Color Separation Research Articles

Design and performance of final optics assembly in SG-II Upgrade laser facility

In high power laser facility for inertial confinement fusion research, final optics assembly (FOA) plays a critical role in the frequency conversion, beam focusing, color separation, beam sampling and debris shielding. The design and performance of FOA in SG-II Upgrade laser facility are mainly introduced here. Due to the limited space and short focal length, a coaxial aspheric wedged focus lens is designed and applied in the FOA configuration. Then the ghost image analysis, the focus characteristic analysis, the B integral control design and the optomechanical design are carried out in the FOA design phase. In order to ensure the FOA performance, two key technologies are developed including measurement and adjustment technique of the wedged focus lens and the stray light management technique based on ground glass. Experimental results show that the design specifications including laser fluence, frequency conversion efficiency and perforation efficiency of the focus spot have been achieved, which meet the requirements of physical experiments well.

Formulation, Characterization and Evaluation of in vivo Wound Healing Potential of Lawsone Ointment

Lawsonia inermis (henna) is well-known for its wound healing properties. Lawson has vast range of pharmacological actions from anti-inflammatory to anti-cancer. The aim of current study was to formulate an ointment of Lawson, its characterization and to evaluate its wound healing potential. Different parameters such as pH, viscosity, specific gravity, stability parameters (texture, phase separation, odour and appearance of color) and permeability of ointment was estimated. For wound healing properties of prepared ointment, skin irritation test, spreadability of ointment and effect on histopathology of rat skin were carried out. The specific gravity of formulation OLA-1, OLA-2, and OLA- 3 was in acceptable range. Formulation having higher concentration of Lawson showing greater viscosity by using spindles 5s, 6s and 7s. The pH was 5.1-6.2 of calculated amount of prepared ointment. Permeability was found higher in the formulation containing greater quality of Lawson. In vivo studies showed that formulation OLA-4, OLA-5 and OLA-6 showed promising results of healing up to 57%. Spreadability of all formulation ranges between 39 cm to 48 cm. stability parameters and characterization showed that Lawson has enormous potential. These findings suggest that prepared ointment is excellent in wound healing management.

Improved Processing Speed for Text Watermarking Algorithm in Color Images

Copyright protection and ownership proof of digital multimedia are achieved nowadays by digital watermarking techniques. A text watermarking algorithm for protecting the property rights and ownership judgment of color images is proposed in this paper. Embedding is achieved by inserting texts elements randomly into the color image as noise. The YIQ image processing model is found to be faster than other image processing methods and hence it is adopted for the embedding process. An optional choice of encrypting the text watermark before embedding is also suggested (in case required by some applications), where, the text can is encrypted using any enciphering technique adding more difficulty to hackers. Experiments resulted into embedding speed improvement of more than double the speed of other considered systems (such as least significant bit method, and separate color code methods) and fairly acceptable level of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) with low mean square error values for watermarking purposes.

Multicolor Spectral-Specific Silicon Nanodetectors based on Molecularly Embedded Nanowires.

Silicon-based photodetectors cannot distinguish between different wavelengths. Therefore, these detectors relay on color-specific filters to achieve color separation. Color filters add complexity to color sensitive device fabrication, and hinder miniaturization of such devices. Here, we report an ultrasmall (as small as ∼20 nm by 300 nm), red-green-blue-violet (RGBV) filter-free spectrally gated field effect transistor (SGFET) detectors. These photodetectors are based on organic-silicon nanowire hybrid FET devices, capable of detecting specific visible wavelength spectrum with full width at half-maxima (fwhm) under 100 nm. Each SGFET is controlled by a distinctive RGBV spectral range, according to its specific organic fluorophore functionalization. The spectral-specific RGBV detection is accomplished via covalent attachment of different fluorophores. The fluorophore molecules inject electrons into the nanowire structure as a result of light absorption at the appropriate RGBV spectral range. These photoinduced electrons modify the occupancies of the oxide's surface states, shifting the device threshold voltage, thus changing its conductivity, and functioning as a negative stress bias in a p-type SiNW FETs. A positive biasing can be achieved via UV light-induced ionization, which leads to detrapping and translocation of electrons at the oxide layer. Furthermore, a novel theoretical model on the mechanism of action of these devices was developed. Also, we show that suspended SGFETs can function as nonvolatile memory elements, which unlike fast-relaxing on-surface SGFETs, can store discrete "on" (RGBV illumination) and "off" (UV illumination) states for several days at ambient conditions. We also demonstrate a unique single-nanowire multicolor photodetector, enabling in principle a broad spectral detection over a single silicon nanowire element. These highly compact, spectral-controlled nanodevices have the potential to serve in various future novel optoelectric applications.

