Color Photographs Research Articles

Lactifluus hezhangensis sp. nov. (Russulaceae, Russulales) from Southwest China

Lactifluus is an ectomycorrhizal, genetically diverse genus which consists of many species complexes. The genus is widely distributed in the tropics and drives important ecological and economic functions. However, its generic relations are poorly known and the diversity is mostly unexplored. In this study, we propose a new species, Lactifluus hezhangensis sp. nov. belongs to Lf. sect. Gerardii, from Guizhou Province, China. Lactifluus hezhangensis is characterized by a rugose and dark brown pileus, pruinose near center; white to cream lamella, and small basidiospores (4.79) 5.06–7.22 (7.30) × (4.67) 4.68–6.20 (6.59) μm). The phylogenetic analyses based on combined three-gene fragments of ITS + LSU + RPB2 confirmed that the new species is distinct from other Lactifluus species. Furthermore, the new species is described with color photographs and compared with similar taxa. We provide a phylogeny for Lf. sect. Gerardii based on ITS, LSU + RPB2 sequence data and the taxonomic status of the new species is briefly discussed.

Maxwell’s disappointment and Sutton’s accident

It has almost become somewhat of an urban legend or internet myth that James Clerk Maxwell created the first colour image and had demonstrated this at the Royal Institution in London in May 1861. He did present something, but what? In ‘The scientific papers of James Clerk Maxwell’ the experiment and resulting colour projection was regarded as a failure and barely mentioned. Thomas Sutton, a well-established and respected photographer, was tasked with carrying out Maxwell’s thought-experiment using the latest photographic processes. Sutton, himself author of various books on photography, does not mention the experiment in any of his publications. Move forward to the 1930’s and enter the photo-chemist Douglas Arthur Spencer, who gained access to the original lanternslides and made copies of the three colour separations. He made the first and only physical print of the 1861 tartan ribbon and it is this colour print that we now see everywhere as Maxwell’s first colour photograph. In 1961, the 100th anniversary, Ralph M Evans published a paper in Scientific American trying to solve the riddle of the famous tartan ribbon. The original glass plate photographs were made using the wet-collodion process which has a very narrow spectral sensitivity centered in the blue light wavelength. Sutton could not have recorded in the green and red part of the spectrum. Evans deduced from an experiment with modern materials that Sutton had possibly recorded the ultraviolet reflection present in the red of the tartan ribbon and ‘accidently’ presenting itself as the red slide and the resulting image can be considered a ‘false colour’ image. Now, 160 yr since that first experiment, we are exploring and executing some of the material and technical truths about wet-plate collodion and what might have actually been recorded and why is it that both Maxwell and Sutton regarded the experiment such a failure, but the rest of the world did not.

Schoenorchis mishmensis sp. nov. (Orchidaceae) from Mishmi Hills, Lower Dibang Valley District, Arunachal Pradesh, India

A new species of Schoenorchis, belonging to the family Orchidaceae is described from tropical mixed evergreen forests of Mishmi Hills, (Arunachal Pradesh, India). It is allied to Schoenorchis micrantha and S. brevirachis but differs in the size and shape of plant, the size of the leaf blade, inflorescence and flower. A detailed description with taxonomic notes, colour photos and information on the habitat, conservation status are provided.

Inocybe carpinicola (Inocybaceae, Agaricales), a new nodulose-spored species from Hainan Province, China

In the present study, we describe a new nodulose-spored Inocybe species based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidences. The new species is discovered in a Carpinus forest in Hainan Province, tropical China. It is characterized by a small and slender habit, brown to umber brown pileus with an acutely pointed umbo, sub-distant lamellae, brownish stripes covered with appressed vesture, nodulose to sub-stellate basidiospores, and slightly thick-walled hymenial cystidia. Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis revealed its unique phylogenetic position and placed the new species in a well-supported clade comprising a series of nodulose- and spiny-spored taxa. A detailed description, color photos of different development stages of basidiomata and its micro-structures, and a discussion on its closely related taxa are provided.

Ardisia anamalaiana (Primulaceae), a new species from southern Western Ghats, India

Ardisia anamalaiana is a new species described from Anamalai Hills, the southern Western Ghats of India. The new species is morphologically similar to A. gardneri C.B.Clarke, but differs in its leaves, petiole, inflorescence, bract, flower and pedicel. Ardisia anamalaiana is described and illustrated in detail. Morphological comparison between the new species and related taxa, a key to the genus Ardisia from the Western Ghats, colour photographs and conservation status is also provided.

