Color Repetition Research Articles

Are selection history effects limited to implicit forms of memory? Evidence from intertrial repetition.

Selection history effects in visual attention are typically considered implicit memory effects. In three experiments, we investigated if a key selection history effect, intertrial priming, could be based on the incidental application of explicit memory. In the basic search task (Experiment 1), participants searched for real-world objects from different categories. We examined nonpredictive, intertrial repetition at two levels: (1) the repetition of target location from trial N-1 to trial N and (2) the repetition of target location and color within a category. Reliable repetition advantages were observed at both levels. In Experiments 2-4, we examined whether participants had explicit access to the target values driving the selection history effects here. In Experiments 2 and 3, participants could reliably report the properties of the immediately preceding search target. In Experiment 4, participants could reliably report the properties of the last target exemplar they had found in each of the 36 categories. These data indicate that guidance by selection history was based on the nonstrategic application of memory representations that could be explicitly retrieved and reported. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Proper edge-colorings with a rich neighbor requirement

Under a given edge-coloring of a (multi)graph G, an edge is said to be rich if there is no color repetition among its neighboring edges; e.g., any isolated edge is rich. A rich-neighbor coloring of G is a proper edge-coloring such that every non-isolated edge has at least one rich neighbor. For this weaker variant of strong edge-colorings, we believe that every connected subcubic graph ≠K4 admits a rich-neighbor 5-coloring. In support of this, we show that every subcubic graph admits a rich-neighbor 7-coloring. The paper concludes with few open problems for subcubic graphs concerning the analogous notions of normal-neighbor colorings and poor-neighbor colorings.

Visual priming and serial dependence are mediated by separate mechanisms.

Perceptual history influences current perception, readily revealed by visual priming (the facilitation of responses on repeated presentations of similar stimuli) and by serial dependence (systematic biases toward the previous stimuli). We asked whether the two phenomena shared perceptual mechanisms. We modified the standard “priming of pop-out” paradigm to measure both priming and serial dependence concurrently. The stimulus comprised three grating patches, one or two red, and the other green. Participants identified the color singleton (either red or green), and reproduced its orientation. Trial sequences were designed to maximize serial dependence, and long runs of priming color and position. The results showed strong effects of priming, both on reaction times and accuracy, which accumulated steadily over time, as generally reported in the literature. The serial dependence effects were also strong, but did not depend on previous color, nor on the run length. Reaction times measured under various conditions of repetition or change of priming color or position were reliably correlated with imprecision in orientation reproduction, but reliably uncorrelated with magnitude of serial dependence. The results suggest that visual priming and serial dependence are mediated by different neural mechanisms. We propose that priming affects sensitivity, possibly via attention-like mechanisms, whereas serial dependence affects criteria, two orthogonal dimensions in the signal detection theory.

RGB photoelastic method based on gradient-square inversion correction

Automatic photoelastic method focuses on the recognition of stress field. RGB photoelastic method has the advantages of low condition requirements and accurate low-level fringe recognition, but it is easy to be disturbed by image noise, color repetition and other factors, resulting in recognition errors. In this study, the combination of gradient-square inversion and RGB photoelastic technology can not only effectively eliminate the error points introduced by color repetition, but also greatly reduce the scope of look-up table, shorten the calculation time and quickly analyze the stress field. The effectiveness of the proposed RGB photoelastic method based on gradient-square inversion correction is verified by photoelastic experiments.

Workshop Pattern of Drawing on Novel, Repetation of Lines and Color, Strength of Bamboo's Flexibility

The purpose of writing 'The Patterns of Wayan Sujana Suklu's Art Workshop' is in an effort to bring the artistic arts that have been designed by the author into the midst of society. The tendency of today's society to want art activities as an effort to meet the needs of self-actualization, and to feel the art process. The forms of art workshops that are typical of the medium and applied aspects are important both practically and theoretically. Why is it necessary to write an art workshop, what are the forms and stages of the art workshop process, then the experience gained from the art workshop process, these three things become topics in writing. Supporting theories and concepts include Nicolas Bourriaud's Relational Aesthetics and the formal principles of art by De Witt H. Parker. In this paper, three patterns of art workshops are presented, namely: Line and Color Repetition, Drawing on Novel, Bamboo Flaxi and Strong.