Noise in Spectrozonal Multichannel Photocells for Image Converters with Color Separation and Vertically Integrated p−n Junctions

The characteristics of the dynamic range of a multichannel photocell and the signal-to-noise ratio for read-out photosignals from n and p regions of the photocell are investigated. It is established that the values of the photosensitivities depend both on the chosen design parameters of the photocell and on the highest possible control voltages. It is shown that the read-out photosignal of the multichannel photodiode structure is proportional to the luminous flux.

INVITED] Luminescent QR codes for smart labelling and sensing

QR (Quick Response) codes are two-dimensional barcodes composed of special geometric patterns of black modules in a white square background that can encode different types of information with high density and robustness, correct errors and physical damages, thus keeping the stored information protected. Recently, these codes have gained increased attention as they offer a simple physical tool for quick access to Web sites for advertising and social interaction. Challenges encompass the increase of the storage capacity limit, even though they can store approximately 350 times more information than common barcodes, and encode different types of characters (e.g., numeric, alphanumeric, kanji and kana). In this work, we fabricate luminescent QR codes based on a poly(methyl methacrylate) substrate coated with organic-inorganic hybrid materials doped with trivalent terbium (Tb3+) and europium (Eu3+) ions, demonstrating the increase of storage capacity per unit area by a factor of two by using the colour multiplexing, when compared to conventional QR codes. A novel methodology to decode the multiplexed QR codes is developed based on a colour separation threshold where a decision level is calculated through a maximum-likelihood criteria to minimize the error probability of the demultiplexed modules, maximizing the foreseen total storage capacity. Moreover, the thermal dependence of the emission colour coordinates of the Eu3+/Tb3+-based hybrids enables the simultaneously QR code colour-multiplexing and may be used to sense temperature (reproducibility higher than 93%), opening new fields of applications for QR codes as smart labels for sensing.

Contingent capture is weakened in search for multiple features from different dimensions.

Can observers maintain more than 1 attentional set and search for 2 features in parallel? Previous studies that relied on attentional capture by irrelevant distractors to answer this question focused on features from the same dimension and specifically, on color. They showed that 2 separate color templates can guide attention selectively and simultaneously. Here, the authors investigated attentional guidance by 2 features from different dimensions. In three spatial-cueing experiments, they compared contingent capture during single-set versus dual-set search. The results showed that attention was guided less efficiently by 2 features than by just 1. This impairment varied considerably across target-feature dimensions (color, size, shape and orientation). Confronted with previous studies, our findings suggest avenues for future research to determine whether impaired attentional guidance by multiple templates occurs only in cross-dimensional disjunctive search or also in within-dimension search. The present findings also showed that although performance improved when the target feature repeated on successive trials, a relevant-feature cue did not capture attention to a larger extent when its feature matched that of the previous target. These findings suggest that selection history cannot account for contingent capture and affects processes subsequent to target selection. (PsycINFO Database Record

Histogen Layers Contributing to Adventitious Bud Formation Are Determined by their Cell Division Activities.

Saintpaulia ionantha is propagated by adventitious buds in horticulture, and periclinal chimeral cultivars are usually difficult to propagate. However, some periclinal chimeral cultivars can be propagated with adventitious buds, and the mechanism of which has been unknown. Striped flower cultivars “Kaname,” “Concord,” and “Monique” were used to investigate what causes flower color separation in adventitious shoot-derived plants by tissue culture. These cultivars were revealed to have mutated flavonoid 3′, 5′ hydroxylase (SiF3′5′H), WDR1 (SiWDR1), or flavonoid 3 hydroxylase (SiF3H), respectively, in their L1 layer. From our previous study using “Kaname,” all flowers from adventitious shoots were colored pink, which was the epidermal color of mother plants' flowers. We used “Concrd” and “Monique” from which we obtained not only monochromatic-colored plants the same as the epidermal color of mother plants, but also plants with a monochromatic colored plants, same as the subepidermal color, and a striped flower color the same as mother plants. Histological observations revealed that epidermal cells divided actively at 14 d after culture and they were involved in the formation of adventitious shoots in the cultured leaf segments of “Kaname.” On the other hand, in “Concord” and “Monique,” the number of divided cells in the subepidermis was rather higher than that of epidermal cells, and subepidermal cells were sometimes involved in shoot formation. In addition, the plant and leaf size of L1-derived plants from “Concord” and “Monique” were non-vigorous and smaller than those derived from the subepidermal layer. In conclusion, periclinal chimeral cultivars of Saintpaulia can be divided into two types. One type has a high cell division activity in the L1 layer, from which only single flower-colored plants derived from L1 can be obtained as adventitious shoots. Another type has a low cell division activity in the L1 layer, from which striped flower-colored plants the same as mother plants derived from several layers including L1 can be obtained as adventitious shoots. In the periclinal chimeral cultivar capable of propagation with adventitious shoots, the possibility was shown that cells in the L2 layer could form shoots by involving cells of the L1 layer with a low division activity.