Oreocharis repenticaulis (Gesneriaceae), a new species from western Guangxi, China

Oreocharis repenticaulis, a new species of Gesneriaceae from Guangxi, China, is described and illustrated. It is the first described Oreocharis with repent stem. A detailed description, color photographs, distribution and habitat, as well as its morphological relationship with relevant similar species are also provided.

Studies on the genus Chrysodema (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Chrysochroinae) part II.

The second part of the study on the genus Chrysodema Laporte de Castelnau & Gory, 1835 is presented. All taxa are revised based on a comparative study of extensive material including types of all described taxa. Chrysodema (Chrysodema) eximia 'complex' is revised and the new C. antennata species-group is established in the subgenus Chrysodema s. str. Two new species and one new subspecies are described: Chrysodema (Chrysodema) holynskii sp. nov. from Philippines: Masbate Island; Chrysodema (Chrysodema) sekerkai sp. nov. from Indonesia: Bangkai, Peleng and Sulawesi islands; and Chrysodema (Chrysodema) antennata barriesi subsp. nov. from Philippines: Palawan Island. Lectotypes are designated for the following taxa to ensure their correct application and recognition in future: C. (C.) antennata Saunders, 1874; C. (C.) hebes Kerremans, 1892; C. (C.) intercostata Saunders, 1874 and C. (C.) obsoleta J. Thomson, 1879. All herein included taxa are illustrated with colour photographs of habitus and the male aedeagus. Keys and maps of distribution to all taxa in each revised species-group are presented.

Naamyam Songs of Love and Longing (訴衷情:杜煥瞽師地水南音精選), Hong Kong’s Cultural Treasure 1. 2007. Performed by Dou Wun. Produced by Yu Siu-wah. Hong Kong: Bailey Record Co. and the Chinese Music Archive of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, CMA-07001. Booklet (24 pp.) with colour photographs, lyrics, and liner notes by Yu Siu-wah, Bell Yung, and Erica Lee in Chinese. CD,

