inflammation is a central driver of chronic kidney and heart disease. Presently, other than conventional blood-based lab tests, no rapid testing method exists to readily diagnose systemic inflammation. Several inflammation mediators/biomarkers (i.e., MMP9, Cystatin C, IL-6, C-reactive Protein) are present in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) excreted from the periodontal pocket. As GCF may be sampled without the need for blood draw, we created an at-home test kit consisting of a paper microfluidic device for immunodetection, as well as an app adaptable for cell phone use for colorimetric detection and readout of the microfluidic device. Here we test the ability of the companion app to accurately detect color and color intensity change utilizing a standardized color scale. Methods: A kit was designed including: 1) a paper microfluidic device and 2) a companion app for cell phone use. The app was designed with a Python script for colorimetric analysis of biomarker quantitation. The intensity of color change produced within the microfluidic device, as a result of biomarker binding to tagged antibodies, is measured by the application, and a readout of biomarker presence and relative quantitation is produced. The color intensity detection app was validated with three defined shades of red utilizing the Pantone color chart (i.e., Pantone 185, 186, 187) as well as one shade of green (i.e., Pantone 355) to ensure color detection efficacy. App generated color readout, as well as its relative intensity in the form of high, medium, and low, were compared with expected values. Results: The developed app accurately differentiated between colors representative of expected biomarker range. The program readily detected colors on the ROYGBIV spectrum through a readout of “Red” for Pantone 185, 186, 187 and a readout of “Green” for Pantone 355, indicating a 100% color detection accuracy. Detection of color intensity was also seen to be 100% accurate based on readouts of “medium” saturation for Pantone 185 and 186 and “high” for Pantone 187. Presently, some inconsistency is noted related to HSL (hue, saturation, lightness) values compared to an external HSL color generator. Further experimentation is underway to strengthen the consistency and accuracy of this component of the app. Conclusion: A kit system has been designed allowing simple, blood-free detection of inflammation biomarkers associated with heart and kidney disease via GCF sampling and measurement. Detection is based on colorimetric assessment. The color detection and assessment app designed demonstrates high accuracy in terms of color detection and color intensity detection allowing for biomarker quantitation. Further work is underway to enhance app accuracy related to readout hue, saturation and lightness to allow enhanced biomarker quantitation. Full development of this kit system will provide a useful tool for early detection and modification of risk associated with heart and kidney disease.

Colorimetric Signal Readout for the Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds Using a Printable Glass-Based Dielectric Barrier Discharge-Type Helium Plasma Detector.

In this paper, we report on a printable glass-based manufacturing method and a new proof-of-concept colorimetric signal readout scheme for a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD)-type helium plasma photoionization detector. The sensor consists of a millimeter-sized glass chamber manufactured using a printable glass suspension. Plasma inside the chip is generated using a custom-built power supply (900 V and 83.6 kHz), and the detector uses ∼5 W of power. Our new detection scheme is based on detecting the change in the color of plasma after the introduction of target gases. The change in color is first captured by a smartphone camera as a video output. The recorded video is then processed and converted to an image light intensity vs retention time plot (gas chromatogram) using three standard color space models (red, green, blue (RGB), hue, saturation, lightness (HSL), and hue, saturation, value (HSV)) with RGB performing the best among the three models. We successfully detected three different categories of volatile organic compounds using our new detection scheme and a 30-m-long gas chromatography column: (1) straight-chain alkanes (n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, and n-nonane), (2) aromatics (benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene), and (3) polar compounds (acetone, ethanol, and dichloromethane). The best limit of detection of 10 ng was achieved for benzene at room temperature. Additionally, the device showed excellent performance for different types of sample mixtures consisting of three and five compounds. Our new detector readout method combined with our ability to print complex glass structures provides a new research avenue to analyze complex gas mixtures and their components.