Conservative Exposure Predictions for Rapid Risk Assessment of Phase-Separated Additives in Medical Device Polymers

A novel approach for rapid risk assessment of targeted leachables in medical device polymers is proposed and validated. Risk evaluation involves understanding the potential of these additives to migrate out of the polymer, and comparing their exposure to a toxicological threshold value. In this study, we propose that a simple diffusive transport model can be used to provide conservative exposure estimates for phase separated color additives in device polymers. This model has been illustrated using a representative phthalocyanine color additive (manganese phthalocyanine, MnPC) and polymer (PEBAX 2533) system. Sorption experiments of MnPC into PEBAX were conducted in order to experimentally determine the diffusion coefficient, D=(1.6±0.5)×10-11cm2/s, and matrix solubility limit, C s=0.089wt.%, and model predicted exposure values were validated by extraction experiments. Exposure values for the color additive were compared to a toxicological threshold for a sample risk assessment. Results from this study indicate that a diffusion model-based approach to predict exposure has considerable potential for use as a rapid, screening-level tool to assess the risk of color additives and other small molecule additives in medical device polymers.

Anagram-Free Colourings of Graphs

A sequenceSis calledanagram-freeif it contains no consecutive symbolsr1r2. . .rkrk+1. . .r2ksuch thatrk+1. . .r2kis a permutation of the blockr1r2. . .rk. Answering a question of Erdős and Brown, Keränen constructed an infinite anagram-free sequence on four symbols. Motivated by the work of Alon, Grytczuk, Hałuszczak and Riordan [2], we consider a natural generalization of anagram-free sequences for graph colourings. A colouring of the vertices of a given graphGis calledanagram-freeif the sequence of colours on any path inGis anagram-free. We call the minimal number of colours needed for such a colouring theanagram-chromaticnumber ofG.In this paper we study the anagram-chromatic number of several classes of graphs like trees, minor-free graphs and bounded-degree graphs. Surprisingly, we show that there are bounded-degree graphs (such as random regular graphs) in which anagrams cannot be avoided unless we essentially give each vertex a separate colour.

Anagram-free colorings of graphs

A sequence S is called anagram-free if it contains no segment r1r2…rkrk+1…r2k such that rk+1…r2k is a permutation of the block r1r2…rk. Answering a question of Erdős and Brown, Keränen constructed an infinite anagram-free sequence on four symbols. Motivated by the work of Alon, Grytczuk, Hałuszczak and Riordan [Alon, N., J. Grytczuk, M. Hałuszczak and O. Riordan, Non-repetitive colorings of graphs, Random Struct. Algor. 21 (2002), 336–346], we consider a natural generalisation of anagram-free sequences for graph colorings. A coloring of the vertices of a given graph G is called anagram-free if the sequence of colors on any path in G is anagram-free. We call the minimal number of colors needed for such a coloring the anagram-chromatic number of G.We have studied the anagram-chromatic number of several classes of graphs like trees, minor-free graphs and bounded-degree graphs. Surprisingly, we show that there are bounded-degree graphs (such as random regular graphs) in which anagrams cannot be avoided unless we basically give each vertex a separate color.