Naamyam Songs of Love and Longing (訴衷情:杜煥瞽師地水南音精選), Hong Kong’s Cultural Treasure 1. 2007. Performed by Dou Wun. Produced by Yu Siu-wah. Hong Kong: Bailey Record Co. and the Chinese Music Archive of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, CMA-07001. Booklet (24 pp.) with colour photographs, lyrics, and liner notes by Yu Siu-wah, Bell Yung, and Erica Lee in Chinese. CD, 2 discs (CD 1, 4 tracks, 69:33; CD 2, 6 tracks, 63:39). - Blind Dou Wun Remembers His Past: 50 Years of Singing Naamyam in Hong Kong (飄泊香江五十年地水南音: 全本《失明人杜煥憶往》), Hong Kong’s Cultural Treasure 2. 2008. Performed by Dou Wun. Produced by Yu Siu-wah. Hong Kong: Bailey Record Co. and the Chinese Music Archive of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, CMA-08001. Booklet (85 pp.) with single-colour graphics, lyrics, and liner notes by Yu Siu-wah, Bell Yung, and Sonia Ng in Chinese. CD, 6 discs (CD 1, 62:08; CD 2, 53:42; CD 3, 61:24; CD 4, 57:01; CD 5, 58:06; CD 6, 66:01). - Rare Recordings of Melodies from a Bygone Age (絕世遺音: 板眼, 龍舟, 粵謳), Hong Kong’s Cultural Treasure 3. 2011. Performed by Dou Wun and Lee Ngan-giu. Produced by Yu Siu-wah. Hong Kong: The Chinese Music Archive of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, CMA-11001. Booklet (27 pp.) with colour photographs and lyrics, and liner notes by Yu Siu-wah, Bell Yung, and Sonia Ng in Chinese. CD, 1 disc (53:47). - Jade Palm––Leaf Fan (《玉葵寶扇》之〈大鬧梅知府〉、〈碧蓉探監〉: 瞽師杜煥演唱龍舟版本), Hong Kong’s Cultural Treasure 4. 2012. Performed by Dou Wun. Produced by Bell Yung and Yu Siu-wah. Hong Kong: The Chinese Music Archive of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, CMA-12001. Booklet (20 pp.) with lyrics and liner notes by Bell Yung and Sonia Ng in Chinese. CD, 1 disc (59:14). - The Blind Musician Dou Wun Offers Auspicious Songs for Festive Occasions (八仙賀壽:瞽師杜煥賀喜慶), Hong Kong’s Cultural Treasure 5. 2013. Performed by Dou Wun. Produced by Bell Yung and Lee Tong Soon. Booklet (24 pp.) with illustration by Leumas To and liner notes by Bell Yung and Sonia Ng in Chinese. Hong Kong: The Chinese Music Archive of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, CMA-13001. CD, 1 disc (59:13). - The Birth of Guanyin, Goddess of Mercy (觀音出世), Hong Kong’s Cultural Treasure 6. 2015. Performed by Dou Wun. Produced by Bell Yung and Lee Tong Soon. Booklet (38 pp.) with colour photographs and liner notes by Bell Yung and Sonia Ng in Chinese. Hong Kong: The Chinese Music Archive of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, CMA-15001. CD, 3 discs (CD 1, 57:54; CD 2, 56:12; CD 3, 52:17). - Excerpts from Literary Masterpieces (名著摘錦:瞽師杜煥首本南音), Hong Kong’s Cultural Treasure 7. 2016. Performed by Dou Wun. Produced by Bell Yung and Lee Tong Soon. Booklet (39 pp.) with colour photographs, lyrics, and liner notes by Bell Yung and Sonia Ng in Chinese. Hong Kong: The Chinese Music Archive of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, CMA-16001. CD, 2 discs (CD 1, 81:51; CD2, 68:32). - Revenge in Guang Chang Long: Deishui Naamyam Sung by Blind Master Dou Wun (大鬧廣昌隆), Hong Kong’s Cultural Treasure 8. 2019. Performed by Dou Wun. Produced by Bell Yung and Frederick Lau. Booklet (21 pp.) with lyrics and liner notes by Sonia Ng and Bell Yung in Chinese. Hong Kong: The Center for Chinese Music Studies of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, CCMS-19001. CD, 2 discs (CD 1, 77:40; CD 2, 57:36). - Volume 54 Issue 2

Wu Fei and Abigail Washburn. 2020. Smithsonian Folkways Recordings SFW40236. Produced by Béla Fleck. Performed by Wu Fei and Abigail Washburn. Liner notes by Xiaoshi Wei, Wu Fei, and Abigail Washburn. 43–page booklet with notes in English and Chinese. Colour photographs. CD, 10 tracks (34:40).

Wu Fei and Abigail Washburn. 2020. Smithsonian Folkways Recordings SFW40236. Produced by Béla Fleck. Performed by Wu Fei and Abigail Washburn. Liner notes by Xiaoshi Wei, Wu Fei, and Abigail Washburn. 43–page booklet with notes in English and Chinese. Colour photographs. CD, 10 tracks (34:40). - Volume 54 Issue 2

OP93 Informing Efficient Diagnostic Monitoring Pathways Using Prospective Cohort Data: A Case Study In Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration

IntroductionSeveral diagnostic tests are often adopted into diagnostic pathways for specific indications without strong evidence to support their use. In this context, real-world prospective cohort studies in combination with decision modelling can generate evidence to support decision-making. The Early Detection of neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration (EDNA) study was a prospective cohort designed to assess the diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness of several diagnostic monitoring tests used in routine practice for the detection of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) in the second eye of patients being treated for unilateral disease.MethodsFive-hundred and fifty-two participants with newly diagnosed unilateral nAMD were monitored for up to 3 years in 24 UK eye clinics. The diagnostic monitoring performance of five index tests was compared: self-reported change in visual function, Amsler test, clinic measured change in visual acuity, fundus assessment by clinical examination or colour photography, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The reference standard was fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA). A patient-level state transition model was used to simulate the onset of nAMD in the second eye, and assess the impact of different tests on the timing of detection and treatment, and associated costs and quality adjusted life years (QALYs) over a 25-year time-horizon.ResultsOne hundred and forty-five (26.3%) patients developed active nAMD in the study eye, of whom 120 had an FFA at detection. SD-OCT had the highest sensitivity (91.7 percent (95% CI: 85.2-95.6) and provided high specificity (87.8% (95% CI: 83.8-90.9)). It generated more QALYs and lower health and personal social care costs compared to all other monitoring tests. The combination of SD-OCT with fundus-examination provided a marginal increase in sensitivity over OCT alone, but the associated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios was >GBP 100,000 per QALY.ConclusionsThe efficiency of diagnostic pathways for nAMD may be improved by using SD-OCT alone to monitor the second eye of people being treated for unilateral disease. Prospective cohort studies embedded into routine practice offer value for informing decisions surrounding the use of technologies already in routine use.