Semi-analytical inversion modelling of Chlorophyll a variability in the U.S. Virgin Islands

Coral reef health in the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) is in decline due to land-based sources of pollution associated with watershed development and global climate change. Water quality is a good indicator of stress in these nearshore environments as it plays a key role in determining the health and distribution of coral reef communities. Conventional water quality assessment methods based on in situ measurements are both time consuming and costly, and they lack the spatial coverage and temporal resolution that can be achieved using satellite remote sensing techniques. Water quality parameters (WQPs) such as Chlorophyll a (Chl-a), can be studied remotely using models that account for the inherent optical properties (IOPs) of the water. In this study, empirical based standard ocean color algorithm (OC4) and two semi-analytical algorithms, the Garver–Siegel–Maritorena (GSM) and the Generalized Inherent Optical Properties (GIOP) model, were evaluated in retrieving Chl-a in the nearshore waters of the USVI. GSM and GIOP were also evaluated for modeling inherent optical properties such as absorption coefficient of phytoplankton (aph (443)). Analysis of the results from each model using a field database from six cruises during May/June and December between 2016 and 2018, showed that the OC4 performed poorly with R2 of 0.14 and RMSE = 0.15. Effects of suspended particulates and benthic reflectance most likely contributed to the poor performance of the algorithm. GSM is a slightly better estimator for aph (443) and Chl-a (R2 = 0.55, RMSE = 0.04; R2 = 0.60, RMSE = 0.09) than GIOP (R2 = 0.52, RMSE = 0.05; R2 = 0.17, RMSE = 0.15). Performance of the semi-analytical models are limited in estimating particulate back scattering (bbp (443)) also due to the benthic albedo effects in the shallow waters. The calibrated GSM model was applied to Landsat 8 OLI satellite imagery spanning 2016–2018 to develop a time series of the spatial changes in Chl-a concentrations in the coastal waters of the USVI. The Landsat GSM Chl-a model produced promising results of R2 = 0.45, RMSE = 0.07, in an environment where signal-to-noise ratio is significantly low.

The evaluation of decorated camera housings – A driving simulator study

Traffic enforcement cameras can lead to unwanted side-effects. For instance, red-light cameras at intersections can increase the chance at rear-end collisions, probably caused by slowing down abruptly. Additionally, on the highways, speed cameras could lead to kangaroo-jumps in driving speed. Warning drivers about cameras is a possible solution. Cameras that are uncommonly decorated (e.g. colored in pink or in yellow) may provide better conspicuity compared to those in standard colors like gray. However, besides warning drivers about their presence, more conspicuity of cameras could also distract drivers from the primary driving task. Therefore, the impact of such decoration on safety is unclear. This study evaluates different decorated designs of the camera housing and how such decoration may influence camera's conspicuity and induce distraction while driving.Three camera colored-designs were evaluated (gray, pink, and a mixture of yellow and black) using a driving simulator. Fifty-four participants drove nine different conditions, i.e. three camera-designs in three roadway-settings (basic highway segments, intersections operating during the amber-phase, and intersections with a bicycle-lane). Subjective and objective measures allowed to assess if: 1) decorated camera housings increased conspicuity, 2) signs of distraction could be found, and 3) driving was influenced. In addition to the detection success rate, other eye-tracking parameters were: time-to-first-fixation, fixation count, and average and total fixation duration. Driving measures, i.e. speed, acceleration or deceleration rate, lane-keeping behavior, and minimum time-to-collision, were included to assess if the tested camera-designs impacted driving behavior. Moreover, a post-drive questionnaire assessed the participants' opinions. Using camera colored-designs improved the camera's conspicuity. However, driving measures remained comparable across the three camera-designs. Although the subjective data indicated some distraction from the decorated cameras, clear indications for an effect on traffic safety were lacking. Meanwhile, a little over half of the respondents supported camera decoration. The current study does not allow firm conclusions, and additional research is recommended.