세계주의 모더니즘을 적용한 현대 패션디자인 연구 I : 바우하우스의 기초교육과정, 직물공방, 건축공방을 중심으로

The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of cosmopolitan modernism found in contemporary fashion design by analyzing how modernist and Bauhaus principles have been applied to fashion. The research methods used for this study are a literary review and content analysis. The results suggest that cosmopolitan modernism is a narrow interpretation of modernism along with ideational modernism, abstract modernism, functional modernism, pre-conscious modernism, symbolic modernism and idealistic modernism. It is a complex design style that captures reason and emotion in harmony by symbolizing the individual’s ideas through an inquiry of forms, colors, and material attributes. The basic design style of cosmopolitan modernism is based on Bauhaus’s preliminary course, a weaving workshop, and an architecture workshop. It has the following aesthetic characteristics: conceptual universality, perpetual simplicity, functional artistry, visual relativity, and integrative autonomy. After the middle of the 20th century fashion design has the following attributes of cosmopolitan modernism: ‘geometrical module’, ‘subversion and reconstruction of modernistic color’, and ‘conceptual material’—by applying the study of the forms, colors, and materials of basic design style. The design characteristics of cosmopolitan modernism identified through analyzing the work of representative designers—Paco Rabanne, Sonia Rykiel, Issey Miyake, Missoni, Emilio Pucci, and Pierre Cardin—are the following: (1) planar playfulness created by the planar composition of different color and material modules, (2) relative dynamics established through overlay and penetration of planar and three-dimensional modules, (3) convergent artistry realized by the harmony of planar and three-dimensional materials, (4) three-dimensional visual depth built by the repetition of shapes and color contrasts, and (5) conceptual functionality realized by the functional application of geometric modules. In conclusion, cosmopolitan modernism offers a framework for a design practice that reflects the nature and emotions of the individual.

Temporal Characteristics of Priming of Attention Shifts Are Mirrored by BOLD Response Patterns in the Frontoparietal Attention Network.

Priming of attention shifts involves the reduction in search RTs that occurs when target location or target features repeat. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural basis of such attentional priming, specifically focusing on its temporal characteristics over trial sequences. We first replicated earlier findings by showing that repetition of target color and of target location from the immediately preceding trial both result in reduced blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals in a cortical network that encompasses occipital, parietal, and frontal cortices: lag-1 repetition suppression. While such lag-1 suppression can have a number of explanations, behaviorally, the influence of attentional priming extends further, with the influence of past search trials gradually decaying across multiple subsequent trials. Our results reveal that the same regions within the frontoparietal network that show lag-1 suppression, also show longer term BOLD reductions that diminish over the course of several trial presentations, keeping pace with the decaying behavioral influence of past target properties across trials. This distinct parallel between the across-trial patterns of cortical BOLD and search RT reductions, provides strong evidence that these cortical areas play a key role in attentional priming.

Kajian Warna dan Motif Kain Tenun Upcycle pada Produk CV. Tarum Bali

Upcycle woven fabric is an innovation product applying upcycling concept produced by CV Tarum Bali. The eminence of this product is the using of natural dye which increases the selling value. This is interesting to be studied because of the uniqueness of color and motif of the product. The method applied in this study is qualitative. The samples are determined based on purposive sampling, while the data are collected from observation, interview, and documentation. The result shows that the natural dyes used for the upcycle are as follows: the leaves of mahogany tree for brown color; black from the leaves of ketapang tree; yellow from the leaves of mango tree; red from the log of secang tree; indigo or blue from the leaves of tarum. The colors usually applied for upcycle woven fabric tend to be lightcolor which is not easily faded. The motif of the upcycle is usually the order of horizontal lines. The motif emerges from the crossing between lungsi yarn and rag strings. The motif arrangement of the upcycle is either the repetition of form, direction, sixe, or color which considers the composition, balance, and rythm. The motif of horizontal lines is compounded by the repetition of rythm and transition to reach formal balance. It results in motif design which is harmonious and united. Keywords: Color, motif, woven fabric, upcycle, CV Tarum Bali