Preferences for healthcare worker attire among nursing home residents and residents’ preferences as perceived by workers: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundIn Dutch nursing homes, healthcare workers’ attire has been the subject of debate for years. White uniforms and professional white jackets are increasingly being replaced by casual personal attire. Many nursing homes have made this choice because they want to create a homey atmosphere. However, with regard to infection control, casual personal attire is far from ideal. It is unknown what attire is preferred by residents. ObjectiveTo determine both residents’ preferences regarding nurses’ attire and nurses’ perceptions of these preferences. DesignCross-sectional. SettingNursing homes, the Netherlands. ParticipantsResidents and nurses. MethodsBetween February and October 2019, a convenience sample of 94 participants were surveyed across 10 Dutch nursing homes among residents with physical impairments and nurses caring for them. A standardized data collection tool included color photographs of a female nurse dressed in: 1) casual attire; 2) professional polo shirt with blue jeans; 3) professional white jacket with blue jeans; and 4) completely white uniform. Six randomly composed photosets of two different types of attire were shown to each participant.. Participants had to select one out of two displayed photographs (forced choice method) guided by two propositions regarding ‘comfort preference’ and ‘care preference’. The propositions for residents were: 1) I feel most comfortable with this nurse, and 2) I would prefer to be cared for by this nurse. The propositions for nurses were:) I think residents feel most comfortable with this nurse, and 2) I think the residents would prefer to be cared for by this nurse. Some demographic data and personal characteristics of the participants were collected. (Perceived) preferences for nurses’ attire were calculated in estimated marginal means (preference per type of attire compared to the other three types of attire) with 95% confidence intervals. Differences were tested with the Chi-squared test. ResultsIn total, 92 participants were included in the analysis. Overall, the strongest (perceived) preference was for a professional white jacket with blue jeans, compared to the three alternative types of nurses’ attire for both propositions in both groups. Casual attire was the least preferred. Residents of 85 years or older and nurses who had been working for two years or fewer were more likely to choose more formal attire. ConclusionResidents preferred more professional attire, which conforms to infection control requirements. Tweetable abstractinvolve nursing home residents in determining nurses’ attire; a professional white jacket should be one of the options @AEICP

REVISITING THE TAXONOMY OF TARENNA FLAVA ALSTON (RUBIACEAE: IXOROIDEAE)

The present paper discusses the identity and distribution of Tarenna flava Alston (Rubiaceae: Ixoroideae) in India. Detailed description with colour photographs are provided along with morphological comparison of the allied species Tarenna asiatica (L.) Kuntze ex K. Schum. Here we also designated the lectotypes for the names Tarenna flava and Stylocoryna webera A. Rich var. montana Thwaites.

SPATIAL PATTERN OF RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM TEAR DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION AFTER ANTIVASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR THERAPY FOR NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION.

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the spatial pattern of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) tear development and progression after antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. We retrospectively reviewed six eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration that showed RPE tears after administration of intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor agents and were followed up for 12 months. The patterns of RPE tear development and progression were evaluated by analyzing positional relationships among the locations of the choroidal neovascularization membrane and pigment epithelial detachment (PED) area at baseline and the tear area using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, color photography, fluorescein angiography, and fundus autofluorescence images. Pretear OCT images revealed fibrovascular PED in all eyes, one of which showed complications of hemorrhagic PED after treatment. In five eyes, RPE tears developed at the PED edge located on the opposite side of the choroidal neovascularization membrane. In the eye showing hemorrhagic PED, the RPE tear developed along the wide area of the PED edge. The torn RPE monolayer contracted toward the side of the choroidal neovascularization membrane in all eyes, and RPE loss involved the fovea in five eyes that showed significantly worse visual acuity (VA) after 12 months in comparison with the baseline value before the tear (logMAR VA; 0.3 vs. 1.29; P < 0.02). The location of choroidal neovascularization membrane in PED determines the spatial pattern of RPE tear development and progression and helps to predict the visual outcome after RPE tears.

ВСЕРОССИЙСКАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ С МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫМ УЧАСТИЕМ «XXIX БЕРЕГОВАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ: НАТУРНЫЕ И ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ – В ПРАКТИКУ БЕРЕГОПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ»

The paper provides information about the XXIX Coastal Conference, held in Kaliningrad in April 2022. The thematic directions of reports, round tables are reflected, statistical data are given on the number of speeches (232), on participating organizations (38) and cities (13). Additional events held within the framework of the conference (sessions, lectures, competitions, excursions) are described. The text is accompanied by illustrative materials – color photographs of participants taken directly during the conference. The decision of the conference notes that the practical development of new sections of the coasts, the construction of modern infrastructure facilities and the existing natural trends lead to increased coastal erosion in almost all coastal regions of Russia; that there is an urgent need to apply unified observation methods, division of work into research and monitoring and an interdisciplinary approach to jointly take into account physical, chemical and biological aspects (especially for coastal waters with limited or periodic connection with the marine area), that pollution by anthropogenic debris continues to grow, while the pollution pattern is extremely heterogeneous, and information on pollution by anthropogenic debris and microplastics of the marine environment and coasts of the Russian Federation is extremely fragmented. The conference recommends the introduction of amendments and additions to the federal and regional legislation on the regulation of the activities of nature users in the coastal zone, as well as the inventory of the natural resource potential of coastal territories and adjacent water areas with the compilation of a Coastal Registry for coastal ecosocio-economic systems of the Russian Federation. The participants highly appreciated the existing experience and results of coastal protection activities in the Kaliningrad Oblast, and also emphasized the lack of attention of the coastal community to the problems of inland waters (for example, the shores of Lake Baikal). Proposals on the venues of the conference in 2024 (Moscow) and 2026 (Lake Baikal) were announced.

Revision of the Taumacera cervicornis Species Group (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) from Sri Lanka

The cervicornis species group of Taumacera Thunberg, 1814, endemic to Sri Lanka, is revised. Seven species, including three species new to science, are recognized: Taumacera cervicornis (Baly, 1861), T. lewisi (Jacoby, 1887), T. mirabilis (Jacoby, 1887), T. unicolor (Jacoby, 1887), T. adamskii sp. nov., T. maskeliya sp. nov., and T. sigiriya sp. nov. The representatives of this group are characterized by pectinate antennomeres and by 12-segmented antennae. Antennomeres XI and XII are firmly fused in most species, separated by a distinct suture; however, in T. cervicornis, antennomere XII appears to be moveable. Color photographs of habitus, body details, and aedeagi as well as female genitalia are presented.

Review of the Neotropical genera Barra Jordan and Brevibarra Jordan, with description of a new species of Barra from Nicaragua, notes on the tribe Piesocorynini Valentine, and new records of Brevibarra from Brazil and Ecuador (Coleoptera: Anthribidae)

The Neotropical genera Barra Jordan, 1904, and Brevibarra Jordan, 1906 (Anthribidae: Anthribinae: Piesocorynini Valentine, 1960) are reviewed. A key to obviously similar genera of this tribe, based on mandible shape, is proposed. A new species, Barra baruskae sp. nov., from Nicaragua is described, male genitalia are studied and illustrated. A key to the now three known species of Barra, and colour photographs are provided. New data on the distribution of Brevibarra scotosagis Jordan, 1906 from Brazil and Ecuador, including illustration of genitalia and colour habitus photographs, are provided.

Book review. Biologija, ekologija I raznlikost jadranskih školjkaša, Melita Peharda Uljević, Rino Stanić and Pero Ugarković, Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, Split, Croatia, 2022, 254 pp., with numerous color illustrations and drawings, and 98 color plates. ISBN 978-953-7914-08-0. Hardcover, in Croatian.