コンピュータグラフィックス画像の色分解システムの開発 : パーソナルコンピュータを利用したデザイン教育に関する研究(1)

コンピュータグラフィックス画像の色分解システムの開発 : パーソナルコンピュータを利用したデザイン教育に関する研究(1)

Abstract 3832: Optimization strategy for fluorescent multiplex immunohistochemistry tissue staining

Abstract Introduction: Recent insights into the tumor microenvironment have fueled the need for additional information beyond the one or two phenotypes provided by traditional immunohistochemistry (IHC). As a response, manual and automated fluorescent multiplex immunohistochemistry (fIHC) techniques have been recently developed and accepted by the immuno-oncology space. Fluorescent multiplex immunohistochemistry (fIHC) assays are designed to simultaneously measure multiple biomarkers in tissue sections with visual context that is lost in other methods, such as flow cytometry. Here we describe a novel optimization strategy to achieve quantitative, robust, and specific multiplex fIHC staining results with both manual and automated multiple-color Opal procedures. Methods: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of primary tumors were immunostained using Opal™ reagents both manually and on a fully automated Leica BOND RX™ stainer. The impact of different reagent concentrations and quantities were analyzed in respect to signal specificity and robustness, stripping efficiency, signal co-localization, signal to noise, and color separation. Images were acquired on a Vectra 3.0® automated imaging system, and analyzed with inForm® software. Results: The goals of this study were two-fold: -to understand the impact of Opal reagent concentrations/quantities on fluorescent signal intensities acquired from cells within the context of tissue. -to develop an Opal reagent optimization method that yields more consistent, quantitative results from separated and co-localized fluorescent signals. We’ve applied this novel fIHC experimental approach and optimization strategy to Opal monoplex and multiplex assays and explored staining robustness, contextual specificity, staining order independence, and co-localized signal separation. Using the novel optimization strategy, we have achieved optimal staining patterns with improved confidence in the quantitative characteristics of the assay. Tissue sections stained after optimization have exhibited staining order independence and closely align with traditional IHC patterns. Conclusion: This novel optimization strategy, developed for Opal fIHC assays, is more quantitative, improves staining results, and minimizes interference between co-localized biomarkers. Citation Format: Yi zheng, Carla Coltharp, Ryan Dilworth, Linying Liu, Darryn Unfricht, Cliff Hoyt, Milind Rajopadhye, Peter Miller. Optimization strategy for fluorescent multiplex immunohistochemistry tissue staining [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3832. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3832

Facile fabrication of micro-grooves based photonic crystals towards anisotropic angle-independent structural colors and polarized multiple reflections

In nature, many living organisms exhibit low-angle-dependent or even angle-independent structural colors for wide viewing angle, such as the blue skin of mandrill, feather of blue bird and shell of longhorn beetle, etc. To mimic these structural colors, based on periodic semicircular micro-grooved (PSMG) substrate, silica colloidal photonic crystals provide anisotropic angle-independent structural colors. The PSMG photonic crystals were fabricated by self-assembling monodispersed silica nanoparticles on a micro-grooved template, which can be easily prepared in large scale by a hot embossing method, and no additional materials are needed in the whole preparation process. The PSMG photonic crystals exhibit identical structural colors around the groove axis, whereas it is angle-dependent along the groove axis. In addition, this PSMG surface of photonic crystal also leads to color separation effect and monocolor polarization conversion. This system provides a facile and scalable means to prepare anisotropically angle-independent colloidal photonic crystal, which is considered important in applications in the field of anti-counterfeiting or the manufacture of monochromatic light reflector with wide viewing angles and other novel optical devices.

Full resolution auto-stereoscopic mobile display based on large scale uniform switchable liquid crystal micro-lens array.

A full resolution auto-stereoscopic display for mobile phones is demonstrated. It is based on the sub-pixel level phase modulation of a switchable liquid crystal (LC) micro-lens array, which can be switched back to a conventional two-dimensional (2D) display. The full scale (4 inch) device aligns with the display panel perfectly at sub-pixel level and switches the entire display area uniformly with no distortion and no colour separation. The steering angle and crosstalk of the auto-stereoscopic display are evaluated by both simulation and experiment. The results show that satisfactory performance can be achieved by further reduction of the separation distance between the colour filter (CF) layer and the LC lens layer and close match it to the effective focal length of the LC lens.

High focusing efficiency or high signal-to-noise ratio diffractive optical element for color separation and light focusing

Diffractive optical elements (DOEs) are designed by the simulated annealing method for simultaneously implementing color separation and light focusing (CSLF) functions. Through changing the maximum permitted phase, the quantization level number, the input pixel number or the target focusing region width, various CSLF DOEs are optimally designed. Optical performances of the designed DOEs are calculated by the Fresnel diffraction integral method. Simulation results reveal that the designed DOEs not only successfully realize the expected CSLF functions, but also exhibit an excellent performance of high focusing efficiency or high signal to noise ratio under specific parameter circumstances. It is expected that the designed DOEs should have practical applications in solar cell systems or optical interconnection systems.