Validation of standard ocean-color chlorophyll-a products in turbid coastal waters: A case study on statistical evaluation and quality control tests in the Persian Gulf

Selecting the appropriate in-situ and satellite matchups is a critical task for evaluating and application of ocean color products in optically complex coastal waters. This article investigates the performance of five single-sensor and two merged multi-sensors Chl-a products in the Persian Gulf. In this study, bio-optical and Chl-a measurements collected from 531 stations in the northern Persian Gulf from 2008 to 2019 were used. In-situ samples were initially controlled to filter out inappropriate datasets. Results indicated that surface measurements may not be representative of satellite-derived Chl-a, and satellite estimations were mostly consistent with Chl-a concentrations in the first optical depth (Chlopt). Statistical analysis showed that all satellite-derived Chl-a products overestimated the Chlopt by 48%–170%, in which Chl-a from Neural-Network and OC5 algorithms yielded the best agreement. Afterwards, the QC tests were designed based on the remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) at 555 nm as a proxy of SPM, Rrs(412)/Rrs(443) as a proxy of CDOM, and Rrs(560)/Rrs(490) as a proxy of Chl-a, to select the matchups with the least interference of Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) on Chl-a. The correlation between Chlopt and satellite-derived Chl-a improved significantly after applying the QC tests (R2 = 0.80–0.89). The valid pixels were determined using matching the results of QC tests and standard level-2 quality flags. Finally, statistical calibration was used to create the final quality controlled calibrated Chl-a maps, using regression coefficients obtained from training/validation exercises and bootstrapping-like techniques applied to the quality-controlled datasets. The findings showed that in turbid coastal waters, standard ocean color Chl-a products cannot be validated only by performing statistical methods, and quality control experiments are necessary for their applications.

Efficient multiplexed label-free detection by flexible MXene/graphene oxide fibers with enhanced charge transfer and hot spots effect

Sensors integrated with sampling and analysis processes are the key in analytical chemistry, environmental protection and national security. However, achieving reliable and sensitive large-scale rapid screening of target analytes is still challenging. Herein, we demonstrate a robust surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor by constructing dense and uniform plasmonic hotspots on the flexible Ti3C2Tx MXene/graphene oxide (MG) fibers through a self-assemble strategy at the oil-water interface. The produced SERS substrates exhibited an ultralow limit of detection (LOD, 1 ×10−15 M for R6G), outstanding sensitivity (EF = 1.53 ×1012) and high stability for R6G molecules (RSD = 9.47%, over 60 days storage). SERS experiments and theoretical simulations suggested that acidified Ti3C2Tx MXene further excited charge-transfer (CT) resonance of the system, while the assembled Ag nanostructures produced a large electromagnetic (EM) field enhancement. Thus, the fiber sensor not only realizes the multiplexed and powerful detection of pesticide residues (LOD of 10−11 M) with an error < 7.3% via an established concentration-dependent standard color barcodes, but also allows the recognization of target molecules in a wide range of fields, such as methylene blue, crystal violet and nikethamide. This work provides new insights in the development of versatile label-free sensors for the rapid multiplexed analysis of target molecules in real samples.

Tb(III) functionalized MOF based self-calibrating sensor integrated with logic gate operation for efficient epinephrine detection in serum

By anchoring Tb3+ ions on its free carboxyl groups of the nanocaged NiMOF, a dual-emission self-calibrating sensor of Tb3+@NiMOF was fabricated through coordination post-synthetic modification (PSM) strategy. With Tb3+ ions as the secondary fluorescent signal and sensing active sites, Tb3+@NiMOF presents great potentials in visually and efficiently monitoring EPI in serum, with high sensitivity and selectivity, fast response, excellent recyclable, and the low detection limit (LOD, 3.06 ng/mL). Furthermore, a tandem combinational logic gate based intelligent detection system was constructed to improve the practicability and convenience of epinephrine (EPI) detection in serum by comparing the light emitted colour with the series standard colour cards preset in the smartphone. This work provides a promising approach of developing metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based self-calibrating sensors for intelligent detection of bioactive molecules.