Monitoramento de cor

Este artigo trata do monitoramento de cor realizado durante as semanas de moda do Rio de Janeiro e de São Paulo no período de 2013 a 2016. O objetivo era perceber congruências de cores nos lançamentos. Para tanto, foi feito um estudo bibliográfico sobre tendências e pesquisas de moda, além de coleta das cores. Devido ao alto poder de disseminação da informação na rede, as informações analisadas foram coletadas na internet. Para o registro dos dados, construímos mapas de cores que, posteriormente, foram analisados por meio de fichas visuais e escritas. Para o entendimento da repetição dos padrões coloridos ao longo do período abrangido pelo estudo, produzimos gráficos comparativos categorizados por família, luminosidade e saturação.

On the Query Complexity of Black-Peg AB-Mastermind

Mastermind is a two players zero sum game of imperfect information. Starting with Erdős and Rényi (1963), its combinatorics have been studied to date by several authors, e.g., Knuth (1977), Chvátal (1983), Goodrich (2009). The first player, called “codemaker”, chooses a secret code and the second player, called “codebreaker”, tries to break the secret code by making as few guesses as possible, exploiting information that is given by the codemaker after each guess. For variants that allow color repetition, Doerr et al. (2016) showed optimal results. In this paper, we consider the so called Black-Peg variant of Mastermind, where the only information concerning a guess is the number of positions in which the guess coincides with the secret code. More precisely, we deal with a special version of the Black-Peg game with n holes and k ≥ n colors where no repetition of colors is allowed. We present upper and lower bounds on the number of guesses necessary to break the secret code. For the case k = n , the secret code can be algorithmically identified within less than ( n − 3 ) ⌈ log 2 n ⌉ + 5 2 n − 1 queries. This result improves the result of Ker-I Ko and Shia-Chung Teng (1985) by almost a factor of 2. For the case k > n , we prove an upper bound of ( n − 2 ) ⌈ log 2 n ⌉ + k + 1 . Furthermore, we prove a new lower bound of n for the case k = n , which improves the recent n − log log ( n ) bound of Berger et al. (2016). We then generalize this lower bound to k queries for the case k ≥ n .

Feature singletons attract spatial attention independently of feature priming.

People perform better in visual search when the target feature repeats across trials (intertrial feature priming [IFP]). Here, we investigated whether repetition of a feature singleton's color modulates stimulus-driven shifts of spatial attention by presenting a probe stimulus immediately after each singleton display. The task alternated every two trials between a probe discrimination task and a singleton search task. We measured both stimulus-driven spatial attention (via the distance between the probe and singleton) and IFP (via repetition of the singleton's color). Color repetition facilitated search performance (IFP effect) when the set size was small. When the probe appeared at the singleton's location, performance was better than at the opposite location (stimulus-driven attention effect). The magnitude of this attention effect increased with the singleton's set size (which increases its saliency) but did not depend on whether the singleton's color repeated across trials, even when the previous singleton had been attended as a search target. Thus, our findings show that repetition of a salient singleton's color affects performance when the singleton is task relevant and voluntarily attended (as in search trials). However, color repetition does not affect performance when the singleton becomes irrelevant to the current task, even though the singleton does capture attention (as in probe trials). Therefore, color repetition per se does not make a singleton more salient for stimulus-driven attention. Rather, we suggest that IFP requires voluntary selection of color singletons in each consecutive trial.

Global attention facilitates the planning, but not execution of goal-directed reaches.

In daily life, humans interact with multiple objects in complex environments. A large body of literature demonstrates that target selection is biased toward recently attended features, such that reaches are faster and trajectory curvature is reduced when target features (i.e., color) are repeated (priming of pop-out). In the real world, however, objects are comprised of several features—some of which may be more suitable for action than others. When fetching a mug from the cupboard, for example, attention not only has to be allocated to the object, but also the handle. To date, no study has investigated the impact of hierarchical feature organization on target selection for action. Here, we employed a color-oddity search task in which targets were Pac-men (i.e., a circle with a triangle cut out) oriented to be either consistent or inconsistent with the percept of a global Kanizsa triangle. We found that reaches were initiated faster when a task-irrelevant illusory figure was present independent of color repetition. Additionally, consistent with priming of pop-out, both reach planning and execution were facilitated when local target colors were repeated, regardless of whether a global figure was present. We also demonstrated that figures defined by illusory, but not real contours, afforded an early target selection benefit. In sum, these findings suggest that when local targets are perceptually grouped to form an illusory surface, attention quickly spreads across the global figure and facilitates the early stage of reach planning, but not execution. In contrast, local color priming is evident throughout goal-directed reaching.