This book about the biology, ecology and biodiversity of Adriatic bivalves came as a really nice surprise and impressed me – notwithstanding I do not speak Croatian – for the excellent plates depicting 205 species of bivalves. But first things first and let’s start from the beginning. This volume is arranged around three main sections. The first covers general aspects of bivalve biology such as their morphology and anatomy, their taxonomic and ecological diversity, reproduction and age, fishing and aquaculture methods. The second delves deeper into the biology of the most exploited species (Arca noae, Glycymeris spp., Mytilus galloprovincialis, Lithophaga lithophaga, Pinna nobilis, Pecten jacobaeus, Spondylus gaederopus, Ostrea edulis, Venus verrucosa, Callista chione, Ruditapes spp., Polititapes spp. and Chamelea gallina) and is enriched by numerous beautiful color photographs and a list of references for each species (a remarkable review indeed!).

Evaluation of the breeding practices and population trend of the Fogera cattle breed in Ethiopia

The study was conducted to estimate the population size, herd structure, and breeding objectives of Fogera cattle in Ethiopia. It was carried out in 23 purposively selected kebeles in five districts of three zones bordering Lake Tana. Interviewed farmers were selected based on their livestock ownership. Primary information on the general production system and trends of Fogera cattle was collected from 527 farmers, and a population count included 479 respondents. To differentiate the pure Fogera cattle from the mixed and highland zebu breeds, color photographs of the three breeds were used by each enumerator. Kebele administrators and elders as well as district and zone officials assisted in the operation to identify the true type of Fogera cattle. MS-Excel (2010) and SPSS (version 20) were used to analyze population size and production systems, respectively. The average cattle holding per household was 7.03 ± 0.2 heads. Analysis of multiple responses revealed that the dominant reasons for keeping cattle in the herd were traction power (96.67%), milk (92.76%), and manure (83.95%). More than half of the respondents (64.65%) practiced culling both male and female animals from their herds. Interviewed farmers selected bulls for mating by coat color (56.84%), body conformation (55.08%), and body size (47.46%). They also indicated that they selected the Fogera breed (48.63%), highland zebu (18.16%), and mixed (17.38%) as bulls for mating with their cattle. Based on the respondents’ information, the population trend of the Fogera breed decreases (40%), increases (13%), is stable (6%), and is not known (41%). From the total population estimated, households own the relatively pure Fogera (41%), Fogera–zebu mix (35%), and highland zebu (24%). In this study, the total estimated number of breeding Fogera cattle was 55,646 ± 16,579 heads. It was concluded that the breed has declined and is dealing with genetic deterioration as the population size decreases due to the shift of grazing lands to crop production. As population estimation was performed by morphological features, further research supported by molecular study should be conducted.

BERBERIS EXTENSIFLORA (BERBERIDACEAE): A NEW RANK FOR BERBERIS CONCINNA VAR. EXTENSIFLORA

The new rank and combination Berberis extensiflora (Ahrendt) Bh.Adhikari &amp; Harber is proposed based on morphological and molecular studies of the Himalayan species of Berberis (Berberidaceae). Morphologically, Berberis extensiflora differs from B. concinna Hook.f. by its much longer (3–4 cm) inflorescence with 2 or 3 flowers in umbels (vs &lt; 2 cm long solitary flowers) and 10- to 13-seeded berries (vs 5- to 9-seeded berries). A detailed taxonomic description, notes on habitat and ecology, and colour photographs are provided.

Validating a Novel Device to Improve Skin Color Matching for Face Transplants.

A prospective study of 100 individuals was conducted. All participants were photographed and scanned with the Nix Color Sensor. Sixty pairwise comparisons were randomly generated. Skin color analysis was performed using photographs and the Nix Color Sensor. Delta E2000 values were compared to mean evaluator ratings using a Spearman correlation analysis. One hundred patients were included. A Spearman's correlation demonstrated a strong inverse correlation between Delta E2000 values and the mean evaluator ratings. The higher the mean evaluator rating for likeness, the lower the delta. A correlation coefficient of -0.850 demonstrates a statistically significant relationship (P < 0.01). When the Delta E2000 rises above 5 there is a significant drop in the mean evaluator ratings. As mean evaluator ratings of 5 and above would be considered adequate for face transplant amongst most plastic surgeons, an E2000 value of 5 or lower should be targeted when matching donors with recipients for face transplant. The Nix Color Sensor positively correlates to the plastic surgeon's perception of skin color and can serve as an adjunct in donor selection for facial VCAs.