Comparison of linked color imaging and white-light colonoscopy for detection of colorectal polyps: a multicenter, randomized, crossover trial

Linked color imaging (LCI), a recently developed technology, uses a laser endoscopic system to enhance the color separation of red color to depict red and white colors more vividly. The benefits of LCI in the detection of colorectal polyps remain unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of LCI to improve the detection of colorectal polyps compared with white-light (WL) endoscopy. We performed a multicenter, crossover, prospective, randomized controlled trial in 3 hospitals in China. All patients underwent crossover colonoscopies with LCI and WL endoscopy in a randomized order. All lesions were removed during the second endoscopic procedure. The primary outcome measure was the difference in sensitivity between LCI and WL endoscopy for the detection of colorectal polyps. The secondary outcome measures were the adenoma detection rate per patient in the 2 groups and the factors associated with polyp miss rates. A total of 152 patients were randomized, and 141 were included in the analysis. The overall polyp detection rate increased significantly by 24% for LCI colonoscopy, corresponding to a higher sensitivity with LCI than with WL endoscopy (91% vs 73%, P< .0001). Furthermore, LCI identified significantly more patients (32%) with polyps. The per-patient adenoma detection rate was significantly higher for LCI than for WL endoscopy (37% vs 28%; 95% confidence interval, 2.39%-19.41%). LCI improves the detection of colorectal polyps and adenomas during colonoscopy. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT02724397.).

Metode Pembelajaran Sistem Pakar Diagnosa Penyakit Ikan Hias Air Tawar Pada SMK Negeri 2 Tangerang

The year 1830, munculah called zoetrope, cylindrical object with empty spaces with pictures drawn by hand on the surface of it. While playing, the same motion effect. The year 1870, an inventor from France, Emile Reynaud added a mirror in the middle of the cylinder space. A few years later, he discovered the version of Windows will arise. By adding light reflector and lenses to magnify images on the screen. The year 1892, he did a demonstration in Paris's Theatre Optique, with hundreds of images using the hands to cause the effect of motion pictures for 15 minutes. Rouben Mamoulian, an American film director born in 1929 demonstrated various types of sound in a movie. This is then pushed the filmmaker makes the soft-spoken. The first film camera that uses a color separation. Technicolor Camera that was discovered in 1932 using the principle of "Three-strip" that divides the image into the three primary colors red, yellow, blue (cyan, magenta, yellow). This camera into movie production tool fullcolor using the principle of the "three-strip"

Color Stereo-Digital Image Correlation Method Using a Single 3CCD Color Camera

This paper presents a novel color stereo-digital image correlation (stereo-DIC) method using a single 3CCD color camera for full-field shape, motion, and deformation measurements without any sacrifice of the camera sensor spatial resolution. With the aid of a specially designed color separation device using a beam splitter and two optical bandpass filters, images of blue and red colors are simultaneously recorded by the 3CCD camera from two different optical paths. The blue and red channel sub-images extracted from the recorded color images can be analyzed using the regular stereo-DIC algorithm to obtain the full-field three dimensional (3D) information of a test object surface. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed technique are demonstrated by a series of real shape, in-plane and out-of-plane translation, and 3D deformation tests.

Combined orcein and martius scarlet blue (OMSB) staining for qualitative and quantitative analyses of atherosclerotic plaques in brachiocephalic arteries in apoE/LDLR\u2212/\u2212 mice

Numerous cellular and extracellular components should be analyzed in sections of atherosclerotic plaques to assess atherosclerosis progression and vulnerability. Here, we combined orcein (O) staining for elastic fibers and martius scarlet blue (MSB) polychrome to visualize various morphological contents of plaque in brachiocephalic arteries (BCA) of apoE/LDLR−/− mice. Elastic fibers (including broken elastic laminae and ‘buried’ fibrous caps) were stained purple and they could be easily distinguished from collagen fibers (blue). Orcein allowed clear identification of even the finest elastic fibers. Erythrocytes were stained yellow and they could easily be discerned from mature fibrin (red). Old fibrin tends to acquire blue color. The method of OMSB staining is simple, takes less than 1 h to perform and can be adapted to automatic stainers. Most importantly, the color separation is good enough to allow digital automatic segmentation of specific components in tissue section and quantitative analysis of the plaque constituents. OMSB was used to compare atherosclerotic plaques in proximal and distal regions of BCA in apoE/LDLR−/− mice. In conclusion, OMSB staining represents a novel staining that could be routinely used for qualitative and quantitative microscopic assessments of formaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections of arteries with atherosclerotic lesions.