Developmental Abilities to Form Chunks in Immediate Memory and Its Non-Relationship to Span Development.

Both adults and children –by the time they are 2–3 years old– have a general ability to recode information to increase memory efficiency. This paper aims to evaluate the ability of untrained children aged 6–10 years old to deploy such a recoding process in immediate memory. A large sample of 374 children were given a task of immediate serial report based on SIMON®, a classic memory game made of four colored buttons (red, green, yellow, blue) requiring players to reproduce a sequence of colors within which repetitions eventually occur. It was hypothesized that a primitive ability across all ages (since theoretically already available in toddlers) to detect redundancies allows the span to increase whenever information can be recoded on the fly. The chunkable condition prompted the formation of chunks based on the perceived structure of color repetition within to-be-recalled sequences of colors. Our result shows a similar linear improvement of memory span with age for both chunkable and non-chunkable conditions. The amount of information retained in immediate memory systematically increased for the groupable sequences across all age groups, independently of the average age-group span that was measured on sequences that contained fewer repetitions. This result shows that chunking gives young children an equal benefit as older children. We discuss the role of recoding in the expansion of capacity in immediate memory and the potential role of data compression in the formation of chunks in long-term memory.

Repetition priming in selective attention: A TVA analysis

Current behavior is influenced by events in the recent past. In visual attention, this is expressed in many variations of priming effects. Here, we investigate color priming in a brief exposure digit-recognition task. Observers performed a masked odd-one-out singleton recognition task where the target-color either repeated or changed between subsequent trials. Performance was measured by recognition accuracy over exposure durations. The purpose of the study was to replicate earlier findings of perceptual priming in brief displays and to model those results based on a Theory of Visual Attention (TVA; Bundesen, 1990). We tested 4 different definitions of a generic TVA-model and assessed their explanatory power. Our hypothesis was that priming effects could be explained by selective mechanisms, and that target-color repetitions would only affect the selectivity parameter (α) of our models. Repeating target colors enhanced performance for all 12 observers. As predicted, this was only true under conditions that required selection of a target among distractors, but not when a target was presented alone. Model fits by TVA were obtained with a trial-by-trial maximum likelihood estimation procedure that estimated 4–15 free parameters, depending on the particular model. We draw two main conclusions. Color priming can be modeled simply as a change in selectivity between conditions of repetition or swap of target color. Depending on the desired resolution of analysis; priming can accurately be modeled by a simple four parameter model, where VSTM capacity and spatial biases of attention are ignored, or more fine-grained by a 10 parameter model that takes these aspects into account.

Cubic polynomial curve-guided method for isochromatic determination in three-fringe photoelasticity

A method for isochromatic determination in three-fringe photoelasticity is presented. It combines the phase-shifting method with cubic polynomial curve-fitting technology to eliminate the errors caused by color repetition. We perform a demonstration of the method on a circular disc subjected to compressive loading and an injection-molded cover with residual stresses. The test results compare well with the theoretical results.

Distribution of dendritic cells expressing dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN, CD209): Morphological analysis using a novel Photoshop-aided multiple immunohistochemistry technique.