Use of Digital Methods to Optimize Visualization during Surgical Gonioscopy.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of digital visualization for enhancing the visualization of iridocorneal structures during surgical gonioscopy. Methods: This was a prospective, single-center study on a series of 26 cases of trabecular stent implantation performed by the same surgeon. Images were recorded during surgical gonioscopy, and before stent implantation, with standard colors and with the optimization of various settings, principally color saturation and temperature and the use of the cyan color filter. Subjective analyses were performed by two glaucoma surgeons, and objective contrast measurements were made on iridocorneal structure images. Results: The surgeons evaluating the images considered the optimized digital settings to produce enhanced tissue visibility for both trabecular meshwork pigmentation and Schlemm's canal in more than 65% of cases. The mean difference in the standard deviation of the pixel intensity values was 37.87 (±4.61) for the optimized filter images and 32.37 (±3.51) for the standard-color images (p < 0.001). The use of a cyan filter provided a good level of contrast for the visualization of trabecular meshwork pigmentation. Increasing the color temperature highlighted the red appearance of Schlemm's canal. Conclusions: We report here the utility of optimized digital settings including the cyan filter and a warmer color for enhancing the visualization of iridocorneal structures during surgical gonioscopy. These settings could be used in surgical practice to enhance the visualization of the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal during minimally invasive glaucoma surgery.

Dynamic myocardial perfusion computed tomography with mental stress test to detect changes in myocardial microcirculation in patients with anxiety and no obstructive coronary artery disease.

Mental stress can induce myocardial ischemia in patients with anxiety and other psychological disorders. Computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging (CT-MPI) has the potential to quantitatively diagnose myocardial ischemia. The aim of this study was to measure changes in myocardial microcirculation perfusion (MMP) in patients with anxiety who have angina symptoms/ischemia but no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) using dynamic CT-MPI in combination with a mental stress test. Patients with INOCA were divided into five subgroups (none, minimal, mild, moderate, and severe) according to the generalized anxiety disorder scale. Patients underwent dynamic CT-MPI with mental stress testing using a series of the standardized color word/arithmetic stressors. Myocardial blood flow (MBF) during resting and stress phases of CT-MPI was recorded. Fifty-eight patients with 986 segments were included for final analysis. Compared to patients with none, minimal, mild, and moderate anxiety, those with severe anxiety had the largest rate of MBF decrease and the largest MBF decrease value. At the same time, those with no anxiety had the largest rate of MBF increase, the largest MBF increase value (all p< 0.05). As anxiety intensified, the rate of MBF increased and the MBF value increased (r= -0.24, r= -0.27, p< 0.05). Concomitantly, the rate of MBF decreased and the MBF value decreased (r= 0.63, r= 0.43, p< 0.05). Dynamic CT-MPI with a mental stress test can be used to evaluate MMP in patients with anxiety and INOCA. Mental stress resulted in significant differences in changes in the rate and value of MBF among patients with different anxiety degrees. • Dynamic CT-MPI with mental stress test worked well to quantitatively evaluate myocardial microcirculation perfusion in patients with anxiety and INOCA. • The rates of MBF decrease and MBF decrease value were positively correlated with anxiety degree of anxiety patients with INOCA. • MBF change derived from CT-MPI with mental stress test had a good performance to predicting anxiety degree of patients with anxiety and INOCA.

Finite width effects on the azimuthal asymmetry in proton-nucleus collisions in the Color Glass Condensate

We perform a numerical analysis of the two particle azimuthal correlations at central rapidities generated in pA collisions within the framework of the Color Glass Condensate. We extend the standard computations to include the subeikonal corrections which stem from considering the finite longitudinal width of the dense target. For practical reasons, we only consider the next-to-next-to-eikonal corrections instead of using the all-order expressions for the inclusive two gluon production cross section. We show that the subeikonal terms that we account for in the two gluon yields contribute to both even and odd harmonics, the latter being absent in the standard Color Glass Condensate calculations performed at eikonal accuracy. Our analysis confirms the vanishing of the subeikonal effects with increasing collision energy and when going to forward rapidities, as expected.