The distribution of dendritic cells (DCs) expressing DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN, CD209) and the morphological interaction of DC-SIGN⁺ DCs with other cells, especially B cells, in tonsillar and other lymphoid tissues were investigated by multiple immunohistochemistry (IHC) using the graphics editing program Photoshop, which enabled staining with 4 or more antibodies in formalin-fixed paraffin sections. Images obtained by repetition of conventional IHC using diaminobenzidine color development in a tissue section were processed on Photoshop for multiple staining. DC-SIGN⁺ DCs were present in the area around the lymphoid follicles and formed a DC-SIGN⁺ DC-rich area, and these cells contacted not only T cells, fascin⁺ DCs, and blood vessels but also several subsets of B cells simultaneously, including naïve and memory B cells. DC-SIGN⁺ DCs may play an important role in the regulation of the immune response mediated by not only T cells but also B cells. The multiple IHC method introduced in the present study is a simple and useful method for analyzing details of complex structures. Because this method can be applied to routinely processed paraffin sections with conventional IHC with diaminobenzidine, it can be applied to a wide variety of archival specimens.

Erratum to: Visual priming through a boost of the target signal: Evidence from saccadic landing positions

Searching for a target is slower when target features change from trial to trial than when they are repeated. Although heavily studied, it is still not wholly clear what process is influenced by such visual priming. Here, we introduce a new measure to study priming. When a target and distractor are in close proximity, fast saccades generally fall in between the two, a finding known as the global effect. We elicited global effect saccades to study the effects of repeating target or distractor colors on overt attention. Saccades landed closer to a target or distractor in the color of a previous target, suggesting that priming enhances target color signals. This was true even for the fastest eye movements, in the range of express saccades. Distractor color repetition, on the other hand, had no effect, at least in isolation. Visual priming is, we conclude, at least partly the result of boosting perceptual target signals.

Visual priming through a boost of the target signal: Evidence from saccadic landing positions

Searching for a target is slower when target features change from trial to trial than when they are repeated. Although heavily studied, it is still not wholly clear what process is influenced by such visual priming. Here, we introduce anew measure to study priming. When a target and distractor are in close proximity, fast saccades generally fall in between the two, a finding known as the global effect. We elicited global effect saccades to study the effects of repeating target or distractor colors on overt attention. Saccades landed closer to a target or distractor in the color of a previous target, suggesting that priming enhances target color signals. This was true even for the fastest eye movements, in the range of express saccades. Distractor color repetition, on the other hand, had no effect, at least in isolation. Visual priming is, we conclude, at least partly the result of boosting perceptual target signals [corrected].

The Programming of Dentistry CCS/CCM Software

Objective: We aimed to develop a multi-functional CCS/CCM (Computerized Color Selecting/Computer Color Matching) software so as to provide more practical colorimetric software for clinical use and further researches. Methods: This software used the 6 dental prosthetic materials and color data from 4 shade guide system which were most frequently-used in clinic currently as basic database, to program 5 functional blocks including respectively CCS/CCM system; Dental Material Chromatic Value System; Vita Information System; Transformation of Colorimeter System; and Chromatic Value Difference Analysis. These modules had the functions of information inquiry of different types of dental materials and their corresponding chromatic value, color matching, transforming, and color difference analysis. Results: The software had a convenient operation interface which could guarantee a stable performance. Containing various shade block and chromatic value, and transformation among different colors, this software analysed the color difference in the database, improved the accuracy and reliability of dental color choosing, and, to some extent, increased the color repetition rate of prosthesis. Conclusion: The software could well meet the needs of clinical dental colorimeter and choosing, increase the color repetition rate of prosthesis, and easily finish the transformation among different colors. It had more functions to adapt clinical need.

Learning what to expect: context-specific control over intertrial priming effects in singleton search

The present study explored the degree to which repetition effects in color pop-out search from trial n - 1 to trial n are subject to the attentional control settings of the observer. Intertrial priming effects were compared between two contexts that differed in terms of the utility of immediate prior experience for current performance; in one context, the target was likely to repeat, and in the other context, the target was likely to alternate from one trial to the next. Across two experiments, priming of pop-out (PoP) effects (Malkjovic & Nakayama; Memory & Cognition 22:657-672, 1994) were modulated in accord with the probability of target color repetition in a given trial context. Importantly, this modulation persisted when trial history preceding trial n - 1 was controlled for. Furthermore, this control over PoP seems not to derive from explicit strategies and is not an artifact of randomly occurring strings of same-target trials. We argue that priming effects in singleton search from trial n - 1 to trial n are subject to a form of implicit top-down control.